Gland Milk Research Articles

Development of a Compartmental Model for Studying Vitamin A Kinetics and Status in Theoretical Lactating Women

Low vitamin A status and suboptimal milk vitamin A concentrations are problems in many populations worldwide. However, limited research has been done on whole-body vitamin A kinetics in women of reproductive age, especially during lactation. Goals were to develop compartmental models describing retinol kinetics in theoretical nonlactating (NL) and lactating (L) women and to determine whether the retinol isotope dilution (RID) method accurately predicted vitamin A total body stores (TBS) in the groups and individuals. We adapted 12 previously-used theoretical females with assigned values for retinol kinetic parameters and TBS (225-1348μmol); subjects were NL or L (nursing one 3- to 6-mo-old infant) during 49-d kinetic studies after isotope dosing. We used an established compartmental model, adding a compartment for chylomicrons and, for L, another for mammary gland milk with inputs from holo-retinol-binding protein and chylomicron retinyl esters and output to milk. Using compartmental analysis, we simulated tracer responses in compartments of interest and calculated TBS using the RID equation TBS= FaS/SAp [Fa, fraction of dose in stores; S, retinol specific activity in plasma/specific activity in stores; SAp, specific activity of retinol in plasma]. Models for both groups were well identified. Simulated plasma tracer responses were similar for NL and L, with L always below NL; milk tracer paralleled plasma from 10 d postdosing. Geometric mean FaS ratios (L/NL) were ∼0.75 during days 2-30. Using appropriate group FaS, RID provided accurate TBS predictions for >80% of NL and L subjects after day 18 when CV% for FaS was ∼10%. These new physiologically-based models for vitamin A kinetics may be useful for future research in women of reproductive age. Results indicate that, in groups like these, RID to assess an individual's vitamin A status should be done at 21-28 d after isotope dosing.

Regulation of Tight Junctions by Sex Hormones in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Simple SummaryHow ovarian hormones affect goat lactation by regulating cell–cell junctions is still unclear. Through the in vivo and in vitro assays, we found that ovarian hormones could elevate cell–cell junction protein expression, which may affect the intercellular space and molecule transportation between the goat mammary epithelial cells. Our assessment suggests that ovarian hormones may affect goat milk production by regulating the cell–cell junction protein expression between mammary epithelial cells.The sex hormones of estrogen and progesterone (P4) play a vital role in mammary gland development and milk lactation in ruminants. The tight junction (TJ) between adjacent secretory epithelial cells is instrumental in establishing the mammary blood–milk barrier. However, whether estrogen and P4 exert their effect on mammary function via regulating TJ remain unclear. Here, to clarify the role of 17-β estradiol (E2) and P4 in the regulation of TJ in goat mammary gland, we first explored the relationships between the concentrations of E2, P4, and the protein expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1 during the mammary gland development in goat. Then, we further explored the mRNA and protein expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1 in the goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) in vitro under different concentrations of E2 and P4. The results demonstrated that the protein expression of claudin-1 decreased, but occludin and ZO-1 increased with the decline in E2 and P4 during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. In the in vitro studies, E2 exerted a positive effect on the mRNA expression of claudin-1, and accelerated the proteins’ expression of claudin-1 and ZO-1 in GMECs; P4 upregulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, and ZO-1, and also improved the protein expression of claudin-1, claudin-3, and ZO-1 in the GMECs. The results demonstrated that E2 and P4 play an important role in regulating the expression of the mammary TJ components, which may ultimately affect the mammary gland development and milk lactation.

Treatment of benign hyperplasic processes of milk glands in patients with genital endometriosis

Health condition of 137 f emale with genital endometriosis before hormonal therapy and under the influence of antagonists ( danazol) and agonists of gonadotropic hormones (gozerelin, decapeptyl, buserelin) treatment was studied. Frequent association of genital endometriosis and benign breast tumors (91 % ) and e fficiency of using antagonists and agonists of gonadotropins in the occasions of the simultaneous development of hyperplasic processes in the reproductive system were revealed.

Characterization and Tissue Tropism of Newly Identified Iflavirus and Negeviruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans Tsetse Flies.

