Milk Extract Research Articles

Influence of aqueous yam extract and goat milk casein powder on the characteristics of goat Greek-style yogurt

This study proposed the production of goat Greek-style yogurt with added aqueous yam extract and goat milk casein powder. Yam brings health benefits when consumed, as it is rich in fiber and antioxidant compounds that help in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and goat milk proteins are precursors of bioactive peptides that have antioxidant, anti-hypertensive and anti-glycemic action. Furthermore, yam is rich in starch, which, like casein, are components with a recognized hydrocolloid function. So to verify the influence of aqueous yam extract and goat milk casein powder on the physicochemical, technological, microbiological characteristics, and sensory acceptance of goat Greek-style yogurt, four formulations varying the proportion of milk: aqueous yam extract (100:0; 100:0; 90:10; and 80:20) (v/v) and varying the concentration of goat milk casein powder (0%; 2%; 2%; and 2%) (w/v) in relation to the volume of milk plus aqueous yam extract were prepared. The supplementation of goat milk casein powder enhanced the yield, water holding capacity, viscosity, sensory acceptance, and purchase intention score of goat Greek-style yogurt. Meanwhile, the aqueous yam extract reduced grain concentration in the formulation with the proportion of 80:20 milk: aqueous yam extract, and increased viscosity in the formulation with the proportion of 90:10 milk: aqueous yam extract. The results of this study presented the incorporation of the goat milk casein powder and aqueous yam extract as ingredients of a new goat dairy product with nutritional quality, and added market value owing to its potential functional properties.

Enhancement of Selected Health Benefits in Fermented Cow and Soy Milk Supplemented with Water Soluble Curcumin

Different formulates of fermented cow and soy milk by Lactobacillus plantarum EMCC 1027 with 50, 100, and 150 mg/100 mL curcumin were investigated for antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-colonic cancer, and anti-inflammation activities. Also, the viability of L. plantarum was monitored during cold storage period. Our results showed that values of antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-colonic cancer, and anti-inflammation activities in crude extracts of fermented soy milk were significantly increased in comparison with crude extracts of fermented cow milk. The addition of different concentrations (100 and 150 mg/100 mL) of curcumin had a significant enhancement effect for all selected health benefits properties. The increase in antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in a good correlation with their polyphenols content. Addition of water soluble curcumin did not have any adverse effect on the viability of L. plantarum during fifteen days of cold storage. Therefore, the synergistic effect between fermented cow/soy milk and water soluble curcumin could be recommended. Indeed, extensive research is still needed in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of health a benefit of different formulates of fermented cow/soy milk and water soluble curcumin.

Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes Modified with a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Detection of Tetracycline in Milk and Meat.

Tetracycline (TC) is a widely known antibiotic used worldwide to treat animals. Its residues in animal-origin foods cause adverse health effects to consumers. Low-cost and real-time measuring systems of TC in food samples are, therefore, extremely needed. In this work, a three-electrode sensitive and label-free sensor was developed to detect TC residues from milk and meat extract samples, using CO2 laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) used as a synthetic biorecognition element. LIG was patterned on a polyimide (PI) substrate, reaching a minimum sheet resistance (Rsh) of 17.27 ± 1.04 Ω/sq. The o-phenylenediamine (oPD) monomer and TC template were electropolymerized on the surface of the LIG working electrode to form the MIP. Surface morphology and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the formation of LIG and to confirm each modification step. The sensitivity of the sensor was evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), leading to a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 nM, 0.85 nM, and 0.80 nM in buffer, milk, and meat extract samples, respectively, with a working range of 5 nM to 500 nM and a linear response range between 10 nM to 300 nM. The sensor showed good LOD (0.32 nM), reproducibility, and stability, and it can be used as an alternative system to detect TC from animal-origin food products.

Effect of Vacuum Level and Pulsation Parameters on Milking Efficiency and Animal Welfare of Murciano-Granadina Goats Milked in Mid-Line and Low-Line Milking Machines.

