Cow's Milk Research Articles

Accidental allergic reactions to immediate-type food allergens in Japanese children: A single-center study.

Few studies have assessed the nature of accidental allergic reactions (AAR). We assessed the prevalence and risk factors for AAR in Japanese children. This study included children with immediate-type hen's egg (HE), cow's milk (CM), wheat, or peanut allergy who developed allergic reactions within at least 2 years and were followed up regularly at a single national allergy center in Japan. From January to December 2020, low-dose reactivity was defined as allergic reactions to ≤250, ≤102, ≤53, or ≤ 133 mg of HE, CM, wheat, or peanut protein, respectively. The annualized AAR rate showed the number of reactions per patient per year (95% confidence interval). AAR risk factors were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Of the 1096 participants, 609, 457, 138, and 90 had HE, CM, wheat, and peanut allergies, respectively. The median (interquartile range) age was 5.0 (2.3-8.6) years, 39% had completely eliminated allergenic food, and 24% had low-dose reactivity. The annualized AAR rate was 0.130 (0.109-0.153) in all sub-cohorts. Moderate and severe symptoms occurred in 50% and 0.7%, respectively, of children who experienced AAR. Multiple logistic regression revealed that low-dose reactivity was a significant risk factor for AAR in the overall and CM cohorts, respectively (p < .001 and p = .036). In this single-center study in Japan, the annualized AAR rate was relatively low during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, half of the participants with AAR had moderate to severe symptoms. Especially in the case of low-dose reactivity, children would require careful AAR risk management.

The contribution of milk substitutes to the nutritional status of children with cow's milk allergy.

The impact of alternative milk substitutes on the nutritional status of children with cow's milk allergy (CMA), the prevailing cause of food allergies, is unresolved. A cross-sectional study was performed in children older than 2 years with IgE-mediated CMA. Patients' clinical characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake (by 3-day food diary), and biochemical markers of nutritional status were assessed. One hundred two children with CMA (68.6% boys; median age, 3.7 years; 51% multiple food allergies) were evaluated. 44.1% of the children consumed plant-based beverages (PBB), 19.6% therapeutic formula and 36.3% did not consume any milk substitutes. In all age groups, dietary calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin D intake of those who did not use milk substitutes were lower than those who consumed formula or PBB (p < .01). Also in the 2-3 years old age group, dietary zinc (p = .011) and iron intake (p = .004) of the formula-fed group was higher. Formula-fed patients had higher levels of 25-OH vitamin D (μg/L) and serum vitamin B12 (ng/L) than PBB-fed patients (respectively; p < .001, p = .005) and those who did not consume any milk substitute (p < .001). Patients of all ages who did not utilize a milk substitute failed to obtain an adequate amount of dietary calcium. The use of milk substitutes positively affects dietary calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin D intake in CMA, but their contribution is variable. Those who do not use milk substitutes are at greater risk inadequate of dietary calcium intake. Personalized nutritional advice, given the clinical diversity and the impact of individual differences, is required.

Screening for emerging chemical risks in the food chain (SCREENER)

Abstract In the European Union, all chemical substances that are manufactured, imported or used in tonnages equal or higher than one tonne per year must be registered under the REACH regulation. This regulatory framework requires the collection and dissemination of detailed information on the properties, uses, and potential health and environmental impacts of chemicals. However, some of these chemicals may pose emerging risks in the food chain, necessitating the development of approaches to identify and assess such risks. The SCREENER project addressed this critical issue by analysing food items for the presence of chemicals that may pose unrecognised hazards. Building on the findings from the previous REACH 1 and REACH 2 projects, which identified a suspect list of 212 chemicals, qualitative multi‐residue high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. Diverse food items such as wheat flour, kale, carrots, potatoes, peas, strawberries, oranges, meat, hen's eggs, and trout were pooled from 3 samples each, while cow's milk, and other fish types (salmon and herring) were pooled from 4 samples each to form a single sample. This pooling procedure resulted in 194 analytical samples, which were screened for the presence of the chemicals in the suspect list. Additionally, non‐target analysis (NTA) was performed on the same samples, focusing on detecting halogenated compounds. The aim was to detect substances potentially introduced into the food chain unintentionally through industrial and anthropogenic activities, which were previously unrecognised in the food chain. In the final stage of the project, 15 chemicals were further prioritized for identification and quantitative analysis. Quantitative methods were developed and then applied to the same 194 samples, allowing for the identification and quantification of those chemicals. Subsequently, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation were conducted. A preliminary characterization of the potential risk posed by the chemicals found in the samples during quantitative confirmatory analysis indicated no risk to human health in all but three cases where additional analysis on occurrence and detailed evaluation of the hazard can be considered as a possible follow‐up action in the future.

