Cow's Milk Research Articles

Long-term comparison of high- and low-dose oral immunotherapy in children with anaphylactic cow's milk allergy.

Long-term evidence on maintenance doses of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for anaphylactic cow's milk allergy is insufficient. We retrospectively compared the three-year safety, efficacy, and adherence between OIT with a maintenance dose of 200 mL of cow's milk (HOIT, 2009-2013) and 3 mL of cow's milk (LOIT, 2013-2019). Patients aged 6-18 years with a history of anaphylaxis reacting to ≤3 mL of cow's milk during oral food challenge (OFC) were included. Adverse symptoms, OFC negative rate after 2 weeks of avoidance, dropout rate, and immunological changes were compared. The median ages in the HOIT (n = 78) and LOIT (n = 99) groups were 8.1 and 7.8 years, with milk-specific IgE levels of 56.5 and 49.2 kUA/L, respectively. The percentages of doses triggering symptoms were 20.88%, 13.73%, and 7.31% in the HOIT group and 11.81%, 8.15%, and 6.30% in the LOIT group during years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. After 3 years, 29% of patients in the HOIT group passed the OFC with 200 mL, and 47%, 18%, and 5% of patients in the LOIT group passed the OFC with ≥25 mL, ≥50 mL, and 100 mL of cow's milk, respectively. After 3 years, the dropout rates were 24% and 11% in the HOIT and LOIT groups and milk-specific IgE levels decreased by 88% and 78% in the HOIT and LOIT groups, respectively. HOIT enables higher dose consumptions. LOIT might be safer and have higher adherence in patients with anaphylactic cow's milk allergy.

Heavy metal contamination in cow and buffalo milk from industrial and residential areas of raipur, India: A health risk assessment.

This study investigated heavy metal contamination in cow and buffalo milk from industrial and residential areas of Raipur, India, assessing health risks and identifying contamination sources. Milk samples were collected from seven sites and analyzed for Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results revealed higher contamination in industrial areas, with fodder being a primary source for Zn, Ni, Fe, and Cu, while water contributed to Mn, Cr, and As. Estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR) determination highlighted non-carcinogenic risks for Ni, Fe, and Pb, and significant carcinogenic risks for Pb and As. The concentrations of Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As in milk samples were ranged from 1.708 to 3.243, 0.078-0.295, 1.480-4.450, 0.119-0.472, 0.032-0.461, 0.007-0.040, 0.006-0.032, 0.040-0.204, and 0.006-0.023mg/kg, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified fodder as a source of Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Cd, while water contributed to Mn, Cr, and As. This study needed monitoring and regulation to mitigate health risks from contaminated milk in Raipur.

Use of a hidden Markov model for interpretation of serial cow milk paratuberculosis antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results adjusted for milk yield and quality.

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a common, economically-important and potentially zoonotic contagious disease of cattle, with worldwide distribution. Disease management relies on identification of animals which are at high-risk of being infected or infectious. The disease is chronic in nature, and infected animals may be infectious in the absence of overt clinical signs. Coupled with limited sensitivity of available diagnostic tests, this creates difficulties in identifying high-risk animals. In some disease-control programmes, dairy cows are classified with regards to risk according to the results of serial tests which quantify MAP antibodies in milk samples. Such classification systems are limited by the influence of non-disease factors on test results, dichotomisation of continuous results into "positive" or "negative" according to an imperfect threshold, and subjectivity in defining which patterns of serial test results indicate different risk-categories. An unsupervised learning (clustering) approach was applied to paratuberculosis test results and milk-recording data collated from 47 farms over an approximately ten-year period between 2010 and 2021. Paratuberculosis test results were first adjusted according to influential non-disease factors using linear models. Continuous-time hidden Markov models were fit to the adjusted test results. The final model revealed four distinct latent states (clusters). Examination of the distribution of adjusted test results associated with each latent state suggested that states were ordinal and aligned with disease progression. Model transition probabilities demonstrated that the probability of an animal progressing to the highest state was dependent on its current state. Of particular note was the existence of a latent state, characterised by paratuberculosis test results below the conventional test-positive threshold, which was associated with a relatively high probability of progression to the highest cluster. This research has led to objective classification of animals according to serial test results, and furthermore suggests the presence of groups of different disease risk amongst animals whose test results fall below the routinely used test-positive threshold. Identification of such groups could be used to better manage disease on farms, through implementation of management practices which limit disease transmission from high-risk animals.

