Milk Processing Unit Research Articles

Preparing for net zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050: lifecycle emissions of dairy products in Brazil

Dairy products play an important role in human nutrition and the world economy. Livestock farming, including cows rearing to produce milk and dairy products, is one of the world's major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Progress towards net zero goals requires monitoring emissions from companies and products, and greenhouse gas inventories are essential. This work quantifies greenhouse gas emissions from milk production, considering the milk delivered at the farm gate and the milk delivered at the cooperative gate. Emissions accounting was based on greenhouse gas inventories for two units and lifecycle emissions for major farm inputs. Results have shown that milk production on the farm emits 0.57 kg CO2e / liter, with enteric fermentation accounting for more than 90% of emissions at the farm gate, and more than 50% at the milk processing unit gate. Dairy production adds 0.533 kg CO2e / liter to the emissions coming from raw milk, most of which comes from wastewater treatment. Thus, the footprint of dairy products is 1.103 kg CO2e / liter of processed milk. The producers' cooperative's greenhouse gas emissions are essentially indirect and amount to 0.626 kg CO2e/liter of milk delivered to customers, in which emissions from purchased milk account for more than 85% and emissions from transportation account for around 15%.

Business performance of milk and milk products, produce by Godbahal milk processing unit: A case study of Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh

Business performance of milk and milk products, produce by Godbahal milk processing unit: A case study of Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh

Reliability based framework for failure analysis in milk process industry

The suggested hybridized framework offers a paradigm for performance optimization-reliability-based analysis of milk processing unit’s (MPU) failure behavior in the dairy industry. The proposed hybridized framework led to the development of fuzzy Jaya Based Lambda-Tau (JBLT) technique-based mathematical model for computing various performance parameters of the under-consideration unit. The availability of the system drops by 0.044% as the level of uncertainty or spread level increases from ± 15% to ± 25% and drops to 0.088% as the level of uncertainty increases from ± 25% to ± 60%. To corroborate the system’s availability downward trend, the results of JBLT approach were compared with Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Lambda-Tau (PSOBLT) and conventional Fuzzy Lambda-Tau (FLT) techniques. The analysis findings were given to the maintenance manager so they could create the best maintenance schedule for the considered plant.

STUDIES REGARDING THE CURRENT SITUATION OF INVESTMENTS MADE WITH EU PUBLIC FUNDS IN MEAT AND MILK PROCESSING UNITS, IN THE SOUTH-WEST OLTENIA REGION

The most important areas of the food industry are meat and milk processing and have a particular impact on increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, but also on ensuring the food security of the population.Through the study, I proposed to provide an overview of the growth and development of meat and milk processing capacities by using the non-reimbursable funds offered by the European Union through the National Rural Development Program, to make an analysis of the current situation on these investments through these funds. In the food industry, in meat and milk processing units, at national level, between 2015 and 2019, 130 projects were financed, with an eligible value of €228,470 thousand (public value €114,937 thousand). At the level of the South - West Oltenia Region, 12 projects were selected where their eligible value was €32,164 thousand (public value €15,309 thousand).

Role of emerging technologies in marketing of milk through DCS

The dairy sector has been considered as one of the major contributors to India’s GDP. Looking at the productionrate globally, India has achieved the no. 1 position in production of milk with 23%production, followed by theUnited States of America, China, Pakistan, and Brazil. Dairying has been considered the basic source of incomefor millions of rural populations in India, which contributes to the country’s economy. In this particular study, theauthors have discussed about the role of emerging technologies in marketing of milk through Dairy CooperativeSocieties (DCS). DCS has streamlined the process and made it easy for farmers to supply their milk to DCS atvillage level, which in later stage reaches the milk processing units and comes back to customers through outletsas consumable goods. This chain link will help farmers in getting fair, remunerative prices for their produce withthe help of online monetary transactions. Online applications have been developed by DCS in order to make easyaccess for farmers regarding all the information related to their supply quantity and their earnings. The authorshave also incorporated SWOC analysis in understanding the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challengesinvolved in the marketing of dairy products through cooperative societies. The authors have also discussed aboutthe traditional and post-COVID-19 modernized ways of marketing of milk. The authors in the paper have developeda conceptual model that discusses about the supply of milk from first-point farmers through middle-level players(DCS) who transform raw milk into finished goods and supply it to the final consumer with the help of retail outletsthat exist in the city. In this study, the authors have provided a few suggestive measures that help DCS in makingtheir business more successful.