Simple SummaryIn recent years, several studies have been carried out to optimize milking efficiency in Murciano-Granadina goats, but to our knowledge there are no experiments combining different milking parameters (system vacuum, pulsation rate and pulsator ratio) in two different height level milking machines. In two short experiments, testing different combinations of the parameters mentioned, milk fractioning, milking efficiency, teat end status and animal welfare were analyzed. Results showed that the height of the milking machine pipes can have an influence on which parameters are most optimal for milking efficiency and animal welfare in the milking of Murciano-Granadina goats.The Murciano-Granadina goat breed has been described as a slow milking breed. As milking machine parameters can affect milk extraction in terms of yield and time employed, two experiments of one-month duration were performed with 88 goats in Latin square design to find the best combination of these parameters. One of them was carried out in a mid-line milking machine and one in a low-line milking machine. For each of them, two vacuum levels (36 and 40 kPa), two pulsation rates (90 and 120 cycles/min) and two pulsator ratios (50 and 60%) were used and milking efficiency, sanitary status of the mammary gland, milk cortisol, and teat end status were evaluated. Results showed that in milking machines installed in mid- and low-line, the use of 40 kPa system vacuum, 60% pulsator ratio and 90 or 120 cycles/min pulsation rate achieved optimum milking fractioning and efficiency. In the case of low-level milking machines, a similar combination with 36 kPa not only showed worse milking fractioning values, but also provided better values of teat end status and cortisol level.

Chemical, technological, and sensory evaluation of the suitability of coconut by-products in white rolls.

Fortification of rolls, one of the most popular snacks for children and adults, with coconut by-products can be interesting in terms of both nutritional enrichment and reduction of food waste. Coconut by-products, such as residues from coconut milk (RCM) and coconut oil (RCO) extraction, are a valuable source of dietary fiber. In the study, coconut flours obtained from RCM and RCO were used (FCM and FCO, respectively) for supplementation of rolls; white wheat flour was replaced with FCM or FCO at levels of 6, 12, and 18 g per 100 g. The effect of the addition of the coconut by-products on the nutritional value, sensory evaluation, physical properties, and texture of rolls was determined after 24 and 72 h of storage. The research showed a positive effect of FCM and FCO on the roll yield, crumb moisture, and baking loss. The sensory evaluation revealed that the 12% addition of coconut residues yielded products with high overall acceptability (8 points on a 9-point scale). Compared with the control, a 12% addition of FCO or FCM contributed to an increase in proteins of 7.9% and 3.9% respectively and an increase in dietary fiber of 76% and 57% respectively. Despite the increase in the fat and protein contents, the energy value of the coconut rolls was significantly lower (244.6 kcal and 245.3 kcal for FCO and FCM respectively) than in the control wheat rolls (266.0 kcal). White rolls with coconut flours obtained after grinding residues from oil or coconut milk extraction significantly increased the nutritional value of the rolls. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

In Vitro Flow Visualization in a Lactating Human Breast Model.

Human milk extraction from the breast is affected by the infant's oral activities. Natural suckling by the infant includes both intraoral vacuum and peripheral oral compression during breastfeeding. However, the contribution of each of these motions to milk extraction at the outlet and at the duct bifurcations is unclear. In this work, we investigated the flow field in a lactating breast model considering bifurcated milk ducts and multiphase breast-infant interactions. A bio-inspired breastfeeding simulator device was utilized to mimic an infant's oral feeding mechanism during breastfeeding and extract the human milk-mimicking Fluid from the transparent and elastic lactating breast phantom during experiments. Using a particle image velocimetry system, we found that the oscillatory flow under vacuum pressure provides a higher velocity field at the outlet compared to that when an infant applies both vacuum and oral compression pressures. Additionally, the intraoral vacuum coordinated with the oral peripheral compression causes stronger vorticities and secondary flows at the adjunction of the bifurcated ducts than the vacuum-only case. Vacuum-only extraction yields an increase in flow velocity at the outlet and could be one of the reasons for nipple pain, whereas infant's oral activities on the breast generated more vortices in the milk duct adjunctions and might cause milk duct clogs. This phenomenon is rationalized based on the validation of a previous in vivo clinical study of milk production compared between commercial pumps and infant suckling. The fact that milk consumption of vacuum-only extraction is less than that of vacuum plus oral compression further explains the effectiveness of applying a natural suckling pattern in human lactation.

Automated High-Resolution Semi-Preparative Gradient Recycling Liquid Chromatography: Principles, Design, and Applications

A semi-preparative twin-column recycling liquid chromatography (TCRLC) process was extended from isocratic to gradient elution mode. The main separation challenge is when the sample mixture contains early, nearly coeluting, and late impurities, all at the same time. To further improve classical isocratic TCRLC, the gradient TCRLC (GTCRLC) process was implemented with a 2-position 4-port valve in order to better shave the targeted sample from all these impurities. Prior to fully resolving the target compound(s) from the closest impurities by classical isocratic TCRLC, the added valve enabled full elimination by gradient elution mode of not only the early impurities but also any highly retained late impurities that could contaminate the collected fractions of the target compound(s). This GTCRLC process was entirely automated regarding the initial gradient applied, the recycling conditions, and the actuation times of the two valves. The GTCRLC process was applied for the isolation of a single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), chrysene, present in a complex PAH mixture. In addition, the GTCRLC process was successfully applied to clean vitamins D2 and D3 from a milk extract and to baseline resolve them.