Innovative application of microencapsulated polyphenols in cereal products: Optimization of the formulation of dairy‐ and gluten‐free pastry

AbstractDuring the last decade, consumers pay much attention to the food they eat. They try to choose functional products that have a beneficial effect on health and well‐being, beyond their typical nutritional function. For this reason, the primary aim of the study was to create a gluten‐free and dairy‐free cereal product with increased polyphenol and fiber content. Microencapsulation technology using freeze‐drying method and trehalose as matrix material was used in order to protect the polyphenols from the degradation during processing. The effect of the content of beta‐glucan concentrate, polyphenol microencapsulation and acai oil on the physicochemical properties of pastry products was studied. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the product formulation. The scope of work included analysis of process efficiency, instrumental analysis of color and texture, analysis of total antioxidant capacity, assessment of the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and beta‐glucan, volume testing, analysis of the profile of fatty acids and volatile compounds, and assessment of sensory acceptability. Based on the obtained data, a response surface model was developed to determine the optimal recipe for the final product. The predicted data were verified using empirical methods. It was found that the optimal formulation of the product involves incorporating 6.48% polyphenol microcapsules, 7.60% beta‐glucan concentrate and 3.71% acai oil. The final product had higher content of polyphenols and beta‐glucan, as well as higher antioxidant activity compare to conventional product. Moreover, it was characterized by physical characteristics similar to the standard product and high sensory acceptability.Practical applicationsConsumers are currently eager to purchase fortified products with beneficial effects on health and well‐being. The developed functional product with increased polyphenol and beta‐glucan content, high antioxidant activity, is anticipated to garner significant consumer acceptance. The product, with its significant health‐promoting and well‐being enhancing properties, along with characteristics similar to conventional products, is poised to effectively meet consumers' needs and expectations. Additionally, it addresses a market void for bakery items tailored specifically for individuals with gluten intolerance, celiac disease, or cow's milk protein allergy. It provides a safe consumption option for these groups, offering a product similar to conventional items found on shelves that they are unable to consume.

Pediatric Formulas: An Update.

The recent shortage of pediatric formulas in the United States, caused by supply chain issues and contamination of formula products in 1 of the major manufacturing plants, led many families to seek an alternate formula for their children. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowed import of infant formulas from selected European and non-European countries. The European infant formulas differ from those produced in the United States regarding the primary source of the formula, age category, mixing instructions, labeling requirements, and formula composition in terms of macronutrients and micronutrients. Although most European infant formulas are nutritionally adequate, pediatricians and families need to be aware of the differences between the European and FDA-regulated formulas for their correct use and preparation for infants and young children. Supplementation with cow milk is recommended for children beyond infancy, and older infant formulas are not recommended for otherwise healthy growing children. However, pediatric formulas have been used to support the nutrition needs of children with feeding difficulties, especially those dependent on tube feeding and with certain medical conditions. The FDA does not regulate the production of pediatric formulas beyond infant formula, and significant variations exist in their composition. The pediatric formulas are available as polymeric (intact), hydrolyzed, elemental, or food-based blenderized formulas. The plant-based nonformula (milk) drinks are being used increasingly for children. These products might not be nutritionally complete and should be avoided in infants and children dependent on liquid nutrition.