Fizikalno-kemijske karakteristike i detekcija rezidua antibiotika u sirovom kravljem mlijeku isporučenom u tri industrije za preradu mlijeka u Alžiru

The uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine may result in the presence of their residues in food matrices of animal origin such as milk. The aim of this study was to examine the physicochemical quality and to detect antibiotic residues (β-lactams and tetracyclines) in milk, as their presence has resulted in the rejection of significant quantities of milk for marketing. The study was conducted on 274 milk samples delivered to three milk-processing units located in the suburbs of Algiers and surrounding cities (Blida and Boumerdes). Antibiotic residue detection was performed using a fast screening test (BetaStar® Combo), with a reading result within five minutes. The results indicated that the milk processing industry of Blida had the highest rejected milk volumes (43.4%), followed by Algiers (24%) and Boumerdes (19.1%). Non-compliance of milk acidity was the first cause for milk rejection (47.6 %), followed by the presence of antibiotic residues (26.8%), and incompliance with requirements for density (13.4%) and fat levels (12.2%). The study revealed 22 positive cases (8.03%) of antibiotic residues. Among these, 90.91% were positive for β-lactams, and only 9.09% for tetracyclines. All tetracyclines cases and half of the β-lactams cases were found in the Blida milk processing company, indicating that the good practice of milk production and collection must be strengthened in that company.

Determinants of the Use of Motorcycle Means of Transport Among Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Sotik Sub-County, Kenya

The poor state of roads and the financial inability of many smallholder dairy farmers to afford better means of transport have led more smallholder dairy farmers to rely mainly on motorcycles as a relatively accessible means of transport to access the market. This study, therefore, sought to establish the determinants of the use of motorcycle means of transport among smallholder dairy farmers in Sotik Sub-County, Kenya. The Rational Choice Theory guided this study. A sample size of 384 smallholder dairy farmers was selected to participate in the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The primary data were analysed using STATA. The Standard Poisson model results revealed that age, education, and marital status of the household head, herd size, road condition, milk volume, distance to milk output market, and household size were significant contributors to the use of motorcycle services. These findings suggest that the county government could facilitate the development of innovative organisational structures such as cooperatives and other forms of producer groups. The improvement of road infrastructure, milk collection and milk processing units of suitable capacity could help to increase market access and enhance output milk market participation. Keywords: Motorcycle services, motorcycle means of transport, smallholder dairy farmers, and Standard Poisson model DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-14-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Adoption of food safety practices in the informal milk processing units of Haryana, India – A value chain approach

In this paper, we analysed how the adoption level of food safety practices varies with milk procurement system in the informal milk processing sector and also developed a composite food safety index (FSI) deliberating the interplay of factors and actors. Primary data were collected from value chain actors, viz ., small and micro dairy processing units (main actors), milk supplier, i.e. , dairy farmer and milk vendors (upstream actors) and traders (downstream actors) in Karnal district of Haryana state of India. FSI of two identified milk procurement systems, viz. , (i) own collection centres, and (ii) private vendors were compared. Processing units with own collection centres in production catchments have been able to establish better linkages with dairy upstream actors and resulted in better overall FSI (0.66) than those processing units procuring milk from private vendors (with FSI as 0.51). Further, the profitability of the processing unit is positively associated with the FSI, as consumers are willing to pay higher prices for safe milk. There was a need to design efficient milk procurement systems; design and development of efficient milk transport systems and processing technology along with training in post-milking handling for small vendors and processors for better food safety compliance in the milk value chain of the informal sector.