Effect of Cold Storage on the Nutritive and Microbiological Quality of Fermented Soy Drink from Tamarind and Nono

The effect of cold storage on fermented soy drink from tamarind and nono was assessed. Soymilk was produced by milk extraction from whole soybean seeds and pasteurized at 76oC for 30 minutes. The soymilk was divided into two portions. One portion inoculated with tamarind pulp containing 5.3×103 cfu/mL and the other with nono containing 11.6×103 cfu/mL. They were incubated at 42oC for 12 hours, fermentation was harvested by stirring, packaged, refrigerated at 5oC and subjected to microbial analysis using standard method. Preservation of drink by refrigeration method increased the microbial load of sample A from day 0 (8.7×103 cfu/mL) to day 9 (15.0×103 cfu/mL) but decreased on day 12 (11×103 cfu/mL). Similar results were recorded for samples B and C. However, sample A had neither coliform nor fungal growth. Sample A and B had no significant (p>0.05) difference in energy value (41.91±0.89 and 42.50±1.14) but sample C had the highest energy (96.69±2.03- 77.80±1.17), ash (4.10±0.13- 96.69±2.03), crude protein (0.51±0.01- 0.55±0.03), oil extract (3.44±0.17- 3.65±0.15) and NFE (7.61±0.14- 11.16±0.17) but lowest in moisture (79.84±1.07- 80.27±1.30) contents on day 6– 12. However, sample B had high moisture content ranged (84.43±1.17- 87.15±2.3) but lower in other parameters. Statistical analysis for the vitamin C, potassium and calcium of sample’s A, B and C were carried to determine their significant differences. Refrigeration slows down the bacterial activity hence reducing spoilage thus making fermented soy drink a good source of desired protein in Nigeria.

Ameliorative Effect of Probiotic-Fermented Milk and Costus Extract in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Induced by D-Galactose and Aluminum Chloride

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognitive dysfunction and is the main reason of dementia worldwide. The present research aimed to evaluate the protective effect of administration of probiotic-fermented milk and costus extract against AD in rats. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidants activity (AA) of costus extracts were studied. The study included 40 rats divided into five groups. Group 1 and 2 served as normal control and AD control, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were given daily oral dose of costus extract (100 and 200mg/KG RBW), while group 5 was given probiotic-fermented milk (1 ml/rat/day). AD was induced in rats by intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection of D-galactose and aluminium chloride for 21 days. Hippocampal gene expression of PI3K and Akt, biochemical, nutritional and histopathological studies were evaluated in all rats' groups. Microflora of fecal samples from cecum and colon were studied in group 1, 2 and 5. Costus root extract showed 98% AA and contains TPC and TF as 378.1 mg GAE/g and 275.3 mg/g extract, respectively. Induction of AD in rats led to reduction of mRNA level of PI3K and Akt in hippocampal of rats, also elevation of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in association with significant elevation of acetylcholinesterase activity were observed. The results revealed relevant new visions towards the influences of probiotic-fermented milk and costus extract on cognitive function through reduction of neurofibrillary tangles formations, regulation of hippocampal gene expression of PI3K and Akt, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Conclusion: Administration of probiotic-fermented milk and costus extract have a promising effect on cognitive function through reduction of neurofibrillary tangles formation, regulation of hippocampal gene expression of PI3K and Akt, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The present results suggested that intake of probiotic-fermented milk had a beneficial effect on the composition of cecum and colon flora. Probiotic-fermented milk was the most effective for prevention of AD in the present study.