Tsetse flies cause major health and economic problems as they transmit trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans (Human African Trypanosomosis, HAT) and nagana in animals (African Animal Trypanosomosis, AAT). A solution to control the spread of these flies and their associated diseases is the implementation of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). For successful application of SIT, it is important to establish and maintain healthy insect colonies and produce flies with competitive fitness. However, mass production of tsetse is threatened by covert virus infections, such as the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV). This virus infection can switch from a covert asymptomatic to an overt symptomatic state and cause the collapse of an entire fly colony. Although the effects of GpSGHV infections can be mitigated, the presence of other covert viruses threaten tsetse mass production. Here we demonstrated the presence of two single-stranded RNA viruses isolated from Glossina morsitans morsitans originating from a colony at the Seibersdorf rearing facility. The genome organization and the phylogenetic analysis based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) revealed that the two viruses belong to the genera Iflavirus and Negevirus, respectively. The names proposed for the two viruses are Glossina morsitans morsitans iflavirus (GmmIV) and Glossina morsitans morsitans negevirus (GmmNegeV). The GmmIV genome is 9685 nucleotides long with a poly(A) tail and encodes a single polyprotein processed into structural and non-structural viral proteins. The GmmNegeV genome consists of 8140 nucleotides and contains two major overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). ORF1 encodes the largest protein which includes a methyltransferase domain, a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase domain, a helicase domain and a RdRp domain. In this study, a selective RT-qPCR assay to detect the presence of the negative RNA strand for both GmmIV and GmmNegeV viruses proved that both viruses replicate in G. m. morsitans. We analyzed the tissue tropism of these viruses in G. m. morsitans by RNA-FISH to decipher their mode of transmission. Our results demonstrate that both viruses can be found not only in the host’s brain and fat bodies but also in their reproductive organs, and in milk and salivary glands. These findings suggest a potential horizontal viral transmission during feeding and/or a vertically viral transmission from parent to offspring. Although the impact of GmmIV and GmmNegeV in tsetse rearing facilities is still unknown, none of the currently infected tsetse species show any signs of disease from these viruses.

Comparative whey proteome analysis of small-tailed Han and DairyMeade ovine milk.

We characterized the proteome profile of mid-lactation small-tailed Han (STH) and DairyMeade (DM) ovine milk in order to explore physiological variation and differences in milk traits between the two breeds. Methodology combined a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic approach with LC-MS/MS technology. A total of 656 proteins were identified in STH and DM ovine milk, of which 17and 29 proteins were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) in STH and DM, respectively. Immune-related proteins and disease-related proteins were highly expressed in STH milk, whereas S100A2 and AEBP1 were highly expressed in DM milk, which had beneficial effects on mammary gland development and milk yield. Our results provide a theoretical basis for future breeding of dairy sheep.

Potential Novel Biomarkers for Mastitis Diagnosis in Sheep.

Simple SummaryInflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis) is an important disease of dairy sheep. Mastitis management depends mainly on the diagnosis. Conventional diagnostic methods including somatic cell count, California Mastitis Test, and microbial culture have limitations. Therefore researchers are looking for new diagnostic biomarkers of mastitis including specific proteins produced by the liver in case of disease (acute phase proteins), unique genetic sequences (miRNAs), or antimicrobial peptides produced by immune cells during inflammation (cathelicidines).This review aims to characterize promising novel markers of ovine mastitis. Mastitis is considered as one of the primary factors for premature culling in dairy sheep and has noticeable financial, productional, and animal welfare-related implications. Furthermore, clinical, and subclinical mammary infections negatively affect milk yield and alter the milk composition, thereby leading to lowered quality of dairy products. It is, therefore, crucial to control and prevent mastitis through proper diagnosis, treatment or culling, and appropriate udder health management particularly at the end of the lactation period. The clinical form of mastitis is characterized by abnormalities in milk and mammary gland tissue alteration or systemic symptoms consequently causing minor diagnostic difficulties. However, to identify ewes with subclinical mastitis, laboratory diagnostics is crucial. Mastitis control is primarily dependent on determining somatic cell count (SCC) and the California Mastitis Test (CMT), which aim to detect the quantity of cells in the milk sample. The other useful diagnostic tool is microbial culture, which complements SCC and CMT. However, all mentioned diagnostic methods have their limitations and therefore novel biomarkers of ovine subclinical mastitis are highly desired. These sensitive indicators include acute-phase proteins, miRNA, and cathelicidins measurements, which could be determined in ovine serum and/or milk and in the future may become useful in early mastitis diagnostics as well as a preventive tool. This may contribute to increased detection of ovine mammary gland inflammation in sheep, especially in subclinical form, and consequently improves milk quality and quantity.