Performance analysis of milk processing units to support competitive improvement of the milk processing industry in Padang Panjang City, West Sumatera Province

Dairy cattle productivity has plateaued; average milk production ranges between 8 and 12 liters per day, on a scale of 2-3 maintenance per family breeder breeding. Furthermore, small farms account for 90% of milk production. Permata Ibu’s Milk Processing Unit (UPS) in Padang Panjang is one of the business units that processes milk into other derivative products. It produces processed milk pasteurization, yogurt, and other products. The focus of this research was to analyze UPS Permata Ibu’s processing performance by calculating the amount of added value and profitability. As measured by the value-added method of performance measurement, the processing of fresh milk into pasteurized milk and yogurt at Permata Ibu milk processing unit generates a variety of added values. Pasteurized milk has better processing performance than yogurt processing, as evidenced by its high added value compared to other processed products, with added value ratios of 22,45 percent and 12,50 percent for pasteurized milk and yogurt, respectively. Based on profitability analysis, it is known that pasteurized milk is still better than yogurt because it has a higher profitability value of 30,30% compared to yogurt, which is only 6,50%. Pasteurized milk processing results in higher profitability and added value than yogurt.

Análisis de buenas prácticas de fabricación en plantas procesadoras de leche de cabra en Cariri

The growing demand for safe food has resulted in a need for industries to adapt to established standards to ensure quality products that do not pose risks to consumers' health. There are several factors that can influence the quality of the milk and can make it an inappropriate product for human consumption, such as physical, chemical or biological factors that may contaminate the milk due to failures in obtaining, processing or shipping it. Thus, it is essential that food producing / industrializing establishments obtain excellent percentages of conformities about GMP's, which are measures that must be implemented by food industries in order to guarantee the necessary requirements for food production safe. The present work aimed to evaluate the application of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), in caprine milk processing units, in the Cariri region of Paraíba. Four processing units were visited, called A, B, C and D, and were checked for compliance with GMP standards. From the observational analysis carried out, it was found that, of the four establishments studied, only processing plants A and C were classified in group 1, being considered of low risk to food security, plants B and D, in turn, were classified in group 2, which offered a medium risk to food security. Non-conformities were observed in all five items on the list, in all establishments, being described flaws in buildings, lack of products related to personal hygiene, presence of pests within the industry, and mainly, non-compliance with some Operations Procedures Standardized. The present study demonstrated that plants B and D should improve their levels in relation to GMP's, both to meet the requirements of current legislation and to offer safer products to their consumers, in view of the large number of non-conformities observed in these establishments. It is also necessary to have a more effective inspection of the competent bodies to ensure that the establishments are adapted to all GMP's requirements, thus avoiding the risk of transmitting foodborne illnesses to consumers, waste of raw materials as well as financial losses for the establishment.

The Impact of Global Warming Potential on Pasteurized Goat Milk Production (Case Study from Rantiang Ameh Ranch, Agam Regency, West Sumatra)

The livestock sector is responsible for 14% of total Green House Gasses (GHG) (European Commission (EC), 2019). Life cycle Assessment (LCA) method is a mechanism for analyzing and calculate the total environmental impact of a product in each stage of its life cycle. This LCA study was conducted on pasteurized goat milk produced in the Milk Processing Unit (MPU) Rantiang Ameh and is limited in the scope of cradle to gate where analysis of the production process starting from the feeding process (cradle), maintenance, milking, and pasteurized milk processing. Functional unit used is FPCM (Fat Protein Corrected Milk). This research was conducted with 2 scenarios. Scenario 1 is the existing condition in the field where forage feed is taken directly from nature without the planting process and scenario 2 it is assumed that forage feed is planted on the land special. The results of the life cycle inventory analysis of pasteurized goat's milk production in Rantiang Ameh Farm which has been carried out using SimaPro 9.0.0 software with Ecoinvent 3.5 database and baseline CML method on impact analysis, the amount of CO 2 emissions equivalents that have an impact on GWP in one cycle of pasteurized goat milk production in scenario 1 of 3.52 kg CO 2 eq/FPCM Milk and scenario 2 of 4.73 kg CO 2 eq/FPCM milk

