Milk Line Research Articles

Exergo-economic approach for comprehensive evaluation of the performance of industrial-scale milk and coffee beverage process lines

This study aimed to perform comprehensive analyses of the performance of the industrial-scale production of three different beverages (whole milk, black coffee, and milk coffee) in carton aseptic and glass bottle packaging process lines from raw material to the secondary packed final product by using innovative exergo-economic approach to promote a detailed data for a sustainable, performance-efficient production and economy in beverage industry. System performance efficiencies (energy and exergy) for the whole of production lines and individual processing steps were determined, and the exergo-economic performance of the industrial productions of three different beverages was compared. The maximum overall exergy efficiencies for glass bottle and carton aseptic packaging lines were as 52.57 % and 55.90 %, respectively, in whole milk production whereas the minimum overall exergy efficiencies were for these lines were 47.39 % and 48.67 %, respectively, for milk coffee production. For whole milk, the process steps having the minimum exergy efficiency were the filling step in carton aseptic (23.14 %±1.25) and the seperation step (26.90 %±1.09) in glass bottle packaging lines. For black coffee and milk coffee productions, the process step with the highest improvement potential was the homogenization/deaeration step for both carton aseptic and glass bottle packaging lines. The highest exergy destruction costs were obtained for the milk coffee; 72.52±0.03$/MJ for carton aseptic package and 63.82±1.85$/MJ for glass bottle. The most cost-efficient process was determined to be the black coffee in the carton aseptic packaging line due to the minimum product cost rate (89.71±2.39 $/MJ). It is thought that this study contributes valuable information on the approach of the comparing the performance of different production lines using exergo-economic evaluation.

Cerebral cavernous malformation proteins, CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3, are decreased in metastatic lesions in a murine breast carcinoma model

ABSTRACT Three genes are associated with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs): CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3. These genes participate in microvascular angiogenesis, cell-to-cell junctions, migration and apoptosis. We evaluated the expression in vivo of CCM genes in primary tumors and metastastases in a murine model of metastatic breast carcinoma. We used cell lines obtained from metastasis of 4T1, 4TLM and 4THM breast cancer to liver and heart. These cells were injected into the mammary ridge of Balb/C female mice. After 27 days, the primary tumors, liver and lung were removed and CCM proteins were assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. CCM proteins were expressed in primary tumor tissues of all tumor-injected animals; however, no CCM protein was expressed in metastatic tumor cells that migrated into other tissues. CCM proteins still were observed in the lung and liver tissue cells. Our findings suggest that CCM proteins are present during primary tumor formation, but when these cells develop metastatic potential, they lose CCM protein expression. CCM protein expression was lost or reduced in metastatic tissues compared to the primary tumor, which indicates that CCM proteins might participate in tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Unilateral supernumerary axillary breast secreting milk: A case report

Accessory breast tissue or ectopic breast tissue or supernumerary breast tissue is an aberration of normal breast development. It is known to be rare entity which occurs in 0.4 - 6% of women anywhere along the embyologic mammary streak or milk line but more common in axilla. Accessory breast cancer is a rare entity with incidence of around 0.2 - 0.6 %. Routine mammography can miss accessory breast tissue. It is generally bilateral may be unilateral occasionally. General lack of awareness of accessory breast cancer among clinicians has potentially dangerous implications. Knowledge about Accessory breast tissue has important implications for the patient care. If accessory breast tissue is not recognised, then a normal variant may be misdiagnosed as an abnormal lesion like lipoma, lymphadenopathy, sebaceous cyst, vascular malformation and malignancy. Also if surgical treatment is required it needs appropriate operative and post operative management.

Accessory Breast Cancer of the Right Axillary Region: A Case Report and Review of Management

Accessory breast tissue results from failure of the embryologic mammary ridge, also known as the milk line, to involute. Because of the low incidence of these cases in the population and the lack of a fixed location for the tumor to occur. Case Presentation: Here we present a female patient, 51 years old, who was born with a swelling on the side of the arm in the right axilla that grew with age. Three years ago, a lump the size of an egg was found protruding from the body and gradually ulcerating. Conclusion: Ultrasound assisted examination revealed that the patient had right axillary lymph node enlargement and Pathological diagnosis of accessory breast cancer. The early stage of accessory breast cancer mostly presents only as a painless mass. Therefore, when an abnormality is detected in the early stage, it should be checked out promptly to avoid deterioration.

