School Milk Research Articles

Pemodelan Text Mining untuk Analisis Sentimen Terhadap Program Makan Siang Gratis di Media Sosial X Menggunakan Algoritma Support Vector Machine (SVM)

The free lunch program is an initiative that provides free lunches and milk in schools and Islamic boarding schools, as well as providing nutritional support for children under five and pregnant women. Even though efforts to overcome stunting with this program are considered too late, providing free milk to pregnant women is considered more relevant for dealing with the stunting problem. Based on experience from various countries, the free lunch program shows various positive impacts, including increasing children's nutritional intake, increasing school participation, developing student character, and supporting the family and national economy. Discussions about this program received various responses from netizens, including platform X users. Online platforms have an important role in reaching and disseminating information about various social programs. In this context, the support vector machine method can be used to classify netizen responses to the free lunch program into positive and negative categories. It is hoped that this analysis will provide a deeper understanding of how this program is received by the general public, as well as provide suggestions for policy makers in designing social programs in the future.

School Milk Programs and Child Nutrition: Leveraging Local Governments and Markets

School Milk Programs and Child Nutrition: Leveraging Local Governments and Markets

How are Norwegian municipalities working to promote a healthy and sustainable diet?

Abstract Background Diet and nutrition are crucial factors for public health. The importance of diet in promoting sustainability is increasingly understood, and there is a large overlap between healthy and sustainable diet. In Norway, municipalities play a key role in public health work including promoting a healthy diet in the population. The aim of this study was to describe Norwegian municipalities’ efforts to improve the diet of the population, and examine whether this was linked to sustainability. Methods All 356 municipalities in Norway were invited to answer a digital questionnaire which was filled in by 170 municipalities (48%). The data are presented as proportions. Results Most of the municipalities participating in the survey (91%) reported implementing at least one intervention to promote a healthy diet, however, these were mainly limited to a few nationwide activities such as the school milk or school fruit schemes. Only 7-8% were working to promote a sustainable diet through nudging or reducing meat consumption. Reduction of food waste was reported by 38% of the municipalities. In only a third of the municipalities, did employees who work with public health or sustainability have nutrition competencies. The municipalities that did not answer the questionnaire were to a greater extent small municipalities and municipalities located in northern Norway than the municipalities that participated in the survey. Conclusions The work to promote a healthy diet was fragmented and not an integrated part of the public health effort in most municipalities. Very few municipalities worked to promote a more sustainable diet. Key messages • Efforts to promote a healthy diet in Norwegian municipalities are fragmented and inadequate. • Norwegian municipalities’ promotion of a healthy diet is to a limited extent linked to promoting sustainability.

Factors influencing the implementation of the EU School Milk Scheme in Irish primary schools

Abstract Background Adequate calcium intake in childhood is essential in optimising peak bone mass, however, children's milk consumption is decreasing in Ireland and in other developed countries. The School Milk Scheme (SMS) promotes children's milk consumption by providing subsidised milk to schools. It is managed by the National Dairy Council in Ireland, who also design and distribute accompanying educational resources. The aim of this analysis is to identify the factors influencing the implementation of the SMS in Irish primary schools. Methods This research was conducted as part of an evaluation of the EU School Fruit, Vegetables and Milk Scheme in Ireland. Process evaluations of the implementation of the SMS were conducted through direct observation. Observational data were triangulated with data from feedback questionnaires, collected among school staff members, parents and children in 1st, 3rd and 5th class. Quantitative data were descriptively analysed. Qualitative data from observations and interview comments were coded deductively to domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Results SMS implementation was observed in eight schools. Questionnaires were completed by 15 staff members and 50 parent-child dyads from 17 schools. Factors influencing implementation of the SMS were identified across 10 TDF domains. Teachers’ awareness of the SMS educational resources was the most common barrier to their use. Reliability of milk deliveries and having adequate storage for the refrigeration of milk were key factors in influencing programme implementation and acceptability of milk among children. Conclusions This analysis identified a range of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of the SMS in Irish primary schools. Teachers are key stakeholders in the delivery of the SMS, highlighting the importance of clear communication between intervention managers and primary school staff members in supporting the implementation of the educational component of the SMS. Key messages • This analysis identified areas in which further support may be necessary for the future implementation of the SMS in Irish primary schools. • The factors identified across 10 domains of the TDF may also be applicable to other dietary interventions implemented in school settings.