Study of Formulation of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Milk and Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir) Crude Extract in The Making of Non-Dairy Ice Cream

Soybean milk and purple sweet potato are used as the main ingredients in the making of non-dairy ice cream. This study aims to determine the best characteristics of non-dairy ice cream from the formulation of soybean milk and purple sweet potato crude extract. The research design used a completely randomized design with one-factor treatment and four replications and was analyzed statistically with the F test Analysis of Variance at 5% level. The treatment in this study was the formulation of soybean milk and purple sweet potato extract consisting of 60%:0%; 52%:8%; 44%:16%; 36%:24%; 28%:32% of the total ice cream dough. The parameters observed were fat content, protein content, total solids, overrun, melting time, and hedonic sensory evaluation (appearance, texture, taste, and odor). Based on the Indonesian National Standard for ice cream 01-3713-1995 qualified showed that the formulation of soybean milk and purple sweet potato extract crude extract 52%:8% was the best treatment with 9.83% fat content, 2.89% protein content, 34.15% total solids, 49.26% overrun, 13.12 minutes melting time, and hedonic scale for appearance 6.76 (like extremely), texture 5.32 (like), taste 5.58 (like very much), odor 5.56 (like very much). The formulation soybean milk and purple sweet potato crude extract are effects of physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of non-dairy ice cream.

Environmental Impact Evaluation of a Fresh Milk Production

The study aimed to evaluate the waste impact on the environment in fresh milk production activities from the dairy cows rearing on farms to the distribution process of fresh milk to a milk processing factory and fresh milk selling agents, identify the most significant potential for contamination from fresh milk production activities on the environment, and provide alternative improvements based on the most significant environmental impact caused by fresh milk production activities. This research was conducted in a dairy farmer cooperative which is an organization that produces fresh milk. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was used to evaluate the environmental impact of fresh milk production activities. The analysis was carried out using SimaPro 9.0.0.47 software. The LCA stages carried out were Goal and Scope Definition, Life Cycle Inventory, Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), and Life Cycle Interpretation. The assessment of improvement alternatives was then analyzed using the pairwise comparison method to determine the highest weight. The results showed that the three most significant impact categories, namely eutrophication, human toxicity soil, and acidification. The biggest contamination from fresh milk production activities occurs in the fresh milk extraction process. Processing dairy cow dung into manure was the prioritized recommendation to reduce the impact.

Pengembangan produk yoghurt sinbiotik uwi ungu (Dioscorea alata var purpurea) sebagai pangan fungsional

Purple water yam had good prospect to be developed as functioonal food because it had high dietary fiber, inulin, antocyanin and antioxidant compunds. The aim of this research was to determine the physicochemical and sensoric characteristics of synbiotic yoghurt from cow’s milk and purple water yam extract using Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum . This research used This research used Completely Randomized Design with factorial pattern which was consisted of 2 factors and 2 replications. Factor 1 is the proportion of cow’s milk : purple water yam extract (50:50, 40:60, and 30:70) and Factor 2 is concentration of Lactic acid bacteria (3%, 4% and 5%). ANOVA was employed to analyze the data. If there was asignificant diffence, it should be followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level α=0.05. The result revelaed that the best treatment was the proportion milk: water yam extract (40:60) and 5% starter LAB, which produced synbiotic yoghurt with lactic acid bacteria total of 9.42 Log CFU/ml, lactic acid total 1.98%, dietary fiber content 3.85%. This synbiotic yoghurt had average hedonic score of taste 2.75, color 3.25, smell 3.50, texture 2.85, which means it was preferred by the pannels

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL SASUKE (SARI SUSU KEDELAI) DI FAKULTAS VOKASI UNTAG SURABAYA

Sasuke (Soy milk extract) is one of the products of a business unit that is run at the Faculty of Vocational Agroindustry, Untag Surabaya. Soy milk extract has many nutritional content including fiber and high protein. These efforts have not yet been carried out by a financial feasibility analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial feasibility of Sasuke's business. This research uses primary data and is quantitative in nature. Then, a financial analysis consisting of the NPV, PBP, and B/C ratio analysis. This research was conducted at the Agroindustry Laboratory of the Vocational Faculty of Untag Surabaya. The results showed that Sasuke's business was feasible. Evidenced by the results of analysis for 10 years resulting in the value of NPV = IDR 103,762,210 (NPV> 0), B / C ratio = 1,105 (B / C ratio> 1), and capital will return to PBP = 1,049 years = 367 days.