A novel strategy for microbial conversion of dairy wastewater into biofertilizer

Dairy industry generates copious amount of wastewater from its milk processing unit (1–10 m3 of wastewater per m3 of processed milk) which needs to be treated before getting discharged. The conventional treatment processes are tedious, energy intensive, and an additional burden for the dairy industry. This study attempts to develop an alternative strategy to convert the dairy wastewater into liquid biofertilizer. A tailor-made microbial consortium-based biofilm reactor with 8.64 m3 d−1 processing capacity, within 16 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) at ambient temperature produced biofertilizer containing 96.01 mg L−1 ammonia from dairy wastewater at a flow rate of 360 L h−1 with associated 73.72% nitrate, 72.46% phosphate, 61.30% Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and 57.23% Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction. A similar system of 10.94 m3 d−1 processing capacity at 456 L h−1 flow rate produced 298.79 mg L−1 ammonia with nitrate, phosphate, BOD and COD reduction of 42.71%, 84.80%, 89.55% and 76.68% respectively. This liquid biofertilizer could enhance grain yield in maize (Zea mays var. Vijay) by 1.19-fold. It increased biomass yield in Sorghum Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) by 3.5-folds and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus var. Dhanitri and var. Krishna) by 2.1 and 2.64 folds respectively. It enhanced gel content in Aloe vera (Aloe elongata var. Ghikuari) by 1.63-folds when compared to chemical fertilizer treatment. This single-step dairy wastewater treatment system requires ten times less energy with the development of a value-added product (biofertilizer). It could make the dairy wastewater management a revenue earning (USD 10.28 d−1 for 600 m3 d−1 processing capacity reactor), eco-friendly, zero discharge process preventing the use of freshwater and chemical fertilizer in agriculture, and saving 89.99% carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq.) gas emission leading to environmental protection.

Does supply chain coordination impact supply chain performance? Evidence from dairy industry

The objective of this study is to identify extent of coordination among the supply stakeholders; measure supply chain performance and to study the impact of supply chain coordination on supply chain performance. The study is based on primary data collected from dairy supply chain stakeholders namely farmer-producers, bulk milk coolers (BMC), processing unit, wholesalers and retailers. The data was collected through combination of personal interviews, telephonic interviews and e-mail. The total sample size of this study is 420 spread across 28 firms with each firm representing a total of 15 respondents. Linear regression was performed to study the impact of supply chain coordination on supply chain performance. The results of this study reveal that supply chain coordination positively impacts all the supply chain performance metrics namely efficiency, responsiveness, flexibility and quality. Supply chain coordination has highest impact on supply chain responsiveness followed by supply chain quality, supply chain flexibility and supply chain efficiency. In case of impact of supply chain coordination on overall supply chain performance, there is an evidence of strong impact of supply chain coordination on supply chain performance.

Raw and pasteurized milk quality of D-farm milk processing unit at Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University

The Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, produces pasteurized milk daily under the D-farm milk processing unit. In order to maintain the product quality, as well as its safety, the fresh milk as raw the main material and the produced pasteurized milk quality is tested periodically. The aim of this research is to evaluate the quality of fresh and pasteurized milk produced by the D-farm milk processing unit. The tested fresh milk was originated from two different farms, while the tested pasteurized milk was made by using pasteurizer machine and double-wall pan heating. The tests were carried out by using a lactoscan milk analyzer. The results showed that the fresh milk used by the D-farm milk processing unit had good milk quality, even though still below the SNI standard, while the produced pasteurized milk has met the SNI standard. In addition, the pasteurization by using pasteurizer produced better pasteurized milk quality compared to the traditional pasteurization by using double-wall pan heating.