The xanthine oxidase and its associated activities in the ovine milk and liver: distinctive in impact of in vivo molybdenum

Xanthine oxidase is molybdenum and iron-containing flavoprotein, catalyzing the final oxidation stage of purines and oxidative transformation of pterins and some aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Despite the importance of this enzyme, the distribution of xanthine oxidase in traditional household animal’s milk and tissues is unknown. Formerly, we have found most of the xanthine oxidase molecules in animal milk are inactive because of a lack of molybdenum. Ovine milk was processed by inserting in vivo molybdenum (tungsten) into drinking water. We gave opposite dates in the presence of tungsten too. Heating the milk of animals at 80 °C for 5 minutes in the presence of molybdenum and cysteine led to a sharp increase of xanthine oxidase and its associated – nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities. The change of xanthine oxidase and its associated activities were examined by spectrophotometry after treatment. It was established that metal ions added in drinking water for animals have an impact on enzyme activities. The activity is formed in the ovine liver even in the absence of exogenous molybdenum in drinking water. The associated activities of liver enzymes in the presence of molybdenum in drinking water had slightly increased. Tungsten-containing water led to the loss of all activities of liver xanthine oxidase. It is proposed that the liver contains a special protein involving in the incorporation of molybdenum (or tungsten) into xanthine oxidase molecule, however, the milk or mammary gland compounds lack this protein.

Genetic Polymorphism in Prolactin Gene and its Effect on Test Day Milk Production Traits in Sahiwal Cattle

Background: The selection of genetically superior animals at an early stage of life, the molecular markers are used along with traditional selection. The study was carried out to identify the genetic polymorphism in the exon3 region of the Prolactin and enumerate its effect on milk production performance in Sahiwal cattle. Prolactin plays an imperative regulatory role in mammary gland development, milk emission and lactogenesis. Analysed the sequence of this gene to explore whether mutations in this sequence and it could be accountable for quantitative variations in milk production and its composition traits.Methods: Total DNA was isolated from the blood samples of 98 pedigreed Sahiwal population. Using PCR-RFLP method and direct sequencing, noticed a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon3 region of the Prolactin gene in 156bp and also the effect of non- genetic factors on each trait was assessed by least-squares analysis for non-orthogonal data by a fixed model.Result: PCR-RFLP was done with RsaI restriction endonuclease for the identification of different genotypes. The frequency of G and A alleles of the Prolactin gene was evaluated as 0.575 and 0.425, whereas the frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes for the Prolactin gene were 0.45, 0.25 and 0.30, respectively. SNP (G55A) conferred an increase in test-day milk yield around 321.5g, in test day fat yield around 13.9g and in test day SNF yield increase was 19.4g, respectively. High correlation was perceived from test day (TD2) onwards between test day traits and lactation milk yield indicating that selection based on identified SNP in TD2 increased test day milk yield, fat yield and SNF yield by 1.1472 kg, 29.6gm and 45.4gm, respectively.

Dorsal raphe serotonin neurotransmission is required for the expression of nursing behavior and for pup survival

Proper maternal care is an essential factor of reproductive success in mammals, involving a repertoire of behaviors oriented toward the feeding and care of the offspring. Among the neurotransmitters involved in the initiation of these behaviors, serotonin (5-HT) seems to play an important role. Here we compared pup-oriented maternal behaviors in mice with constitutive 5-HT depletion, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2-knock-out (Tph2-KO) and the Pet1-KO mice. We report that the only common pup-oriented defect in these 2 hyposerotoninergic models is a defective nursing in parturient mice and altered nursing-like (crouching) behavior in virgin mice, while pup retrieval defects are only present in Tph2-KO. Despite a normal mammary gland development and milk production, the defect in appropriate nursing is responsible for severe growth retardation and early lethality of pups born to hyposerotonergic dams. This nursing defect is due to acute rather constitutive 5-HT depletion, as it is reproduced by adult knockdown of Tph2 in the dorsal raphe nucleus in mothers with a prior normal maternal experience. We conclude that 5-HT innervation from the dorsal raphe is required for both the initiation and maintenance of a normal nursing behavior. Our findings may be related to observations of reduced maternal/infant interactions in human depression.