Identification of blaOXA-23 gene in resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cows and humans in Basra province, Iraq

Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an infectious agent of great importance for animals and humans. It causes serious infections that show high resistance to antibiotics. This study investigated the molecular detection of blaOXA-23 gene in antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa strains isolated from cows and humans. Materials and Methods: In total, 120 samples, comprised 60 from cows (30 milk and 30 nasal discharge) and 60 from their owners (30 urine and 30 sputum), were individually collected, cultured, and tested for P. aeruginosa through molecular analysis targeting the blaOXA-23 gene. P. aeruginosa antibiotic-resistant isolates were identified by performing antibiotic susceptibility testing and detecting biofilm formation. Results: In total, 74.17% positive P. aeruginosa isolates, including 66.67% and 81.67% for cows and humans, respectively. Subsequently, positive cow isolates were detected in 60% of milk samples and 73.33% of nasal discharge samples; while positive human isolates were detected in 76.67% of urine samples and 86.66% of sputum samples. Targeting blaOXA-23 gene, 58.43% of cultured isolates were positive for P. aeruginosa by polymerase chain reaction. Respectively, positive isolates were detected in 66.67% and 45.46% of cow milk and nasal discharges as well as in 60.87% and 61.54% of human urine and sputum. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all isolates were resistant to all applied antibiotics, particularly imipenem. Results of biofilm formation revealed 67.31% total positives, including 51.43% strong, 34.285% moderate, and 14.285% weak reactions. In addition, although values of the total positive cows and humans differed insignificantly, total positives showed insignificant variation between values of milk and nasal discharges of cows as well as between urine and sputum of humans; however, significant differences were identified in the distribution of strong, moderate, and weak positivity of these samples. Conclusion: Antibiotic overuse contributes extensively to increasing the prevalence of resistant P. aeruginosa isolates carrying the blaOXA-23 gene in both cows and humans. Furthermore, studies in other Iraqi areas are necessary to support our findings. The main limitations include that the number of tested samples is relatively low, and there is a need to use a large number of samples from different sources. Also, the current methods for detection of resistant isolates are still culture-based approaches. Keywords: antibiotic susceptibility test, biofilm formation, blaOxacillinases-23, conventional polymerase chain reaction, cow milk, nasal discharge, sputum, urine.

Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Children 6-23 Months Old in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Feeding diversified food for children is the major indicator of nutritional quality and adequacy that is crucial during the complementary feeding period for infants and young children aged 6-23 months. Ensuring diversified food is highly essential for the normal growth and development of the infant and young children. In Ethiopia, malnutrition and food insecurity remain prevalent, underscoring the need to understand and improve dietary diversity among children. The primary objective of this review was to determine the pooled prevalence of dietary diversity and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. We thoroughly searched some electronic databases, including Pub Med, Africa Index Medicus, Science Direct, Hinari, and Google Scholar, to perform a meta-analysis. Excel was used to extract and combine the data, while Stata 17 was used for statistical analysis. To estimate pooled prevalence rates and related associated factors, we used a random-effect model and the Der Simonian-Laird technique. The I2-test was utilized to examine heterogeneity, and funnel plots, in conjunction with Egger's and Begg's tests, were employed to investigate publication bias. This review analyzed 42 full-text studies, finding a pooled prevalence of 26.78% (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.35-30.21) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98.95%). Maternal education levels-college & above Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR: 5.377, 95% CI: 3.116-9.279), secondary and above (AOR: 3.324, 95% CI: 1.939-5.700), primary (AOR: 3.065, 95% CI: 2.275-3.129), and formal education (AOR: 2.484, 95% CI: 1.722-3.583)-showed higher odds than counterparts. Similarly, fathers' education-secondary and above (AOR: 2.837, 95% CI: 1.981-4.065) and primary (AOR: 2.082, 95% CI: 1.016-4.266)-and father's occupation as merchant (AOR: 2.739, 95% CI: 1.355-5.539), and mother's occupation as housewife (AOR: 3.636, 95% CI: 2.457-5.381) showed higher odds. Additionally, male child sex (AOR: 1.877, 95% CI: 1.185-2.972), child age 18-23 months (AOR: 2.470, 95% CI: 1.568-3.987), and 12-17 months (AOR: 2.460, 95% CI: 1.914-3.163) indicated higher odds than counterparts. Having Postnatal Care (PNC) follow-up, counseling on infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, and no history of child illness were associated with higher odds (AOR: 3.155, 95% CI: 2.104-4.732), (AOR: 2.960, 95% CI: 2.288-3.829), and (AOR: 2.420, 95% CI: 1.765-3.318), respectively. Maternal knowledge of dietary diversity, urban residency, Antenatal Care (ANC) follow-up, child growth monitoring, and media exposure also showed higher odds. Similarly, maternal age groups 25-34 years and 35-44 years had higher odds compared to those aged 15-24 years. Other factors associated with higher odds included home grading, food security, institutional delivery, availability of cow milk, and household wealth index. Among Ethiopian children aged 6-23 months, the prevalence of recommended dietary diversity feeding practices was remarkably low, with only about 25% meeting the minimum recommended diversified food. The scientific predictors factor affecting dietary diversity included maternal media exposure, place of delivery, food security, urban residency, availability of cow milk, child growth monitoring, age, and knowledge of IYCF practices; paternal factors like education and occupation; child-related variables like age, sex, and history of illness; and history of ANC and PNC.