Variations in fatty acids, micronutrients and metabolites in discrete milk lines of Danish dairy milk

Highlighting factors driving natural variation in milk composition among different dairy milk lines is important not only to secure uniform products but also for possible exploitation of the inherent variation. The composition of milk is related to genetic and environmental differences, causing variation in the milk delivered to the dairies. This study investigated compositional variations related to management systems, feeding strategies and seasonal periods. Milk samples from 15 Danish dairies, representing 34 unique milk lines, were collected monthly for two years. The study revealed significant compositional differences in fatty acids, micronutrients and metabolites relative to management systems. This is possibly related to differences in feeding and management practices, e.g., periods of outdoor grazing. Data expressed a higher degree of variation in milk samples representing biodynamic and organic milk lines with extensive grass feeding in comparison with conventional and organic milk lines reflecting more common Danish feeding practices.

Right Common Femoral Vein Invasion: A Unique Case of Inguinal Ectopic Breast Cancer.

Ectopic breast cancer may present anywhere in the milk line, from the axilla to the groin which is extremely rare in the inguinal region. Despite morphologic differences, ectopic breast tissue presents characteristics related to orthotopic breast tissue in terms of function and pathologic degeneration. The case report describes the treatment of a unique ectopic breast carcinoma which was located in the inguinal region with a common femoral vein invasion. We present a unique case of an ectopic breast carcinoma presenting in an unusual anatomic location along the milk line. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (protocol no: 12.01.2023-2023/02) Informed consent was obtained from the patient. The patient is surgically treated and supplemented with neoadjuvant chemotherapy,radiotherapy and endocrine therapy. Histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma. The right common femoral vein was reconstructed with bovine pericardial patch after totally removal of the mass. This report alerts the reader to be cognizant of the unusual location of an ectopic breast cancer which was detected in the inguinal region with a common femoral vein invasion and discusses the treatment, suggesting novel therapeutic advice that could bring considerable clinical advantages. A multidisciplinary approach should be warranted in such cases to confirm a complete remission.

Influence of high temperatures on the behavior, productivity and bioenergetic characteristics of goats

Abstract. The research was carried out in IE «Babyni kozy» of Kyiv region at a goat farm where a stable-pasture system of goats is used. In winter, goats are kept at free-stall housing on a deep litter and during the grazing period, on a forage area. Goats are milked on a milking parlor into the milk line. The article presents the results of researches of the influence of ambient temperature during the thermo neutral period and during the period of high temperatures on the productivity, daily behavior and bioenergetic characteristics of Saanen goats. A group of goats of the Saanen breed of the 3rd lactation was formed during the period of the milk yield increasing. The research was performed in thermo neutral period (average daily air temperature was up to + 22.3 °C) and during the period of temperature load at an average daily air temperature of + 27.6 °C. Each period lasted 12 days. It has been found that goats responded to the change in temperature by reducing of productivity by 10.70 % (0.35 kg). Hereby, the mass fraction of fat in goat's milk during this period increased by 0.09 %. During the period of high temperatures, goats spent a little less time eating food, watering and walking, but rested more in a supine position compared to the thermo neutral period. In general, in both temperature periods, the duration of the main acts of behavior in goats corresponded to physiological norms. The decrease in the duration of feed consumption during the temperature load caused a decrease in the number of feed reactions and the duration of chewing the cuddy in goats. The energy index, i.e. the amount of net energy consumption of feed, which transfers into milk energy during the temperature load decreased by 1.42 MJ %. Net energy consumption per 1 MJ of milk energy during the period of high temperatures has increased by 0.62 MJ. Key words: goats, temperature, productivity, metabolic energy, behavior, bio-energy.

Detoxifying mycotoxins and antifungal properties of two rumen-derived Enterococcus species in artificially contaminated corn silages.