Benchmarking the interactions among performance indicators in dairy supply chain

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the key performance indicators (PIs) that serve as a decision support tool in case of dairy supply chain practices and to analyze their interactions in the context of Indian dairy industry sector. A total of 11 PIs have been identified through the literature review and the opinions of an expert team consisting of managerial and technical experts from dairy industry and academics.Design/methodology/approachA solution methodology based on the interpretive structure modeling (ISM) technique is used to analyze the interactions among PIs and to propose a structural model. The developed model not only helps in understanding the contextual relationship among the PIs, but also in determining their interdependence to assess the supply chain performance in dairy industry. Further, the importance of PIs has been determined based on their driving and dependence power by using MICMAC analysis.FindingsThe ISM-based model suggests four PIs at first level, three PIs at second level, one PI at third level as well as one PI at fourth level and two PIs at fifth level. Model allocates to the effective information technology, brand management, responsiveness in shipment and accuracy and a control over wastages as the key PIs in the dairy industry sector. The effective traceability systems, cold chain infrastructure, quality management and the support for technological innovations are the next major PIs. There exists no autonomous PI in MICMAC analysis which proves the importance of identified PIs in the case study.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed model is an attempt to capture the dynamics of milk processing sector and to incorporate all relevant constraints related to internal and external environments that would significantly improve the supply chain performance in the dairy industry.Practical implicationsThe model developed in this study has been tested in the cooperative milk processing units based in India and also discussed with the experts from academics. This work may help practitioners, regulators and dairy industry professionals to focus their efforts toward achieving high performance by the effective implementation of the identified PIs.Originality/valueIn this study, 11 PIs are considered. Interactions among PIs are evaluated with the help of the ISM matrix. Out of the 11 PIs, six demonstrate both strong driving and dependence power as explained in the MICMAC analysis.

Listeria monocytogenes in expansion tank milk assessed in Alagoas state counties, Brazil

Foodborne diseases represent a global public health issue and dairy products are closely related to it, since the quality of the milk produced in several Brazilian regions is unsatisfactory due to the presence of microorganisms in it. Listeria monocytogenes is a serious problem linked to food safety and, when it comes to milk, it represents a potential danger because it can withstand food storage temperatures, among other characteristics. The significant participation of Alagoas State in this the dairy production sector and the importance of producing safe food led to the aim of the present study, namely: investigating Listeria monocytogenes in expansion tank milk in Alagoas State counties. Milk samples were collected from tanks in 30 milk-processing unit suppliers. Next, they were taken to the Meat and Milk Inspection Laboratory (LICAL - UFRPE). The ISO 11290-1: 1996 / Amd.1: 2004 method, with adaptations, was used in the analyses. Bluish colonies, with or without halo formation, were identified according to their morpho-tintorial and biochemical characteristics. Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 20% of the samples (6/30), and such rate represents a public health risk. Thus, monitoring this microorganism and mastitis in the herd, as well as pre- and post-dipping, equipment and storage tank sanitation, and milk collection through refrigerated trucks at the appropriate time is a relevant procedure to prevent contamination and to assure safe food provision to the population.

Resource Symbiosis Model through bricolage: A livelihood generation assessment of an Indian village

In this study, a conceptual model of resource symbiosis (RSM) of an Indian village was developed, by leveraging the concept of bricolage, to aid in sustainable livelihood generation. This novel RSM expands as a co-management model for a rural community in resource-constrained environments to manage its resources efficiently in collaboration with local governments. Avenues for sustainable livelihood generation was assessed through household surveys and resource mapping of the village. A mixed-mode research method was adopted through participatory rural appraisal activities for involving local people and their practices in the design philosophy of RSM. Problem identification and ranking through personal and collective interviews of the villagers formed a core basis for the livelihood assessment. It enabled the internalisation of normative and idiosyncratic linkages for resource symbiosis. These linkages were interconnected through community participation, which set the boundary conditions for RSM. Results show that RSM for the study village could foster inclusive growth in two ways: first, by creating scope for efficient resource utilisation through the establishment of an oil mill, a biogas plant and a milk processing unit; and, second, by creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem based on village's self-sufficiency and market demand by empowering local entrepreneurs. Additionally, RSM could leverage local governing bodies to connect with private investors and policymakers to enable fast-track implementation of the livelihood generation schemes of the government.