Analysis of milk adulteration by means of a potentiometric electronic tongue

The adulteration of milk presents significant challenges in the food industry, promoting the need for efficient detection methods. This study introduces a potentiometric electronic tongue for rapid and accurate milk adulteration detection. Utilizing polymeric membranes integrated with various additives, the electronic tongue distinguishes between different milk types and detects common adulterants. Experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness in discriminating raw, pasteurized, and medicated cow milk, as well as goat milk. Moreover, it successfully identifies adulterants like water and bovine milk in goat milk samples. Chemometric analyses, including Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Squares regression, correlate sensor responses with traditional milk parameters such as fat, protein, and lactose content with up to a 0.97 R2 on the validation step. Strong correlations validate the electronic tongue's potential for rapid milk quality assessment. This innovative approach offers a cost-effective, reliable solution for detecting milk adulteration in contrast with current techniques that require numerous, time consuming experiments.

Evaluation of butterfly pea powder addition to cow’s milk kefir on the antibacterial activity against bacteria causing foodborne disease

Abstract Foodborne diseases are caused by consuming food contaminated with pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxic chemicals, as well as biotoxins. Bacteria responsible for foodborne disease include Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The typical approach to managing foodborne disease involves the use of antibiotics, which might lead to resistance over time. Kefir is a probiotic drink that can help maintain health by balancing the natural gut microflora. This study aims to investigate the impact of adding butterfly pea powder to kefir on its antibacterial activity against the bacteria that cause foodborne disease. Kefir was prepared by adding butterfly pea powder in six different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) with four replications. Kefir’s pH, total titrated acid, total LAB, and its antibacterial activity using the microdilution method were observed. The results revealed that the addition of butterfly pea flower powder at various concentrations significantly influenced the pH value, total acidity, and antibacterial effects against E.coli and S.aureus but did not significantly affect the total LAB count. Butterfly pea flower powder reduced the pH value, increased the total acidity, and enhanced the antibacterial activity, resulting in a higher percentage of inhibition against the tested bacteria without adversely affecting LAB growth. It was concluded that adding butterfly pea powder to cow milk kefir potentially improves the antibacterial functions against bacteria causing foodborne disease.

The Effect of A2 Milk on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Comparison to A1/A2 Milk: A Single-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Cross-over Study.

β-Casein, a major protein in cow's milk, is divided into the A1 and A2 type variants. Digestion of A1 β-casein yields the peptide β-casomorphin-7 which could cause gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort but A2 milk containing only A2 β-casein might be more beneficial than A1/A2 (regular) milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in GI discomfort after ingestion of A2 milk and A1/A2 milk. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over human trial was performed with 40 subjects who experienced GI discomfort following milk consumption. For each intervention period, either A2 milk first (A2→A1/A2) or A1/A2 milk was first consumed for 2 weeks (A1/A2→A2) following a 2-week washout period. GI symptom rating scale (GSRS) scores, questionnaire for digestive symptoms, and laboratory tests including fecal calprotectin were evaluated. For symptom analysis, generalized estimating equations gamma model was used. A2 milk increased bloating (P = 0.041) and loose stools (P = 0.026) compared to A1/A2 milk in GSRS. However, A2 milk caused less abdominal pain (P = 0.050), fecal urgency (P < 0.001) and borborygmus (P = 0.007) compared to A1/A2 milk in questionnaire for digestive symptoms. In addition, fecal calprotectin also decreased or less increased after consumption of A2 milk compared to A1/A2 milk (P = 0.030), and this change was more pronounced in males (P = 0.005) than in females. There were no significant adverse reactions during the trial. A2 milk alleviated digestive discomfort in Koreans following A2 milk consumption (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06252636 and CRIS KCT0009301).