Mycotoxins contamination in food and feed has emerged as an issue of serious concern because they pose serious health risks to both humans and livestock. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of two rumen-derived Enterococcus spp. on fermentation and hygienic quality of artificially contaminated corn silages. The toxigenic fungal-infested (FI) and non-fungal infested (NFI) corn was harvested at 1/2 milk line stage and ensiled without additives (CON) or with Enterococcus faecalis (E) or Enterococcus faecium (M). The pH of FI silages was higher than that of NFI silages, the pH in NFI-M was lower than in NFI-CON. Inoculating E. faecium markedly increased lactic acid concentration compared to CON and E silages. Both E. faecium and E. faecalis decreased the deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) concentrations compared with the CON for FI silages, while E. faecium was more effective in eliminating aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ). The FI silage had higher bacterial and fungal Shannon indexes than NFI silages. The relative abundance (RA) of Aspergillus and Fusarium marked a decline from day 5 to day 90. Inoculating E. faecium and E. faecalis reduced the RA of Penicillium compared to CON. In vitro mycotoxins removal assay indicated that E. faecium was more effective in AFB1 detoxification while having lower detoxifying ZEN capacity than E. faecalis. Inoculating rumen-derived Enterococcus spp. isolates alleviated the negative effects of fungal infestation on the fermentation and hygienic quality of corn silages by changing the microbial communities and detoxifying mycotoxins. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Unexpected presentation of accessory breast: vulvar accessory breast tissue: a case report

BackgroundThe accessory breast is composed of residual glandular mammary tissue that persists after normal embryonic development. The entity is so rare that it is easily neglected in the diagnosis of disease.Case presentationWe report a 24-year-old virgin Persian woman with a left-sided vulvar mass and no pain or discomfort until shortly before her presentation at our department. Ectopic breast tissue in the vulva was diagnosed. We performed wide local resection of the lesion. Pathological investigation of the lesion confirmed the presence of ectopic breast tissue with secretory changes. She had no specific developmental abnormalities and had no relevant family history. She was followed up for 10 months and had recovered fully by this time.ConclusionAccessory breast tissue should be considered as a diagnosis when a mass is seen along the embryonic milk line, especially if the clinical findings reveal changes in the mass accompanied by changes in sex hormones.

Seasonal variation in contents of phytoestrogens in Danish dairy milk lines of different farm management systems

Farm management systems and seasonal variation are suggested to affect the concentrations of phytoestrogens in milk. The present study analyses the concentrations of phytoestrogens and their relative composition in distinct milk lines from six Danish dairies representing three management systems (conventional, organic and biodynamic) in five sampling periods (P1–P5) over one year. A highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was applied to determine absolute concentrations of phytoestrogens in the different milk lines over the period. Biodynamic dairy milk lines contained higher levels of most isoflavones compared with milk from conventional systems. This may be explained by the differences in feeding strategies and, more specifically, botanical composition of feed. In relation to season, the concentration of the mammalian derived isoflavone, equol, was highest during the indoor period in biodynamic milk. Compared with the isoflavones, concentrations of lignans were less affected by farm management system.

ECTOPIC MAMMARY TISSUE IN THE AXILLARY REGION: A CASE REPORT AND DISCUSSION OF DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Ectopic breast tissue, or supernumerary breast tissue, is a rare congenital anomaly that can occur along the milk line, extending from the axilla to the groin. Ectopic breast tissue can undergo the same changes as normal breast tissue, including hormonal changes during pregnancy and lactation, as well as the development of benign or malignant tumors. Herein, we present a case of ectopic breast tissue presenting as axillary masses in a young woman. The patient was a 32-year-old woman who presented with two axillary masses that appeared during lactation after her first and second pregnancies, and now had reappeared. The masses had the consistency of breast tissue and were confirmed as supernumerary bilateral breasts on echomamography. Although supernumerary breasts are usually benign and asymptomatic, they can sometimes become cancerous. Therefore, surgical excision is often recommended, particularly in cases where the mass is symptomatic or growing rapidly.

MODERNIZATION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES BY MILK PROCESSING ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE AS A FACTOR IN INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF PRODUCTS

The article examines the relevance and substantiates the need for the introduction of the latest technologies and the modernization of existing production resources by domestic milk processing enterprises. The dynamics of the active enterprises of the milk processing industry of Ukraine over the last ten years were analyzed, and their structure for 2020 was also considered. For a generalized understanding of the state of development of the milk processing industry of Ukraine, the number of operating enterprises by region was studied and ranked. It was determined that the leaders of the milk processing industry are the following regions: Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Vinnytsia and Kyiv regions. As a result of the stable growth of the number of milk processing enterprises in Ukraine, the competition in the market of dairy products is also increasing, therefore business entities need to actively look for opportunities to increase the competitiveness of their products, and this is possible by introducing the latest and resource-saving technologies into their economic activity. A technical and economic substantiation of the application of the automatic system for washing the milk line of milking units UDM-100 "Bratslavchanka" and UDE-16 "Yalynka" was carried out. It is substantiated that in order to increase the quality of milk, production efficiency and resource saving (by reducing the consumption of air, hot water, energy and operating costs) it is advisable to use the invention, which increases the efficiency of the milking system washing system by using air and hydraulic injectors with automated control of mode parameters of their action depending on indicators of contamination of the milk-conducting equipment.