Ultrasound evaluation of gastric emptying for two different quantities of milk in elementary school-aged children.

The gastric return and emptying times are different for both milk quantities, both shorter than the 6-h fasting recommendation, supporting the liberal fasting protocols recommended by the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration number ChiCTR2300077790) on November 20, 2023. • The ESAIC guidelines recommend a 4-h fasting period for milk products in periprocedural settings for children. • Our research demonstrates that cow's milk is emptied from the stomach within 4 h, supporting the ESAIC recommendations.

Self-reported food allergies in early childhood in rural Australia

IntroductionThe prevalence of childhood food allergies is escalating, with Australia notably affected. Research primarily originates from urban centres, leaving rural areas underrepresented. This study examines food allergy prevalence among 1,052 grade 1 and 2 children in regional and rural Tasmania.MethodDiagnosis relied on validated parental self-reports and identified anaphylaxis by symptoms coupled with breathing difficulties.ResultsThe median participant age was 8.1 years. Food allergy prevalence stood at 8.5% (n = 89), with cow's milk, peanuts/nuts, and eggs as primary allergens. Anaphylaxis prevalence was 18.0% (n = 16) of participants with food allergies, predominantly triggered by peanuts/nuts, eggs, and shellfish.ConclusionThe study delves into reactions to non-allergenic foods and associated avoidance leading to increased morbidity. This report contributes valuable insights to the insufficiently documented landscape of food allergy prevalence, shedding light on a poorly described aspect.

Draft genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from mastitic cow milk.

Escherichia coli is an important antibiotic-resistant pathogen in mastitis, with broader public health implications. We report the genomes of two E. coli strains, MBBL4 and MBBL5, isolated from mastitic cow milk. The draft genomes, covering 4.6 Mbp each, revealed 57.5% GC content and 100× sequencing depth.

Draft genome sequencing of a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain MBBL2 isolated from mastitic cow milk.

Milk from cows with mastitis is a primary source of bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including Klebsiella pneumoniae. We present the genome sequence of K. pneumoniae strain MBBL2 isolated from mastitic cow milk, which contains numerous ARGs and virulence-associated genes potentially pathogenic to humans.

Development and Quality Evaluation of a Probiotic Sweetened Yoghurt by Incorporating Carrot (Daucus Carota Subsp Sativus)

Yoghurt is one of the most popular fermented milk product gaining worldwide importance in current scenario due to its ability to reduce lifestyle diseases. Being itself a highly nutritious product, an effort was made to fortify yoghurt prepared from homogenized toned cow milk with carrot to furthe r improve its nutrients and health promoting effects. Initially, the preliminary trials were conducted to standardize sugar at 15% from 5, 10,15and 20% sugar added samples at a constant inoculation(1%) and inoculum was standarised at 1% from 1,2,3and 5% yoghurt culture added samples at constant sugar(15%) by one-factor-at-a time method. The processing steps included boiling of toned homogenized cow milk (3% Fat,8.5% Snf) followed by keeping it simmered for 5 mins after addition of 15% sugar. Then,carrots (14%) and nuts (2%) were added, grinded thoroughly by a mixer and filtered, followed by addition of 1% yoghurt culture and incubation. The quality (78.76% people liked) evaluated on the basis of composition, organoleptic and physiochemical properties revealed the proximate composition of the optimized product: Ash:0.695%, Acidity:0.74%LA, pH@25.6°c:4.23, Fat:4.6%, Protein:3.4%, Microbial count:10 6 dilution:3×10 6 cfu/ml,Total solids:24.56%, Moisture:75.44% and Total sucrose:18%, shelf life:15days. Thus, the most acceptable carrot based yoghurt is made by using “toned and homogenised cow milk,15% sugar and inoculums (yoghurt culture) @1% and incubated at 37°C for 14 hrs”giving a yield of 126.6% at a cost of Rs 200/litre of milk used. Keywords: Yoghurt, Carrot, Cow milk, Inoculum

A sustainable mixed diet for children without compromising nutritional needs: The vitamin B12 issue