Capturing youth voices to improve food policy: applying CO-CREATE’s Dialogue Forum Tool in Ireland

Abstract Background The percentage of children eating fruit and vegetables and consuming milk in Europe is low The EU School Fruit, Vegetable, and Milk Scheme (SFVMS) is funded by the European Commission to promote the daily consumption of fruit, vegetables and milk. In 2023, the Commission plan to revise the scheme and are interested in hearing the views of young people. The aim of this research is to capture the voices of European Youth on the SFVMS from a collaboration of 4 countries. The present study provides initial findings from 11 and 12 year olds living in Ireland using the novel CO-CREATE Dialogue Forum Tool (DFT). Methods Two primary schools were recruited from a list of schools participating in the EU school, fruit, vegetables and milk scheme. The schools were from a high and a low socioeconomic status area. In each school, 6 pupils were invited to participate in the forum with consent from their parents. The DFT was applied to capture youth voices. The tool involved a moderated structured discussion about a prewritten SFVMS policy idea. The moderator guided the participants through the discussion with a series of activities on a physical canvas. Results The participants felt the policy idea was important to improve health. They discussed the obstacles and opportunities to the policy idea, including the quality of the school food products and their preferences. They proposed actions for improvement, including raising awareness of the quality and creating an advertising campaign. The participants enjoyed taking part in the dialogue forum and felt it was important to have their voices heard. Conclusions The CO-CREATE DFT was useful to discuss a policy idea for the EU SFVMS. The implementation of the tool by other countries will provide a wider European perspective of the policy idea. Key messages • Participants engaged well with The CO-CREATE dialogue forum tool. • Youth voices can be readily captured to co-create food related policies.

Effectiveness of a pilot school milk scheme in increasing milk consumption among children attending Irish early years settings

Effectiveness of a pilot school milk scheme in increasing milk consumption among children attending Irish early years settings

Overview of the milk and dairy products legislation in the European Union

European Union legislation laying down rules for the dairy sector. The legislation defines the conditions under which milk and milk products intended for human consumption can be imported into the EU. Milk and milk products must come only from third countries that appear on the list of authorized countries. Establishments, where milk and milk products are produced, must be approved for export. The TRACES system is used on imports and the consignment must be accompanied by a certificate. This system ensures product traceability and prevents the introduction of diseases. An important role is delegated to the designated border control posts (BCPs) where the appropriate customs and veterinary inspections are performed by government institutions of the country. The European Union has adopted legislation to ensure the safety of food placed on the market in EU member countries. This legislation sets general hygienic requirements for food production based on the good manufacturing practice and the HACCP system. The criteria for microorganisms, chemicals, and applicable food additives are set. Also, the legislation contains requirements for product labeling. Part of the legislation concerns the common organization of the market in milk and milk products. These regulations contain rules for direct payments, subsidies, define the school milk system, etc. Specific legislation creates rules for organic bio food production, for production and labeling of products with the Protected Geographical Indication, Protected Designation of Origin, and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. There is also legislation that defines the labeling of products intended for specific populations, e.g. gluten-free foods, lactose-free foods, etc. Areas not regulated by the legislation include the labeling of products with certification marks designed to highlight the suitability of food for religious purposes or quality certification.