Yield potential and selection of off-season maize for silage and grain using GT Biplot under limited water and frost

Maize silage has been used as a forage reserve strategy for critical periods or continuous use in animal feed. However, new genotypes and their potential must be identified. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of maize genotypes for silage and grain in one off-season in the midwest region of Brazil, under limited water and frost, and select them for this dual purpose (silage and grain) using the GT Biplot tool. The experiment was performed at Embrapa Western Agriculture in the autumn-winter season of 2021 in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks of six maize genotypes (BRS1010, KWS9606, 1P2224, 1Q2383, BRS3046, and CAPO) with five replications under no-tillage. Silage points were evaluated at harvest when the grain milk line was at ¾ and maize grains at the maturation stage (dry plant). The 1P2224 and 1Q2383 maize genotypes present silage (high green and dry biomass) and grain yield potential. The GT Biplot tool identified the 1P2224 genotype as superior and suitable for cultivation or as a parent in a breeding program in the midwest region of Brazil for silage and grain yield evaluations of one off-season under limited water and frost.

A rare case of metachronous ectopic breast cancer of the vulva

Ectopic breast tissue can arise at any point along the primitive milk line, which runs from the axilla to the groin. The incidence of ectopic breast cancer ranges from 0.2% to 0.6%. We report the case of a 60-year-old woman with a history of left mastectomy for breast cancer one year prior to presentation, who presented with bilateral vulvar erosion found to be a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma on biopsy. The extension workup being negative, a radical vulvectomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the specimen's pathologic study revealed a vulvar localization of non-specific invasive breast carcinoma. It was positive for estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu, and negative for progesterone receptor. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was given to the patient. There is no dedicated guideline for both diagnosis and management of this particular tumor; the treatment is similar to that of orthotopic breast cancer.

A rare case of polythelia on the buttock, found incidentally during colonoscopy

Polythelia or supernummary nipples is a congenital anomaly where more than two nipple- areolar complexes are present. While polythelia is the most common mammary tissue malformation, it is still a rare condition with an incidence of 0.2% to 5.6%. Suppernummary nipples are usually located in the medial embryonic milk lines however, there have been some published cases of atypical locations. We present a case of a 42-year-old male who was incidentally found to have a supernummary nipple on his left buttock on colonoscopy. There was no prior family history of polythelia or any congenital abnormalities.

The migration and degradation of N‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine from rubber hoses in milk lines

N‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (6PPD), an anti‐ageing agent in rubber hoses used in milk lines, may migrate into the milk and cause safety issues. Thus its migration and degradation in simulants/milk were studied to explore the changing trends and final levels, by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 6PPD continuously increased in 95% ethanol and degraded more easily in simulants with a high water content. The degradation may be attributed to the π‐conjugated system of 6PPD and smaller steric hindrance of degradation products. No migration was observed into milk after 10 min. This study provides a novel and effective approach to evaluating 6PPD trends and safety for the dairy industry.

Evaluation of the effects of corn silage maturity and kernel processing on steer growth performance and carcass traits.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding kernel processed corn silage to growing calves at 65% inclusion (dry matter [DM] basis; Exp. 1] and finishing beef steers at 20% inclusion (DM basis; Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, steers (n = 184; initial shrunk body weight [BW] = 388 ± 22.3 kg) were used to evaluate the influence that kernel processing of corn silage has on production responses when fed at 65% diet inclusion (DM basis) during a 46-d growing period. Steers were allotted to 1 of 24 pens (12 replicate pens/treatment). Treatments were based upon corn silage that was either kernel processed or not. In Exp. 2, steers (n = 192; initial shrunk BW = 446 ± 28.3 kg) were used in a 112-d finishing experiment. Treatments were grouped in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (24 pens total; 8 steers/pen) to evaluate corn silage harvest maturity (1/2 to 2/3 milk line or black layer) and kernel processing (processed or not) at time of corn silage harvest on finishing steer growth performance and carcass traits when corn silage is fed at a dietary DM inclusion of 20%. Both experiments were analyzed as a randomized completed block design with pen as experimental unit. In Exp. 1, final BW tended (P = 0.07) to be increased by 3 kg in kernel processed corn silage. Daily weight gain and DM intake were increased (P ≤ 0.04) by 6% and 2%, respectively, in steers fed kernel processed corn silage compared to controls; however, gain efficiency was not appreciably influenced by treatment (P = 0.15). In Exp. 2, there were no harvest maturity × kernel processing interactions (P ≥ 0.26) for any growth performance measures or any parameters related to efficiency of dietary NE utilization. No harvest maturity × kernel processing interactions (P ≥ 0.08) were observed for any carcass traits except for the distribution of USDA Prime carcasses (P = 0.04). Steers fed 2/3 milk line and unprocessed corn silage had a lower (P = 0.05) proportion of carcasses grade USDA Prime (0.0%) compared to all other treatments (12.0%). Harvest time (P ≥ 0.07) and kernel processing (P ≥ 0.07) of corn silage had no appreciable influence on any other carcass trait measures. These data indicate that kernel processed corn silage fed to growing calves at 65% diet inclusion (DM basis) enhances intake and daily gain, while kernel processed corn silage fed to finishing steers at 20% diet inclusion (DM basis) does not appreciably influence daily gain, efficiency of gain, or carcass parameters.