AbstractGlobal climate change requires a paradigm change in diets, especially in affluent countries, with a reduction of animal‐based food, including children. This will have direct consequences for Vitamin B12 supply as animal‐based foods are the only food source. We examined these potential consequences using the German food based dietary guidelines for infants, children, and adults in Germany as the basis for the model calculation. The guidelines for 4 representative age groups were examined, representing exclusive milk feeding (2 months), complementary feeding (8 months), and mixed family diet (children: 4–6 years, adolescents: 11–14 years). For each age group (except 2 months), the contribution of animal‐based food groups (milk/dairy, meat, fish, eggs) to the total daily intake of vitamin B12 was calculated based on 7‐day menus with recipes for all meals. This allowed us to assess the potential Vitamin B12 deficits due to food group exclusion. Even in the guidelines diets, including exclusive breastfeeding, the vitamin B12 intakes just reached the reference values in all age groups. In infants on complementary feeding and also later in children and adolescents, cow's milk was by far the most important source of vitamin B12. Among the other animal‐based foods, meat (16.9%–23.0%) ranked first, followed by fish (11.0%–16.5%), and eggs (8.1%). In our analysis of the German food‐based guidelines for infant, child, and adolescent diets, the increased planetary health due to reduction of milk intake turned out severely to compromise vitamin B12 intake. In children, a reduction in the consumption of animal foods to improve the health of the planet must be weighed against the risk of inadequate intake of individual nutrients.

Effect of Coagulating Agents for Preparation of Soy Milk-Based Rasogolla

This experiment investigated how different coagulants affected soymilk-based Rasogolla's flavour, body and texture, colour, appearance, and chemical composition (moisture, dry matter, crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, nitrogen-free extract, ash, and crude fibre). Milk samples were collected from the Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm (BAU) to prepare soymilk-based Rasogolla, and Soymilk was prepared at the Dairy Technology Laboratory of BAU, Mymensingh. Cow milk and soymilk samples were coagulated using four different coagulants: calcium lactate, citric acid, lactic acid, and vinegar. The change obtained from fresh cow milk and Soymilk was mixed in a 1:1 ratio to prepare different types of Rasogolla: CLSMR (Calcium Lactate Coagulated Soymilk-based Rasogolla), CSMR (Citric Acid Coagulated Soymilk-based Rasogolla), LSMR (Lactic Acid Coagulated Soymilk-based Rasogolla), and VSMR (Vinegar Coagulated Soymilk-based Rasogolla). The effects of the coagulating agents on the different Rasogolla variants were assessed using both physical and chemical analyses. Physical evaluation focused on sensory attributes such as flavour, body and texture, colour, and overall appearance. Chemical tests measured various parameters, including total solids, moisture content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, and acidity. The study revealed that the coagulating agents had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the flavour of the Rasogolla samples (CLSMR, CSMR, LSMR, and VSMR) but did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect their body and texture, colour, or appearance. Additionally, the coagulating agents had a highly significant impact (p < 0.01) on the levels of crude protein, fat, ash, nitrogen-free extract, acidity, and crude fibre. However, no notable differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the moisture, dry matter, or carbohydrate content across the Rasogolla samples. Each treatment was replicated three times and collected data were analyzed using (SPSS) software (version 25).

ПИЩЕВАЯ ЦЕННОСТЬ КОРОВЬЕГО МОЛОКА

Cow's milk has a complex structure and includes all the necessary nutrients to support human life. The content of milk protein ranges from 2.6 to 5.3 %. The main protein fractions are β-casein, κ-casein and whey proteins (immunoglobulins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin and transferrin). The biological value of milk proteins is determined by the fact that they contain a full range of essential amino acids. Thus, all cow's milk proteins are a rich source of lysine, and casein is also characterized by a high content of proline. The main source of energy in milk is milk fat, the content of which reaches 4.5 %. In the vast majority, it is represented by glycerides, lipoids (phosphatides and sterols) and free fatty acids, among which saturated fatty acids predominate (up to 65 %). Carbohydrates in milk are represented by lactose, which, like fat, is used by the body as an energy source. It is the only source of galactose, which is part of the coenzymes involved in the synthesis of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, enzymes, and is important for metabolic processes in the human body. Minerals in cow's milk are salts of inorganic and organic acids, which are contained in an easily digestible form, which is an important factor for the normal growth and development of the body. In total, up to 80 elements were found in milk, of which calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and iron predominate. Almost all fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (groups B, C, H, etc.) are found in cow's milk.