Bringing Animal Ethics Into Many Disciplines

We are often asked by students how to make the greatest impact for animals with their careers. They are frequently considering paths such as becoming animal lawyers or activists. This is in part due to the recent large growth in animal law as an academic discipline (Townsend, 2013) and the gaining popularity of activism, such as Extinction Rebellion.While peaceful activism may have its place, and animal law is the right path for those who love the study and practice of law, academically there are a myriad of options for those wishing to incorporate animal ethics into their discipline. Our work begins from the premise that to change the world for animals, you need to change people's ideas about animals. To that end, we suggest that students continue in the academic field they are passionate about but also bring animal ethics into their research.Admittedly, this can be easier said than done, as in order to do so, students often need to find an accommodating university and an academic supervisor. But the number of academics willing to supervise animal-related projects is on the rise, opening up a great deal of possibilities. Take for example, some of the excellent presentations we see at our Oxford University Animal Ethics Society meetings. They are varied and engaging. They range from topics such as “Nonhumans and Meat-Eating in Horror Films”; “Cripple Crow, Mad Dog: Animal Ethics in Conversation with Disability Studies”; “Shakespeare and Animal Ethics”; “Animal Ethics in J. M. Coetzee's Work”; “Killing Animals in a Man's World: Is There a Link Between Hunting and Toxic Masculinity?”; “Free School Milk: Natural, Normal, and Necessary?”; and “John Cowper Powys and Vivisection” as well as more traditional explorations of the philosophy of eating animals and animals and climate change.It is in the areas where animals are not normally considered that sometimes there is the greatest scope for intellectual exploration. For example, in anthropology, a discipline explicitly focused on human beings, historical human-animal relationships can be explored. One such recent anthropological study argued that it is women, rather than men, who were responsible for domesticating dogs and bringing them into the home (Chambers et al., 2020).As one of us has written elsewhere, there are often fundamental assumptions inside traditional disciplines, such as theology, that normally privilege human perspectives (Linzey, 2009). It is for a new generation of scholars to unpick the anthropocentric tendencies within their disciplines and liberate us from old ways of thinking. This work has already begun with pioneering volumes’ such as Animals and Sociology (Peggs, 2012), Animals and Public Health (Akhtar, 2012), Animals and the Economy (McMullen, 2016), Animals and Social Work (Ryan, 2011), An Introduction to Animals and the Law (Schaffner, 2011), Animals in the Classical World (Harden, 2013), An Introduction to Animals and Visual Culture (Malamud, 2012), and Animal Rights Education (Horsthemke, 2018) to name a few. But there is still a long way to go.So here is the challenge and invitation to the rising scholars in universities and colleges: Pioneer new ways of including animal-related material into your theses and dissertations, query the all-too-common anthropocentrism of many of your teachers, be bold in arguing the case for animal-inclusive disciplines, and show how it can be done in your own area of study.

The Welfare Effects of School Milk Program

The Welfare Effects of School Milk Program

Milk and diary products – summary of European legislation, hygiene manuals, ISO standards and Codex Alimentarius standards

European Union legislation laying down rules for the dairy sector. The legislation defines the conditions under which milk and milk products intended for human consumption can be imported into the EU. Milk and milk products must come only from third countries that appear on the list of authorized countries. Establishments, where milk and milk products are produced, must be approved for export. The TRACES system is used on imports and the consignment must be accompanied by a certificate. This system ensures product traceability and prevents the introduction of diseases. An important role is delegated to the designated border control posts (BCPs) where the appropriate customs and veterinary inspections are performed by government institutions of the country. The European Union has adopted legislation to ensure the safety of food placed on the market in EU member countries. This legislation sets general hygienic requirements for food production based on the good manufacturing practice and the HACCP system. The criteria for microorganisms, chemicals, and applicable food additives are set. Also, the legislation contains requirements for product labeling. Part of the legislation concerns the common organization of the market in milk and milk products. These regulations contain rules for direct payments, subsidies, define the school milk system, etc. Specific legislation creates rules for organic bio food production, for production and labeling of products with the Protected Geographical Indication, Protected Designation of Origin, and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed. There is also legislation that defines the labeling of products intended for specific populations, e.g. gluten-free foods, lactose-free foods, etc. Areas not regulated by the legislation include the labeling of products with certification marks designed to highlight the suitability of food for religious purposes or quality certification.