Primary Breast Carcinoma in Accessory Axillary Breast Tissue: A Case Report

Accessory axillary breast carcinoma is unusual, with an incidence of 0.2 to 0.6%. It is commonly located in the axilla; however, it may be seen anywhere along the milk line. Development is hormone-dependent, similar to normal breast tissue. Here, a 65-year-old postmenopausal multiparous woman presented at the Surgery Outpatient Department (OPD) with a complaint of a lump in her left axilla with multiple overlying skin ulcers for the past four months. A routine bilateral mammogram was performed, which showed a well-defined hypoechoic area measuring 1.2×1.0 cm with no lymph nodes and calcification over the left accessory breast tissue. A wedge biopsy of the lesion revealed Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC). She underwent a left modified radical mastectomy with an extended incision to the left axilla. She also received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with close follow-up. Recent studies suggest that there is no additional advantage with mastectomy over total excision of accessory breast tissue. Axillary clearance is performed if preoperative lymph node biopsy is positive. Early diagnosis and differentiation of accessory breast cancer are the keys to the effective management of the cancer.

Accessory Breast Cancer: A Case Series

Accessory breast tissue (ABT) is ectopic breast tissue that occurs due to the failure of the embryonic mammary ridge to resolve during fetal breast development. This can occur anywhere along the milk line, with the axilla being the most common area of occurrence. Due to its pathophysiologic similarity with normal breast tissue, it is also susceptible to developing malignancies [1]. Primary accessory breast cancer accounts for 0.3-0.6% of all breast cancers [1]. The axillary area is the most commonly reported area of accessory breast carcinoma, accounting for 58% of reported ectopic cases [2]. Other reported areas include the parasternal line (18.5%), the subclavicular area (8.6%), the submammary region (8.6%), and the vulvar region (4%) [2]. Given the rarity of primary accessory axillary breast carcinoma, presentation and diagnosis can be challenging. Clinicians ought to be aware of this variance to ensure prompt management. Imaging plays an essential role in diagnosis. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, systemic therapy and radiation therapy as dictated by tumor biology and the stage of the disease. Here we report two cases of invasive ductal carcinomas arising in axillary accessory breast tissue.

Pictorial Review of Common and Uncommon Pediatric Breast Lesions.

Breast masses in children and adolescents are uncommon, and the spectrum of pediatric breast masses is predominantly benign and different from that in adults. Knowledge of the clinical presentation and imaging features of the various stages of normal development and mass-forming lesions in the pediatric breast can guide a tailored imaging approach and help the radiologist make a definitive diagnosis. Breast development begins during fetal gestation along the embryologic milk lines and continues through puberty as the breast matures through the Tanner stages of development. Normal and developmental variants and benign neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in the pediatric breast are common causes of concern. Malignant breast masses in children are rare and are more often due to metastasis than primary breast cancer. When clinically warranted, US is the mainstay for imaging the pediatric breast and requires careful correlation of sonographic findings with patient age and history. Breast MRI can be used to further characterize lesions and evaluate the extent of disease. Biopsy should be considered only for suspicious findings and must be weighed against the risk of iatrogenic injury to the developing breast. Given that the majority of mass-forming lesions in the pediatric breast are benign, the diagnostic and management approach should emphasize "first do no harm." Knowledge of the imaging appearance of normal breast development and the spectrum of benign and malignant pediatric breast masses is necessary to make the correct diagnosis. © RSNA, 2022.