Rebirth of recycling liquid chromatography with modern chromatographic columns : Extension to gradient elution

Twin column recycling semi-preparative liquid chromatography (TCRLC) is revived to prepare small amount (∼ 1 mg) of a pure targeted compound, which cannot be isolated by conventional preparative liquid chromatography. In this work, TCRLC is extended to gradient elution. The first step of this modified process consists of a gradient step, which eliminates both early and late impurities. If not discarded, some late impurities could echo during the second isocratic recycling step of the process and compromise the purity level required for the targeted compound. Additionally, the entire gradient TCRLC (GTCRLC) process is automated regarding the eluent composition programmed and the actuation times of two valves: one two-position four-port divert valve enables to shave the targeted compound from early and late impurities during the initial gradient step. The second two-position six-port recycling valve ensures the complete baseline resolution between the band of the targeted compound and those of the closest impurities, which are not fully eliminated after the initial gradient step. The automation of the whole GTCRLC process is achieved by running four preliminary scouting gradient runs (at four different relative gradient times, tgt0= 2, 6, 18, and 54, where t0 is the hold-up column time) for the accurate determination of the thermodynamics (lnk versus φ plots of the retention factor as a function of the mobile phase composition) of the first impurity, the targeted compound(s), and of the last impurity. The automated GTCRLC process was successfully applied for the isolation of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), chrysene, from a complex mixture of PAHs containing two nearly co-eluting impurities (benzo[a]anthracene and triphenylene) and nine other early/late impurities (sample volume injected: 1 mL, 7.8 mm × 150 mm Sunfire-C18 column, acetonitrile/water eluent mixtures, T= 55 ∘C, 20 cycles, baseline separation in less than two hours). Additionally, the GTCRLC process is advantageously used to isolate and baseline separate the vitamins D2 and D3 initially present in a milk extract mixture (0.3 mL sample injection volume, 7.8 mm × 150 mm Sunfire-C18 column, methanol/water eluent mixtures, T= 65 ∘C, 14 cycles needed in 1.5 hours). These results open promising avenues toward an effective preparation of unknown targeted compounds before further physico-chemical characterization and unambiguous identification.

Influence of enzymes and extraction conditions on high yield of cottonseed milk

Aim: This research aimed to optimize suitable hydrolytic enzymes for maximizing cottonseed milk extracts for high cottonseed milk yield, protein content and low gossypol level. Methodology: Known amount of cottonseed was soaked for 90 min at 32°C and blended (cottonseed:water@1:6). Different aliquots of the blended cottonseed slurry were treated with 1% of enzymes viz., protease, cellulase and α-amylase enzyme at pH 7.0 followed by incubation at 40 and 52°C for 2.30 hr for the extraction of cottonseed milk. The enzyme activity of extracted milk was subsequently inactivated by pasteurization (90°C, 5 min). Further analysis of physico-chemical characteristics was also carried. The control sample included milk extraction from non-enzyme treated cottonseed milk extract (30±2°C). Results: Among different treatments, cottonseed milk extraction using protease enzyme at 40°C incubation showed the highest milk yield (86.71%) with the lowest sedimentation (3.72%). Further incubation 40°C and 52°C showed the highest protein content of 2.10 and 2.27 g 100 ml-1 and gossypol reduction of 40.36 and 35.22%, respectively, in the cottonseed milk extract. Meanwhile, cellulase and α-amylase enzymes treated samples at both incubation temperatures showed poor physico-chemical characteristics as compared to control. Interpretation: Protease enzyme seems to be the most suitable for optimum or higher extraction of cottonseed milk.

Single and combined effects of regulated and emerging mycotoxins on viability and mitochondrial function of SH-SY5Y cells

Co-occurrence of emerging and regulated mycotoxins in contaminated samples has been widely documented, but studies about their combined toxicity are scarce. In this report, the regulated mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 and zearalenone, and the emerging ones enniatin A, enniatin B and beauvericin were tested in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Their individual and binary combined effects on cell viability and mitochondrial function were evaluated. The results with individual mycotoxins revealed that deoxynivalenol and emerging mycotoxins were the most damaging to neuronal cells, presenting IC50 values between 0.35 and 2.4 μM. Interestingly, non-regulated mycotoxins triggered apoptosis by affecting to mitochondrial membrane potential. However, when regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins were binary mixed, antagonistic effects were found in all cases. Finally, cow feed and milk extracts were analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS, detecting the presence of several mycotoxins included in this study. These extracts were tested in neuroblastoma cells, and damaging effects on cell viability were found. Although binary combinations of mycotoxins produced antagonistic effects, their mixture in natural matrixes induces greater effects than expected. Therefore, it would be interesting to explore the matrix influence on mycotoxin toxicity, and to continue studying the neurotoxic mechanism of action of emerging mycotoxins, as they could be a health hazard.