Assessment of milk production and processing in the southern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Goal - indicators of production and processing of cow's milk in the region are presented using the construction of multiple regression model and recommendations for the development of dairy market in Kazakhstan are given. In the work methods of logic, statistical analysis, factorial, econometric modeling and systematization are used. Results - it is noted that dairy industry is an integral part of agro-industrial complex. Literary sources containing information on achievements in dairy industry of developed countries are analyzed; current state of the world economy and its importance for ensuring food security are shown: inflation, anti-Russian sanctions, decline in consumer incomes. The productivity of cows, reasons for the decline and increase in milk production, low share of dairy processing, and high depreciation of agricultural machinery are considered. The need to conduct research on the volume of dairy products production is substantiated using the example of Almaty as a large milk-processing regional center. It has been determined that the influx of investment has a significant impact on productivity of the city's dairy enterprises. An econometric assessment of the factors that have the greatest impact on the process of processing raw materials and obtaining finished products was carried out. Conclusions – scientific and practical results of generated regression model for assessing production processes and milk processing are presented. Socioeconomic criteria have been determined: the level of employee salaries, food inflation in dairy industry, increase in the number of dairy product complexes. Recommendations for modernization of dairies based on effective measures of state support, consolidation of small agricultural producers, and introduction of innovative technologies have been developed. Resource conservation is important - mandatory requirement for equipment, technologies, production activities, and economic mechanisms. Accounting of resources, their availability and consumption, careful attitude to the use of energy, water, heat are mandatory components of the rational use of potential.

Relationship between Selected SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C and g.16060A/C) of the FASN Gene and the Fat Content and Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk of Three Breeds of Cows.

Fat is an important energy and nutritional component of milk and consists of fatty acids. FASN (fatty acid synthase) is an enzyme that regulates the synthesis of fatty acids in the milk and meat of cattle. It was hypothesized that knowing the relationships between the genotypes of the tested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the content of fat and specific fatty acids would make it possible to improve milk quality in the selection process during cattle breeding. This study aimed to analyze the relationships of SNPs (g.16024A/G, g.16039T/C) of the FASN gene and their genotypes with the fat and fatty acid content of the milk of the following breeds: Polish Red-White (ZR), Polish Red (RP), and Polish Holstein-Friesian Red-White (RW). The SNP g.16060A/C was included in the study, although its effect on the fat composition of cow's milk has not yet been widely studied. Milk was obtained during test milkings. SNP genotyping was performed using the real-time PCR (HRM) method. The milk from ZR and RP cows was more often characterized by a more favorable fatty acid profile than the milk from RW cows. This information can be used by cattle breeders and consumers of so-called functional food.

Friesian Holstein (FH) Dairy Cows Milk Quality that Experienced Repeated Breeding in Sendang District, Tulungagung Regency

This study observe the milk quality decrease in Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows that experience repeated breeding (repeat breedings) at KUD Tani Wilis Sendang Tulungagung when viewed from density, fat content, Total Solid (TS), and Solid Non Fat (SNF). The milk samples to be used in this study were 32 with a ratio of 10 normal cow's milk samples as a control. The milk sample was examined using a lactoscan. The data obtained were analyzed using the Independent T-Test test. The results of the repeat breeding cow's milk samples for specific gravity, fat content, and Total Solids (TS) showed a significant difference (p &lt;0.05) between the treatment group and the control of normal cow's milk. Samples of repeat breeding cow's milk on Solid Non Fat (SNF) showed that it was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05). The average specific gravity of repeat breeding cows was 1.0282 and that of normal cow's milk was 1.0260, which means that there is an increase in repeat breeding cow's milk when compared to normal cow's milk. The fat content of repeat breeding cows was 1.08% and that of normal cows was 4.18%. Total Solid (TS) of repeat breeding cows was 9.38% and normal cows was 12.73%.