The Effect of Cabbage Leaves Compress on Breast Engorgement in Postpartum Mother

BACKGROUND: Breast engorgement causes discomfort in the breastfeeding process. If untreated, it can make the baby reluctant to be breastfed. In turn, it may result in clogged milk which affects milk production and lead to mastitis/infection of the milk glands. AIM: The aim of the study was to know the effect of cabbage leaves compress on breast engorgement in postpartum mothers. METHODS: Pre-experimental was done with one group. The pre- and post-test design approach was applied. The population of this study is postpartum mothers who experienced breast engorgement. A consecutive sampling was employed as the sampling technique. The instruments to collect the data are using the observation sheet and breast engorgement rating scale based on Hill and Humenick ‘94. The data were then analyzed the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: The majority of the characteristics of respondents who experience breast engorgement are postpartum mothers aged 20–35 years, with junior high school education, unemployed or housewives, and multiparous mothers. Before cabbage leaves compression, the majority of 29 mothers (96.7%) experienced engorgement on a scale of 3 and declined to a scale of 2 after the intervention. The result of the effect of cabbage leaves compress on breast engorgement in postpartum mothers was effective with a value of p = 0.000. CONCLUSION: There is a significant effect of cabbage leaves compress on breast engorgement for the postpartum mothers.

Formulation of Snack Bar from Torbangun Leaf as Food Source for Iron and Calcium

Indonesia has local unutilized food and it contains mineral, it is torbangun leaf. Consumption of torbangun leaf can increase level of several mineral such as iron, calcium, zink, and magnesium in breast milk. Torbangun leaf powder contains 70.77 mg iron; 1258.29 mg calcium; dan 97.42 mg Phosphor. Torbangun leaf also contains lactogogum which can stimulate breast milk gland on mother by proliferating secretion cell of mamari. Therefore the quality and quantity of breast milk could increase. Torbangun leaves can be developed into emergency food items such as snack bars. The aim of this study was to develop snack bar with substitution torbangun leaves. From trial error, torbangun leaf was substitution until 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g. The best formula was substituted 10 g torbangun leaf which 9.6% protein; 10.43% fat; 66.3% carbohydrate; 1006.54 mg calcium; and 44.76 mg iron, with total an energy was 397.47 kcal/100 g.

Mathematical modeling of temperature variation in breast tissue with and without tumor/cyst during menstrual cycle

The thermoregulation of human female body is influenced by hormonal and physiological changes in the body during the menstrual cycle. The fluctuation of estrogen and progesterone hormones, release in the follicular phase and the luteal phase of menstrual cycle, respectively play an important role in the growth of breast ducts and lobules (milk glands). The imbalance of these hormones causes breast tumors/cysts. The body core temperature, blood perfusion and metabolism rate are higher in the luteal phase than the follicular phase of menstrual cycle. In the present work, a tumor/cyst is assumed to be in the glandular layer. A two-dimensional Pennes bioheat equation is solved to find the temperature variation in breast tissue with and without tumor/cyst during the menstrual cycle by using the finite element method. The results show that the temperature of each layer of breast tissue in the luteal phase is higher than the follicular phase in the case of normal breast, tumorous breast and breast with cyst.

すごいな，お母さん！どうぶつのおっぱいずかん

すごいな，お母さん！どうぶつのおっぱいずかん

Interpreting Morphological Adaptations Associated with Viviparity in the Tsetse Fly Glossina morsitans (Westwood) by Three-Dimensional Analysis.