Determination of Potassium Levels in Bananas Using an Optical Sensor with a Flat and Concave Mirror Plane

Potassium is a nutrient that plays a role in maintaining the function of the muscles and nerves that control the heart and is needed for body stability. The potassium content in the body can be obtained from foods such as bananas. The development of instruments and methods that are developed to obtain a more accurate measurement of potassium concentration requires an instrument that has high linearity and sensitivity. The instrument is in the form of an optical sensor system equipped with the use of optical fibers to guide the waveform to maintain its intensity stability. In this study, an experimental method was conducted with a sample of a standard solution with potassium as the solute and pure water as the solvent. Then continue to measurements on samples of banana milk and green banana fruit extracts. The results of the analysis of the measurement data using an optical sensor with a concave mirror reflection plane obtained a sensitivity of 0.36 mV/ppm and a linearity of 82.56%. In the plane of the flat mirror reflection, obtained an optical sensor with a plane mirror reflection plane shows a sensitivity of 0.12 mV/ppm and a linearity of 97.6%. The highest and most accurate linearity value is found in the plane mirror plane results. The next stage is the result of the maximum output voltage read on the optical detector through an optical sensor with a sample of extracts of milk banana and green banana. The results of data analysis on the linear equation with the highest linearity obtained the potassium content in milk bananas of 391.54 ppm and the green banana extract solution obtained 307.91 ppm, so it can be concluded that the potassium content in milk bananas is higher than green bananas with a linearity of more than 97%.

Green emitting SrAl2O4:Tb3+ nano-powders for forensic, anti-counterfeiting and optoelectronic devices

Tb3+ ions incorporated strontium aluminate nanopowders were prepared via eco-friendly green ultrasonication followed by combustion method by using Carica papaya milk extract as a fuel/surfactant. The prepared powders were characterized by advanced characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction profiles of the prepared samples confirmed the monoclinic phase of SrAl2O4:Tb3+ (1–11 mol%) and well consistent with PDF number of 74-0794. Rod, mesh and spikes like morphology were confirmed through SEM images. TEM images showed the irregular extended particles with smooth surface and confirm the polycrystalline nature of prepared nanopowders. Upon excitation at 374 nm the photoluminescence emission spectra show intense peaks in the range at 480–620 nm due to the transitions 5D4 → 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4 and 3) of Tb3+ ions. CIE, CCT and CP results observed were corresponding to intense green colour with (0.21, 0.71), 4621 K and 90% respectively. 7 mol % of Tb3+ doped strontium aluminate was found more suitable for the production of green light component of WLED and for display applications. These compounds were also showed better visualization capabilities to view the LFPs on different porous and nonporous surfaces. Nanopowders were strongly adsorbed by the surfaces which help to visualize the various ridge features including sweat-pores without any background hindrance. UV light of 254 nm wavelength exhibited the clearly visualized symbols with intense green light used for anti-counterfeiting.

Response surface methodology for optimization of medium components for extracellular protease production by Enterococcus faecalis InaCC B745

Enterococcus faecalis InaCC B745 was isolated from dadih, a traditional fermented milk from Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. Previous study shows that the lactic acid bacteria was able to produce protease. In this study, protease production was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The total of four variables and five-level combinations namely: 0-4% (w/v) of skim milk, 0-2 % (w/v) of yeast extract, 0-2 % (w/v) of glucose, and 0-2 % (w/v) of CaCO3. Statistical analysis showed that the production of protease by E. faecalis InaCC B745 is significantly influenced by skim milk, yeast extract, glucose, and CaCO3, combination of skim milk and yeast extract. The final concentrations of the optimized medium were 3% (w/v) skim milk, 1.5 % (w/v) yeast extract, 0.89 % (w/v) glucose, and 1.5 % (w/v) CaCO3. Under these conditions, the model predicted of protease activity was 60.637 U/ml or around 57.3% increased.

Effects of Moisture Content and Drying Method on Shelf Life and Quality of Coconut Residue

In this article, the quality changes and shelf life of by-products (coconut residue) obtained after coconut milk extraction were studied using three drying technologies: hot air drying, fluidized bed drying, and flash drying. Among the drying technologies, flash drying was most suitable for fresh coconut residue. It gave the least moisture content with the most stability of whiteness and oil content and the highest drying rate. Dried coconut residue using flash drying has the longest shelf life up to the 140th day with slight changes in the quality when stored in warehouse conditions of 35±1.0oC and 60-75% relative humidity. In terms of specific energy consumption, flash drying required the lowest energy of 8.47±0.50 MJ per kg water removal from fresh coconut residue, whereas hot air drying consumed the highest specific energy.