ЖИРНОКИСЛОТНЫЙ СОСТАВ МОЛОКА КОРОВ ЧЕРНО-ПЕСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ УРАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА

The purpose of research is to study the content of fatty acids, trans-isomers of unsaturated fatty acids in cow's milk. Tasks: to establish the concentration of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (%, g/100) in cows' milk, to determine the quantitative content of trans-fatty acids in the composition of milk fat (%, g/100), to identify the daily dynamics of the fatty acid composition of milk. The studies were carried out in JSC Kamenskoye of the Sverdlovsk Region on breeding cows from the first to the third lactation. The studied indicators: the amount of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, fatty acids and their trans-isomers in daily dynamics and by the size of the carbon chain. The received data was processed biometrically. A change in the fatty acid composition of cows' milk during the day was established. The content of fatty acids and their trans-isomers in the milk of cows in the evening was significantly higher than in the morning. The proportion of saturated fatty acids was 2.3 times higher than the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids, while the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their trans-isomers were low. The total fat fraction of milk was dominated by medium-chain fatty acids in all periods of the day. For all groups of fatty acids, the greatest variability was noted in milk obtained during morning milking: the variation coefficient fluctuated from 55.2 % for medium-chain fatty acids to 84.9 % for short-chain fatty acids. Among saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids predominate. In the context of the day, the main amount of fatty acids and their transisomers enters the milk of cows in the evening, which must be taken into account when processing milk into dairy products.

Distinctive Lipogenic Gene Expression Patterns in the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows Are Associated with the Unique Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk Fat

Fat composition is largely responsible for the technological and rheological properties of cow milk and dairy products. Bovine milk fat is unique in terms of its fatty acid composition and positional distribution, with about 25% of its fatty acids being short- and medium-chain, which are synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and are not present in extra-mammary tissues. With the aim to identify potential genetic factors responsible for the unique composition of bovine milk fat, we extracted genes with GO annotations related to lipid metabolism and performed a gene expression mega-analysis. Overall, different lipogenic tissues (i.e., mammary, liver, and adipose) displayed discerned expression patterns. In a PCA, the liver was significantly separated from adipose and mammary tissues. In a correlation analysis with the fatty acid synthetase (FASN) gene, notable differences among the tissues were found. In the mammary gland, the majority of genes (~70%) were negatively correlated with FASN expression, whereas only 18% were negatively correlated in adipose. Only a few genes were positively correlated with FASN exclusively in the mammary gland, including AGPAT1 and AGPAT6, which also had the highest expression in the mammary gland compared with adipose. Looking at the expression levels in tissues (TPM) revealed significant differences in the expressions of genes responsible for the activation of fatty acids by ligation to CoA, according to their carbon chain length. Notably, the ACSS1 gene, which converts acetate to acetyl-CoA, had the highest expression in the mammary gland, whereas genes responsible for the activation of long-chain fatty acids had lower expressions. The findings of the present study suggest that the unique properties of dairy fat are the results of the distinct expression patterns of genes involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acids and their downstream utilization.

Milk productivity of simmental cattle by combined kappacasein and somatotropin genes

The economically important productive traits of cattle that contribute to the development of the dairy industry are considered to be abundant milk yield, protein and fat content in milk. In recent years, breeders have focused their attention on cattle breeding programmes based on molecular genetic research methods. The potential of animal productivity largely depends on genetic variants of marker genes present in the genotype of an individual. The genes of kappa-casein and somatotropin are considered to be promising DNA markers, as they are responsible for qualitative and quantitative traits of cattle productivity. In this work we studied milk productivity of 84 cows of Simmental breed from the breeding plant in the Urals by kappa-casein and somatotropin genes, as well as by complex genes. On the gene kappa-casein on milk yield in advantage are individuals with genotypes CSN3AB 6937,6 kg. The higher content of protein in milk, milk fat and protein yield, as well as the sum of nutrients were recorded in cows with CSN3BB genotypes 3.40%, 282.5 kg, 234.2 kg and 516.7 kg, respectively. In terms of somatotropin gene, cows with GHVV genotypes had the most abundant milk production 7160.0 kg. In terms of protein-milk yield, coevals with GHLL genotypes are more productive 3.4 %. The sum of nutrients, milk fat and protein yield is more established in milk of cows with GHVV genotypes 522.7 kg, 293.6 kg and 229.1 kg, respectively. All nine possible variants of complex genotypes for kappa-casein and somatotropin genes occur in this Simmental herd: AA/LV 26 cows; AA/LL 14; AA/VV 12; AB/LL 13; AB/LV 10; AB/VV 2; BB/LL 4; BB/ VV 2; BB/LV 1. Data processing on the effect of complex genotypes on milk productivity included a number of 10 cows or more. Higher milk yield, milk protein content, milk fat and protein yield, and nutrient sum were found in AB/LL complex genotypes: 6756.0 kg, 3.4 %, 277.0 kg and 229.7 kg, 506.7 kg, respectively. Significant differences were found between cow groups in the content of mass fraction of protein.