Simple SummaryTsetse flies, the sole transmitters of African Sleeping Sickness parasites, have a unique reproductive biology. They only develop one offspring at a time, they carry that offspring in their uterus for its entire immature development and provide nourishment for that offspring via milk-like secretions. This specialized reproductive biology has required dramatic modifications to the morphology of the reproductive organs in these and related flies. Here, we use phase contrast micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) to visualize these adaptations in three dimensions for the first time. These adaptations include cuticular modifications allowing increased abdominal volume, expanded abdominal and uterine musculature, reduced egg development capacity, structural features of the male seminal secretions and detailed visualization of the gland responsible for synthesis and secretion of “milk” to feed intrauterine larvae. The ability to examine these tissues within the context of the rest of the organ systems in the fly provides new functional insights into how these changes have facilitated the evolution of the mating and reproductive biology of these flies.Tsetse flies (genus Glossina), the sole vectors of African trypanosomiasis, are distinct from most other insects, due to dramatic morphological and physiological adaptations required to support their unique biology. These adaptations are driven by demands associated with obligate hematophagy and viviparous reproduction. Obligate viviparity entails intrauterine larval development and the provision of maternal nutrients for the developing larvae. The reduced reproductive capacity/rate associated with this biology results in increased inter- and intra-sexual competition. Here, we use phase contrast microcomputed tomography (pcMicroCT) to analyze morphological adaptations associated with viviparous biology. These include (1) modifications facilitating abdominal distention required during blood feeding and pregnancy, (2) abdominal and uterine musculature adaptations for gestation and parturition of developed larvae, (3) reduced ovarian structure and capacity, (4) structural features of the male-derived spermatophore optimizing semen/sperm delivery and inhibition of insemination by competing males and (5) structural features of the milk gland facilitating nutrient incorporation and transfer into the uterus. Three-dimensional analysis of these features provides unprecedented opportunities for examination and discovery of internal morphological features not possible with traditional microscopy techniques and provides new opportunities for comparative morphological analyses over time and between species.

DETEKSI DINI KANKER PAYUUDARA MELALUI PEMERIKSAAN PAYUDARA SENDIRI PADA WS DI DESA BATUBULAN KANGIN GIANYAR TAHUN 2019

Breast cancer is a malignancy originating from the milk glands, glandular channels and supporting breast tissue. Breast cancer can be avoided if women know how to prevent the occurrence of the disease. One of them is doing breast self-examination to detect breast cancer early. The purpose of this community service is to increase knowledge and attitudes of Women of childbearing age in conducting breast self-examination in Batubulan Village, , Sukawati, Gianyar. The number of the targets participating in this activity was 55 people. The method used is lectures, questions and answers and guidance on how to realize. Before counseling, a pre-test with 22% results in the good category and 55% with a positive attitude about early detection of breast cancer through awareness, while the post-test results showed 80% good knowledge and 100% with a positive attitude. All targets choose to have regular breast checks every month even though there are no complaints. Health workers are expected to continue the health promotion program specifically in the field of reproductive health so that it is carried out routinely atthrough integrated service activities or at the time of service at the community of health

Antimicrobial resistance in ovine bacteria: A sheep in wolf's clothing?

BackgroundTo monitor the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), methods for interpretation of susceptibility phenotypes of bacteria are needed. Reference limits to declare resistance are generally based on or dominated by data from human bacterial isolates and may not reflect clinical relevance or wild type (WT) populations in livestock or other hosts.MethodsWe compared the observed prevalence of AMR using standard and bespoke interpretations based on clinical breakpoints or epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFF) using gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria from sheep as exemplars. Isolates were obtained from a cross-sectional study in three lowland sheep flocks in Scotland, and from a longitudinal study in one flock in Norway. S. aureus (n = 101) was predominantly isolated from milk or mammary glands whilst E. coli (n = 103) was mostly isolated from faecal samples. Disc diffusion testing was used to determine inhibition zone diameters, which were interpreted using either clinical breakpoints or ECOFF, which distinguish the bacterial wild type population from bacteria with acquired or mutational resistance to the compound of interest (non-wild type). Standard ECOFF values were considered as well as sheep-specific values calculated from the data using Normalized Resistance Interpretation (NRI) methodology.ResultsThe prevalence of AMR as measured based on clinical breakpoints was low, e.g. 4.0% for penicillin resistance in S. aureus. Estimation of AMR prevalence based on standard ECOFFs was hampered by lack of relevant reference values. In addition, standard ECOFFS, which are predominantly based on human data, bisected the normal distribution of inhibition zone diameters for several compounds in our analysis of sheep isolates. This contravenes recommendations for ECOFF setting based on NRI methodology and may lead to high apparent AMR prevalence. Using bespoke ECOFF values based on NRI, S. aureus showed non-wild type for less than 4% of isolates across 13 compounds, and ca. 13% non-wild type for amoxicillin and ampicillin, while E. coli showed non-wild type for less than 3% of isolates across 12 compounds, and ca. 13% non-wild type for tetracyclines and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.ConclusionThe apparent prevalence of AMR in bacteria isolated from sheep is highly dependent on interpretation criteria. The sheep industry may want to establish bespoke cut-off values for AMR monitoring to avoid the use of cut-offs developed for other host species. The latter could lead to high apparent prevalence of resistance, including to critically important antimicrobial classes such as 4th generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, suggesting an AMR problem that may not actually exist.