Cost‐effectiveness of probiotics and fluoride varnish in caries prevention in preschool children

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of two preventive interventions aimed at increasing the proportion of caries‐free preschool children of low socioeconomic status using a decision analytic model.MethodsTwo scenarios were tested, one with a school milk program (SMP) and one without (non‐SMP). Fluoride varnish (FV) and a probiotic (PB) were compared to a do‐nothing alternative among children in public nurseries/schools over a 4‐year period. FV was applied biannually and a PB (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) added to milk powder prepared daily. A Markov decision tree model was utilized. Several sources of data were used to populate the model. Probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed, and a public provider perspective was used.ResultsIn the SMP scenario, PB was more effective and less costly than FV and, compared with do‐nothing, increased the proportion of caries‐free children by 14.5%, with a cost of USD 12.5 per child (June 2018). PB presented an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) or cost per extra caries‐free child of USD 86.2. In the non‐SMP scenario, both interventions were cost‐effective. FV (compared with do‐nothing) increased the percentage of caries‐free children by 8.3% with an ICER of USD 338.3 and PB (compared with FV) increased the effect by 6.2% with an ICER of USD 1400.2.ConclusionsThe findings showed that PB was most effective and less costly than FV in the SMP scenario only. This type of analysis and its results provide essential information for decision‐makers to improve the oral health of preschool children.

A Study of Umbrella Damages from Bid Rigging

If noncartel firms adjust their pricing to the supracompetitive level sustained by a cartel, purchasers from noncartel firms may suffer umbrella damages. This paper examines the bidding behavior of noncartel firms against the Texas school milk cartel between 1980 and 1992. The largest noncartel firm bid less aggressively when facing the cartel. Structural estimation reveals that, per contract, damages due to noncartel firms bidding higher are at least 35 percent of damages caused by the cartel. Inefficiencies raise the winner’s cost by 5.9 percent. These results shed light on the importance of umbrella damages from a civil liability perspective.

Using Bid Rotation and Incumbency to Detect Collusion: A Regression Discontinuity Approach

Abstract Cartels participating in procurement auctions frequently use bid rotation or prioritize incumbents to allocate contracts. However, establishing a link between observed allocation patterns and firm conduct has been difficult: there are cost-based competitive explanations for such patterns. We show that by focusing on auctions in which the winning and losing bids are very close, it is possible to distinguish allocation patterns reflecting cost differences across firms from patterns reflecting non-competitive environments. We apply our tests to two datasets: the sample of Ohio milk auctions studied in Porter and Zona (1999, “Ohio School Milk Markets: An Analysis of Bidding”, RAND Journal of Economics, 30, 263–288), and a sample of municipal procurement auctions from Japan.

Children's perceptions of fluid milk with varying levels of milkfat

Schools participating in federal meal programs are limited to serving skim or low-fat (≤1%) flavored and unflavored milk. Few studies have directly addressed child perceptions and preferences for milk containing different amounts of milkfat. The objective of this study was to determine whether children can differentiate between flavored and unflavored fluid milk containing varying levels of milkfat and whether preferences for certain levels of milkfat exist. Flavored and unflavored milks containing 4 different percentages of milkfat (≤0.5, 1, 2, and 3.25%) were high-temperature, short-time processed, filled into half-gallon light-shielded milk jugs, and stored at 4°C in the dark. Milks were evaluated by children (ages 8-13 yr) following 7 d at 4°C. Acceptance testing and tetrad difference testing were conducted on flavored and unflavored milks with and without visual cues to determine if differences were driven by visual or flavor or mouthfeel cues. Child acceptance testing (n = 138 unflavored; n = 123 flavored) was conducted to evaluate liking and perception of selected attributes. Tetrad testing (n = 127 unflavored; n = 129 flavored) was conducted to determine if children could differentiate between different fat levels even in the absence of a difference in acceptance. The experiment was replicated twice. When visual cues were present, children had higher overall liking for 1% and 2% milks than skim for unflavored milk and higher liking for chocolate milks containing at least 1% milk fat than for skim. Differences in liking were driven by appearance, viscosity, and flavor. In the absence of visual cues, no differences were observed in liking or flavor or mouthfeel attributes for unflavored milk but higher liking for at least 1% milk fat in chocolate milk compared with skim was consistent with the presence of visual cues. From tetrad testing, children could visually tell a difference between all unflavored pairs except 2% versus whole milk and could not detect consistent differences between milkfat pairs in the absence of visual cues. For chocolate milk, children could tell a difference between all milk fat pairs with visual cues and could tell a difference between skim versus 2% and skim versus whole milk without visual cues. These results demonstrate that in the absence of package-related flavors, school-age children like unflavored skim milk as well as milk with higher fat content in the absence of visual cues. In contrast, appearance as well as flavor and mouthfeel attributes play a role in children's liking as well as their ability to discriminate between chocolate milks containing different amounts of fat, with chocolate milk containing at least 1% fat preferred. The sensory quality of school lunch milk is vital to child preference, and processing efforts are needed to maximize school milk sensory quality.