Evaluation of the Cow's Milk and Hen's Egg Ladder in Daily Practice: A Parent Perspective.

Evaluation of the cow's milk (CM) and hen's egg (HE) ladder to improve medical care of children with CM and/or HE allergy. Through an anonymous retrospective online questionnaire, we investigated parent perspectives regarding the therapy option of a CM and HE ladder in children with CM and/or HE allergy. Of the 54 families contacted, 29 took part in the study. 19/29 children had already completed the ladders when the survey took place. 19/29 children showed an allergic reaction during the treatment of whom 17 presented skin rashes. 16/29 parents were anxious to rise to the next step in the protocol. 15/29 had difficulties with the implementation of the therapy due to the child refusing the offered food and organizational issues. Medical support as well as the ladder as a therapy option were scored satisfactory. The participating parents were satisfied with the therapy option and medical care. We identified two main areas for improvement: First, the suggested food for every step should be more diverse, according to the families' culture background and nutritional needs/demands. Second, to reduce anxiety regarding the therapy, parents must be informed that although allergic reactions are common, they remain mild. Furthermore, we will suggest step changes under medical supervision, especially in families with a slow progression of the food ladder. With these improvements, the duration of therapy could be shortened, thus reducing the risk of an allergic reaction, the need for medical care by an allergist and therefore reducing healthcare costs.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Cow's Milk.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common pathogens in both humans and livestock. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli isolated from raw cow milk and evaluate its antimicrobial resistance rates. A total of 1696 milk samples were collected from Romanian dairy farms from 2018 to 2022. E. coli was isolated on various selective agar media, such as Cled agar and Columbia Agar with 5% Sheep Blood. The identification of E. coli was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. E. coli isolates were tested for their susceptibility against 18 commonly used antibiotics in a disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of E. coli was 22.45% of all isolated pathogens. Antibiogram analysis revealed that 27.51% of E. coli isolates from milk were multidrug-resistant. Resistance was highest for penicillin-novobiocin (87.78%), followed by streptomycin (53.7%). Resistance to six drugs (amoxicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin-cephalexin, marbofloxacin, ampicillin) showed a significant increasing trend over time, while for two drugs (penicillin G-framycetin, doxycycline), a significant decrease was observed. Our results suggest that milk can be a reservoir of bacteria with the potential for infection in humans via the food chain. Furthermore, there is a need for surveillance and monitoring to control the increase in resistance to currently used antimicrobials in dairy farms because the occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolated from milk poses a health hazard to consumers.

Interbreed variation of dairy cow milk in terms of specific proteome and lipidome for establishing criteria of milk selection.

Ruminant milk is a very complex table food and naturally encrypted with different components possessing various health-promoting characteristics. In the present study, we focused on breed-wise compositional difference in milk including various components and release of fatty acids and peptides during digestion. First, milk samples were analysed using lactoscan LW milk analyser, MALDI-TOF and gas chromatography. In addition, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion of milk was performed to determine the fatty acid and peptide concentration. Percentage fat was significantly less in Karan Fries (KF) and Holstein Friesian (HF) milk compared to Sahiwal (SW), Tharparkar (TP), Gir (GIR) and Karan Swiss (KS). The mean conductivity displayed the healthy status in SW, TP, GIR, KF and HF milk. The protein was significantly higher in KF milk compared to SW, TP, GIR and HF milk. KS milk possessed the highest number of peptides followed by HF, SW, TP, GIR and KF milk. The fatty acid compositional difference was primarily observed in saturated fatty acids including the C4:0, C21:0 and also w6 linoleic acid. On the basis of peptide number of MALDI-TOF, milk from SW and KS was selected for digestion in in vitro to check the availability of fatty acids and peptides in the intestine. There was more release of fatty acids in SW milk and more peptide from KS milk in intestinal conditions. Therefore, the difference in composition exists based on protein and fat components in indigenous and crossbred cows' milk. The breed-wise difference in composition of milk is important to study as it not only reflected the nutritional value and various biological activities, but also emphasis on specific proteomic and lipidomic of milk that eventually can be used as criteria for selection of milk.