Some Breast Malformations

The breast or milk gland is the largest skin gland, characteristic of the female gender, which is called the whole mammalian genus. It is located on the ventral side of the chest at the border of the bone and cartilage of the fourth rib. Breast is a genetic apocrine skin gland. The female infant’s breast does not differ from the male infant’s breast. One and the other immediately after birth excrete secretion under the influence of prolactin hormone. Until the beginning of puberty, men’s and women’s breasts are developing equally, and then men’s breasts are generally no longer developing while women breasts, under the influence of female sex hormones, develop and its development ends during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Some Breast Malformations

The breast or milk gland is the largest skin gland, characteristic of the female gender, which is called the whole mammalian genus. It is located on the ventral side of the chest at the border of the bone and cartilage of the fourth rib. Breast is a genetic apocrine skin gland. The female infant’s breast does not differ from the male infant’s breast. One and the other immediately after birth excrete secretion under the influence of prolactin hormone. Until the beginning of puberty, men’s and women’s breasts are developing equally, and then men’s breasts are generally no longer developing while women breasts, under the influence of female sex hormones, develop and its development ends during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Potentiality of Sugarcane Juice and Jaggery for Immunity and Employment Generation in COVID-19 Pandemic Situation

In India, more than 65% people live in rural areas. Majority of the rural population suffers under nutrition or malnutrition as the Indian diet is deficient in nutrition. Sugarcane juice contains high amount of Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C and inorganic salts such as iron, phosphorus, calcium and organic acids such as fumaric acid, succinic acid, citric acid and malic acid. It can be consumed as an energy drink, prevent cancer-especially prostate and breast cancer as flavonoids in sugarcane juice inhibits the growth of cancer cells in the milk glands and safe against pregnancy. Jaggery contains lot of vitamins(Vitamin A,B1,B2,B5,B6,C,D2 etc ), minerals(Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc etc), protein, energy etc. It is popularly known as the “Medicinal Sugar”. It has been used as a sweetener in Ayurvedic medicine for 3000 years. Indian Ayurvedic medicine considers jaggery to be beneficial in treating throat and lung infections. Huge migrant labourers back to their home in lockdown situation after losing their jobs. So, unemployment problem is a major issue in current pandemic situation. To resolve the issues of unemployment and immunity, the current article briefly describe about the potentiality of sugarcane juice and jaggery in creating employment coupled with boosting up the immunity in COVID-19 pandemic situation and its business, which are most appropriate for major portion of West Bengal as well as in India particularly in the rural areas to support the rural health and economy for sustainable development.

Subclinical mastitis treatment for non-milking cows

The article deals with the clinical research of cows during the interlactation period, through reviewing their medical histories and the clinical examination of the animals and their milk glands, trial milking and organoleptic evaluation of the secretion. The secretion was evaluated according to its color, texture, smell and the presence of foreign substances. The best therapeutic dosage of Vetom-3, a medicine based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, was determined through the examination of 30 non-milking cows suffering from subclinical mastitis. The probiotic and difumast were injected into the milk glands of the cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis two weeks prior to the expected calving and in accordance with the examination results received on the 4th day of lactation. After the treatment, the milk was fed to the calves. The evaluation of the change rates of the microflora composition was carried out using calf feces samples. The bacteriological tests of the microflora were carried out using the standard procedures for determining the morphological properties of germ cultures. We ascertained that the use of Vetom-3, a medicine based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RNCIM V-10642 (DSM 24614), for the treatment of subclinical mastitis in non-milking cows allows to increase the efficiency of the treatment, as well as receive the milk of high sanitary quality, increase the survival rate of the newborn calves, and prevent dysbacteriosis and dyspepsy incidence in newborn calves.