Role of Milk-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Future Perspectives in Pharmaceutical/ Dairy Industries

Milk is a good source of bioactive peptides of high nutritive/ pharmaceutical value. In recent decades, the curiosity about bioactive milk peptides has been increasing because of their positive impact on physiological and metabolic functions in human health. A variety of naturally acquired bioactive peptides have been found in fermented dairy products like sour milk and cheese. Initially, these bioactive peptides are found as inactive forms within the precursor protein sequence and can be released in different ways. They can be generated by gastrointestinal digestion of milk, fermentation of milk with proteolytic microorganisms, or hydrolysis via proteolytic enzymes. Once they are released from the precursor protein sequence, they influence body functions and human health. Peptides derived from cow milk exert multifunctional properties, including antimi-crobial, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, antioxidant activ-ities, etc. Bioactive antimicrobial peptides are observed in the Cow milk proteins. The Cow milk peptides afford the non-immune-based defense and control for various microbial infections. These activities depend upon their amino acid composition/ sequence. Potential pathogens are con-stantly exposed to mucosal surfaces (lungs and small intestine). The risk of chronic disease was inhibited by antimicrobial peptides, which may afford natural immune protection with the avoid-ance of microbial resistance. In this regimen, the present review summarizes the milk-derived an-timicrobial peptides obtained from casein/ whey protein, along with their future perspectives in the pharmaceutical and dairy industries.

A Cost-Effective and Sensitive Method for the Determination of Lincomycin in Foods of Animal Origin Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography.

Lincomycin (LIN) is extensively used for treating diseases in livestock and promoting growth in food animal farming, and it is frequently found in both the environment and in food products. Currently, most of the methods for detecting lincomycin either lack sensitivity and precision or require the use of costly equipment such as mass spectrometers. In this study, we developed a reliable high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UVD) method and used it to detect LIN residue in 11 types of matrices (pig liver and muscle; chicken kidney and liver; cow fat, liver and milk; goat muscle, liver and milk; and eggs) for the first time. The tissue homogenates and liquid samples were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction, and subsequently purified and enriched via sorbent and solid phase extraction (SPE). After nitrogen drying, the products were derivatized with p-toluene sulfonyl isocyanic acid (PTSI) (100 µL) for 30 min at room temperature. Finally, the derivatized products were analyzed by HPLC at 227 nm. Under the optimized conditions, the method displayed impressive performance and demonstrated its reliability and practicability, with a limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of LIN in each matrix of 25-40 μg/kg and 40-60 μg/kg, respectively. The recovery ranged from 71.11% to 98.30%. The results showed that this method had great selectivity, high sensitivity, satisfactory recovery and cost-effectiveness-fulfilling the criteria in drug residue and actual detection requirements-and proved to have broad applicability in the field of detecting LIN in animal-derived foods.

Determination of multi-residue pesticides in dairy products using single-step emulsification/demulsification clean-up strategy combined with low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In this study, a simple, sensitive, and rapid method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 99 kinds of pesticides in fatty milk samples. This novel emulsification-demulsification clean-up approach, coupled with an automatic demulsification-dehydration cartridge, allowed rapid single-step clean-up operation and high throughput. It also achieved effective and selective removal of lipids. The analysis was performed using low-pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LPGC–MS/MS). Based on the optimal conditions, the targeted pesticides showed good linearity in the range of 5–250 μg/kg, with recoveries of 70–120% at spiking levels of 5, 10, and 20 μg/kg in cow milk, goat milk, and almond milk, respectively. The limit of quantification for most pesticides was 5 μg/kg, and the RSDs were lower than 20%. Analysis of real dairy products obtained from local markets revealed a potential risk in plant-derived almond milk, but no significant risks were found for cow and goat milk.