Oral Health Status and Oral Health Behaviour among 5- to 6-year-old Palestinian Schoolchildren - Towards Engagement of Parents and Schoolteachers for Oral Health through Schools.

1. To assess the oral health status and health behaviour of 5- to 6-year-oldchildren and the influence of socio-behavioural factors on oral health among children, and 2. evaluate dental knowledge and attitudes related to oral health promotion of children among mothers and schoolteachers in Palestine. This cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2017, and recruited samples of children (n = 3939, 53.8% boys, 44.8% girls) from 61 primary schools, their mothers and schoolteachers (n = 53). Participants were selected randomly by multistage stratified cluster sampling. Calibrated dentists performed oral examinations of 5- to 6-year-old schoolchildren based on WHO criteria. Mothers and teachers completed WHO self-administrated questionnaires to assess children's oral health behaviour, as well as their knowledge and attitudes towards children's dental care. Caries prevalence of primary teeth was 83.4% and caries experience was high (dmf-s = 11.17). One-fourth of children suffered from pain or discomfort from teeth, and 57.7% of children had seen a dentist within the past 12 months, frequently due to pain or problems. Consumption of sugars was frequent and only 19.7% brushed their teeth every day. Neglect of dental visits, infrequent toothbrushing, being a child from families of urban settings and high socioeconomic status were greatly affected by caries. Mothers and schoolteachers had mostly positive attitudes towards school-based oral health care. However, the availability of dental health education materials was extremely low. The establishment of school-based oral health programmes, including effective use of toothpaste containing fluoride for caries prevention, is greatly needed to improve the oral health of Palestinian children. The introduction of fluoridated school milk is highly recommended. The establishement of school programmes should encompass active involvement of schoolteachers and mothers to promote the development of healthy lifestyles and sustainable oral health behaviours among schoolchildren. Provision of materials for health education by schoolteachers and mothers is urgently needed.

Life-course perspectives of milk consumption among young Norwegian women and their knowledge of milk as a source of iodine: a qualitative study.

Mild to moderate iodine deficiency has been found among young Norwegian women of reproductive age. In Norway, cow’s milk is the main source of iodine; however, milk consumption is decreasing, particularly among young women. This study aimed to investigate milk consumption practices in young Norwegian women and their attitudes toward milk consumption from childhood to young adulthood in a life-course perspective and their knowledge of milk as a source of iodine. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 30 bachelor students (women, 18–25 years old) from five different study programs. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to interpret milk consumption practices from a life-course perspective. Five focus group interviews were conducted using a semistructured interview guide. The transcribed interviews were coded according to emerging themes related to milk consumption practices and turning points. Milk consumption practices were dynamic and changed over time and were influenced by several factors: family traditions, school milk subscription, friends and social media, social acceptance, availability, price, and attitudes toward health and the environment. Young women tend to be in a phase of life in which milk is not part of their food practices. Most of the women were not aware of the consequences of omitting milk from their diet and had limited knowledge of iodine and how to secure adequate dietary iodine intake. Awareness of possible consequences of omitting milk from the diet should be promoted along with information on how to secure adequate iodine intake.