Exploring the causes of Low-Productivity in Dairy Supply Chain using AHP

Dairy industry is one of the essential global industries with considerably important implications for world economy where the dairy supply chains (DSC) cover every stage of the food system starting from the milk production at farmer level to final consumption. For achieving success in the dairy supply chain, it is needed to focus on critical factors (CFs) that are necessary for an organization to achieve its corporate goals with continually improving the operational performance. In this context, the current study is an attempt to identify the critical factors causing low-productivity in dairy supply chains. After comprehensive literature review and pilot studies in some dairy industries located in northern region of India, a total of 32 critical factors have been identified. A structured questionnaire consisting of 32 CFs have been circulated and the data has been collected from select cooperative dairy units. Further, only eight major critical factors have been carried forward for AHP analysis based on the data collected. The factor having higher weightage score is considered as major CF. The findings of this study indicate that the poor logistics and transportation facilities is the most critical factor as productivity barrier in the context of coop. milk processing units in northern India. This research study would be useful for the dairy professionals & managers of milk processing units to manage their production operations effectively by considering the identified CFs.

Kajian Kualitas Produk Susu Pasteurisasi Hasil Penerapan Rantai Pendingin

The production chain of fresh milk pasteurized milk with different quality of cold chain has an influence on physicochemical and microbiological quality. The objective of this study is to assessment the quality of pasteurized milk products as results of applying the cold chain. The research was conducted on pasteurized milk production chain from farm to consumer consisting of dairy farms of Cibungbulang Livestock Business Area (KUNAK), milk processing unit of SUA Fapet, and street food outlet. Analysis of the quality of fresh milk and pasteurized milk include physicochemical analyzes such as pH, density, fat, protein, dry matter, and nonfat dry matter as well as microbiological quality analyzes such as Total Plate Count, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. It can be concluded that physicochemical qualities include pH, specific gravity, fat, protein, dry matter, and nonfat dry matter and microbiological quality including Total Plate Count, Escheriachia coli and Staphylococcus aureus influenced by production chains with different cold chain quality (P <0.05) .

SWOT ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL SKIMMED MILK CHAIN AROUND GREATER CAIRO

The aim of this study was to apply SWOT analysis on traditional skimmed milk chain around Greater Cairo which considered as one of the main dairy markets in Egypt. This study was carried out in El-Reka village located in south of Greater Cairo, (Giza governorate), nearby Beni Suef governorate. SWOT analysis was applied including food safety aspect and value chain analysis to raise the major advantages and constraints of the traditional sector. This study was based on regular field visits, interviews, and analysis of milk samples. Main stakeholders of the chain were farmers, owners of milk collection points, owners of milk collection centers, and owners of dairy processing units. SWOT analysis allowed highlighting the major role of the social network to explain the flexibility and adaptability of this sector to the major constraints in link with international competitiveness and national constraints, mainly on the limitation of land access. Other weaknesses concerned high feedstuffs prices on markets, and lack of public services, in terms of milk quality control and herd management at farm level. The high dynamic of the traditional sector was identified, particularly at milk collection points in terms of quantity of collected milk and milk price. However, the social network opens interesting opportunities to develop efficient and flexible services.These elements could help decision makers and developers to prioritize sustainable development activities in link with global agenda of the agricultural sector and increasing demand for dairy products in Egypt. Selling skimmed milk is the most attractive scenario for small farmers that led to a fast growing of skimmed milk collection compared with whole milk. The traditional skimmed milk chain showed high ability to adopt quality control protocols based on market signals and milk processing units' standards.Governmental and non-governmental activities could propose new policies to protect the traditional actors along the chain. Specific dairy quality control programs should be developed along the chain. Therefore, dairy sector regulations and rules should be reviewed to make balance along the chain and to set fair pricing system and guarantee food safety for all consumers in local villages and cities markets.