Four novel Acinetobacter lwoffii strains isolated from the milk of cows in China with subclinical mastitis

BackgroundAcinetobacter lwoffii (A. lwoffii) is a Gram-negative bacteria common in the environment, and it is the normal flora in human respiratory and digestive tracts. The bacteria is a zoonotic and opportunistic pathogen that causes various infections, including nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to identify A. lwoffii strains isolated from bovine milk with subclinical mastitis in China and get a better understanding of its antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance profile. This is the first study to analyze the drug resistance spectrum and corresponding mechanisms of A. lwoffii isolated in raw milk.ResultsFour A. lwoffii strains were isolated by PCR method. Genetic evolution analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed that the four strains had a high homology with Acinetobacter lwoffii. The strains were resistant to several antibiotics and carried 17 drug-resistance genes across them. Specifically, among 23 antibiotics, the strains were completely susceptible to 6 antibiotics, including doxycycline, erythromycin, polymyxin, clindamycin, imipenem, and meropenem. In addition, the strains showed variable resistance patterns. A total of 17 resistance genes, including plasmid-mediated resistance genes, were detected across the four strains. These genes mediated resistance to 5 classes of antimicrobials, including beta-lactam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol.ConclusionThese findings indicated that multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter lwoffii strains exist in raw milk of bovine with subclinical mastitis. Acinetobacter lwoffii are widespread in natural environmental samples, including water, soil, bathtub, soap box, skin, pharynx, conjunctiva, saliva, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal secretions. The strains carry resistance genes in mobile genetic elements to enhance the spread of these genes. Therefore, more attention should be paid to epidemiological surveillance and drug resistant A. lwoffii.

Brief communication: New method for measuring nitrogen isotopes in tooth dentine at high temporal resolution.

Nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) are widely used to study human nursing and weaning ages. Conventional methods involve sampling 1-mm thick sections of tooth dentine-producing an averaging effect that integrates months of formation. We introduce a novel protocol for measuring δ15N by multicollector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). We sampled dentine δ15N on a weekly to monthly basis along the developmental axis in two first molars of healthy children from Australia and New Zealand (n = 217 measurements). Nitrogen isotope ratios were determined from measurements of CN- secondary molecular ions in ~35 μm spots. By relating spot position to enamel formation, we identified prenatal dentine, as well as sampling ages over more than 3 years. We also created calcium-normalized barium and strontium maps with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. We found rapid postnatal δ15N increases of ~2‰-3‰, during which time the children were exclusively breastfed, followed by declines as the breastfeeding frequency decreased. After weaning, δ15N values remained stable for several months, coinciding with diets that did not include meat or cow's milk; values then varied by ~2‰ starting in the third year of life. Barium did not show an immediate postnatal increase, rising after a few months until ~1-1.5 years of age, and falling until or shortly after the cessation of suckling. Initial strontium trends varied but both individuals peaked months after weaning. Developmentally informed SIMS measurements of δ15N minimize time averaging and can be precisely related to an individual's early dietary history.

Penyuluhan Penetapan Harga Pokok Produksi Barang/Jasa Bagi Anggota AMPI/HKTI Bandung Barat

ABSTRACT The aim of this community service is to provide an understanding of how to determine the basic production price of cow's milk products for dairy farmers in Pengalengan and to provide an understanding of marketing strategies for cow's milk products for dairy farmers in Pengalengan. The method used is interactive where the speaker and participants ask each other questions and answers regarding the counseling given. The result of this community service is that the participants understand how to calculate the cost of production for goods and services sold in the form of cow's milk and agricultural products such as potatoes and vegetables. The implication of this community service is the application of the correct calculation of the cost of production for livestock breeders and farmers in canning so as to produce competitive selling prices.

Identification of the serum metabolites associated with cow milk consumption in Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women

Cow milk consumption (CMC) and downstream alterations of serum metabolites are commonly considered important factors regulating human health status. Foods may lead to metabolic changes directly or indirectly through remodelling gut microbiota (GM). We sought to identify the metabolic alterations in Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women with habitual CMC and explore if the GM mediates the CMC-metabolite associations. 346 Chinese Peri-/Postmenopausal women participants were recruited in this study. Fixed effects regression and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to reveal alterations of serum metabolic features in different CMC groups. Spearman correlation coefficient was computed to detect metabolome-metagenome association. 36 CMC-associated metabolites including palmitic acid (FA(16:0)), 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesterin-3-one (7alphaC4), citrulline were identified by both fixed effects regression (FDR < 0.05) and PLS-DA (VIP score > 2). Some significant metabolite-GM associations were observed, including FA(16:0) with gut species Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides sp.D2. These findings would further prompt our understanding of the effect of cow milk on human health.