코로나바이러스 시대의 경쟁법의 집행 - 기업결합을 중심으로 -

We live in so called Covid-19 pandemic times. Every company and every person has experienced many difficulties. The Covid-19 crisis brought about a collapse in demand, and collapse in demand brought about liquidity crisis for business. As a result, wokers were fired and furthermore companies went bankrupt. The Covid-19 crisis is causing economic depression in each country. As a result, there are many companies that go bankrupt or face a crisis in their business activities due to difficulties in corporate activities. The challenge is how to enforce competition law during the Covid-19 crisis.BR If there is a causal relationship between mergers and expected competitive risks, in other words, mergers that are expected to lead to anti-competitive effects should be prohibited. In some situations, the competitive environment in the market after the merger may not be as anti-competitive as the competitive environment in the case of bankrupt companies leaving the market. In such a case, even if the post-merger scenario is less competitive than the pre-merger scenario, the merger should be approved.BR The failing firm defence is a system that recognizes mergers for company that face financial difficulties and face bankruptcy. The standards for establishing failing firm defense remain the same even in times of crisis. However, the facts necessary to make a defense are likely to occur during the economic downturn. For example, on May 1, 2020, U.S.A Department of Justice(DOJ) announced it would allow Prairie Farmace to buy milk processing plants from bankrupt Dean, noting that the collapse of school and restaurant milk demand is creating a

Rural and Central District Primary School Students Body Mass Index and Milk Consumption Habits

This study was to planned investigate the milk consumption and body mass index values in rural and central district primary school students. In this context, a questionnaire was applied to 152 children from 59 families, 25 of whom were in the center and 34 living in the countryside, during home visits. In addition, during the survey, the height and weight of the participants were determined and the body mass index values were calculated. The drinking habits of rural and central district students participating in the study were 35% in the evenings for rural girls and 48% for boys (p=0.211); the central region was found to be 55% in girls and 59% in boys (p=0.282). While 20.62% of the children in the families participating in the survey liked hot milk, 23.5% liked cold milk, 29.4% stated that they liked to drink milk with fruit. Although 90% of the respondents in this study say that they like milk, it is understood that there is irregular milk consumption. Keywords: Milk Consumption, primary school, Students, Habits, body mass index. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/7-06-02

How hungry were the poor in late 1930s Britain?†

AbstractThis article re‐examines energy and nutrition available to British working‐class households in the late 1930s using individual household expenditure and consumption data. We use these data to address a number of questions. First, what was the extent of malnutrition in late 1930s Britain? Second, how did the incidence change over time? Third, what were the nutritional consequences of the school meals and school milk schemes? We conclude that, for working households, energy and nutritional availability improved significantly compared with current estimates of availability before the First World War. These improvements were not equally shared, however. In the late 1930s, homes with an unemployed head of household had diets that provided around 20 per cent less energy than their working counterparts and female‐headed households had diets that provided around 10 per cent fewer kcal per capita than the average male‐headed household. The availability of most macro‐ and micronutrients showed similar relative reductions. State interventions designed to improve diet and nutrition, such as school meals and school milk, made children's diets significantly healthier, even if they did not eliminate macro‐ and micronutrient deficiencies completely. Not surprisingly, they made the greatest difference to children in households where the head of household was unemployed.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with osteoporosis among residents aged above 20 years old in Chongqing, China.

To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) profiles, osteoporosis prevalence, and its risk factors among residents aged above 20 years old in Chongqing Municipality, China. The study population consisted of 770 men and 1085 women aged 20 years and older with BMD measurements using central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Information on sociodemographic characteristics and the potential risk factors associated with osteoporosis were collected by a standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire. Crude prevalence of osteoporosis was 12.99% in the whole subjects, 4.42% for men, and 19.08% for women by WHO criteria at various skeletal regions (among lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip). Standardized prevalence of osteoporosis was 19.90% in the whole subjects aged between 50 and 87, 5.87% in men and 30.23% in women respectively. Prevalence of osteoporosis increased with age, and the prevalence of osteoporosis in women was 6.10 times higher than it in men. The prevalence of osteoporosis was significantly associated with the past medical history of fracture (OR = 1.794, P = 0.007); overweight and obesity were considered to be protective factors for osteoporosis with OR of 0.514 and 0.300, respectively; high school graduate (OR = 0.399, P = 0.000 ) and milk intake (OR = 0.648, P = 0.008) were also protective factors for osteoporosis in men and women considered together; menopause was an independent risk factor of osteoporosis in females (OR = 1.782, P = 0.029); current smoking was an independent risk factor of osteoporosis in males (OR = 2.437, P = 0.046). The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was high among residents in Chongqing, China. Health education and behavior intervention should be focused on the elderly or female residents to promote the formulation of healthy lifestyle. Necessary steps are needed for more public education and a wider dissemination of information about osteoporosis and its prevention.