Severity trend of recurrence in pediatric Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES).

Reintroduction of offending food in pediatric patients affected by Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) is carried out in hospitals with Oral Food Challenge (OFC), which leads to long waiting time and increases the societal burden of medical cost and human resources. The aim of the study is to assess severity trend of acute FPIES adverse reactions over time in the same patient for possible outpatient or home reintroduction of offending food. All children (<18 years-old) with a diagnosis of acute FPIES referred to 2 Italian pediatric allergy clinics were retrospectively enrolled. To determine if home or outpatient clinic reintroduction of trigger food was possible, a risk of severe reactions <5% was arbitrarily considered acceptable. Of the 202 patients enrolled, 23 (11,4%) presented increasing severity from mild-moderate to severe episode. None of the variables analyzed in these patients (sex, age at onset and interval between first and severe episode) had a statistically significant influence on the risk of more severe reactions. Of all patients initially presented mild or moderate episodes, 15.2% and 13.9% later manifested severe episodes over time, respectively. Of patients with cow's milk FPIES started with a mild episode, 5.5% later experienced a severe episode. Performing OFC for acute FPIES is not safe enough at home, because the probability of severe adverse reaction is >5%. However, it could be considered to perform OFC in outpatient clinic in patients with cow's milk FPIES started with a mild episode and if a rapid transfer plan to emergency department is available.

BARRIERS AND ENABLERS OF DIETARY REINTRODUCTION FOLLOWING NEGATIVE ORAL FOOD CHALLENGE: A SCOPING REVIEW.

Following a negative oral food challenge (OFC), it is recommended the individual continues to consume the historical allergen regularly. However, the proportion of families achieving sustained reintroduction, and enablers and barriers for reintroduction, are currently unclear. To understand the frequency and definitions of optimal food reintroduction in children and adolescents following negative OFC, and associated barriers and enablers. We conducted a scoping review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews of four databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science) from 2000 until the present. Medical Subject Headings guided our systematic search, and dual screening and extraction were performed. Descriptive analysis was applied to examine key themes aligned with our research questions. In total, 2,270 articles were screened, and 22 studies were included across nine countries. Peanuts were the most studied food (17 studies, 749 OFCs), followed by cow's milk (12 studies, 625 OFCs), hazelnut (4 studies; 361 OFCs) and hen's egg (11 studies; 340 OFCs). What was considered to be successful reintroduction was poorly and inconsistently described. Successful reintroduction (as defined by the authors) ranged from 14% to 86% with failed reintroduction up to 50%. Nineteen studies (86%) examined barriers or enablers of reintroduction. Primary barriers were fear and anxiety, symptoms with reintroduction and aversion to or refusal of the food, while younger age, male gender and guidance from clinicians were commonly reported enablers. The number of families who do not reintroduce foods following OFC remains high, and clinicians need high-quality data to better support families.

The effect of β-casein addition on properties and rennet behavior of reassembled casein micelles.

Bovine milk contains four types of caseins with β-casein being one of the most abundant. Previous studies on cow milk have reported seemingly contradictory effects of β-casein on milk renneting behavior. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how β-casein affects the properties and renneting behavior of casein micelles by using a model system of reassembled casein micelles (RCMs). We increased the β-casein ratio of RCMs to 60% by adjusting the β-casein ratio during or after the reassembly process. We found that reducing the calcium phosphate content to 85% was necessary for forming stable β-casein enriched RCMs. It was also found that adding β-casein during reassembly resulted in firmer rennet coagulates compared to adding it afterwards. To conclude, the order of adding β-casein significantly affected the structure formation and, consequently, the properties of RCMs.