Milk Cartons Research Articles

Milk Spoilage Model Predicts that Share Tables Would Not Meaningfully Increase Spoilage and Improved Storage Systems Can Reduce Spoilage

School share tables offer opportunities for food recovery and increased access to healthy foods by allowing students to donate or consume unopened items, such as cartons of milk. However, stakeholders have concerns about temperature abuse potentially causing premature milk spoilage. While previous research showed short ambient temperature abuse of milk (under conditions representing share tables) does not meaningfully impact microbial milk quality, differences across school cafeterias (e.g., ambient temperatures, storage systems, bell schedules, refrigeration temperature) may limit the generalizability of this conclusion. To address this, the overnight refrigeration temperature and the milk's initial contamination were predicted to be the main drivers for milk spoilage. Share tables were predicted to only cause inconsequential microbial quality changes (4 spoiled milk per million served, which would be ≤2 milk cartons spoiled per school year) under short and medium bell schedules (≤125 min of total service), even without temperature control during the lunch period. Under long (221 min) and very long (266 min) bell schedules, share tables with ambient temperature storage were predicted to have higher milk spoilage (19 and 42 spoiled milk cartons per million served, respectively), and adding storage systems was predicted to reduce the decline in milk quality (12 and 24 spoiled milk cartons per million served, respectively). These results provide a resource to support science-based decision-making for the inclusion of milk in school cafeteria share tables, ultimately working to reduce food waste and address food insecurity.

The Basics of Evolution Strategies: The Implementation of the Biomimetic Optimization Method in Educational Modules.

With a focus on education and teaching, we provide general background information on bioinspired optimization methods by comparing the concept of optimization and the search for an optimum in engineering and biology. We introduce both the principles of Darwinian evolution and the basic evolutionary optimization procedure of evolution strategies. We provide three educational modules in work sheets that can be used by teachers and students to improve their understanding of evolution strategies. The educational module "Optimization of a Milk Carton" shows that the material consumption in producing a milk carton can be minimized using an evolution strategy with a mutative step size control. The use of a standard dice and a pocket calculator enables new milk cartons to be generated, with the offspring having the lowest material consumption becoming the parent of the next generation. The other educational modules deal with the so-called brachistochrone problem. The module "Fastest and Shortest Marble Track" provides a construction plan for a marble track whereby students can experimentally compare the "path of shortest length" with the "path of shortest time". The EvoBrach software, is used in the module "Various Marble Track Shapes" to compare the running times of a marble on a straight line, a parabola, and a brachistochrone. In conclusion, the introduction to the biomimetic method of evolution strategies and the educational modules should deepen the understanding of both optimization problems and biological evolution.

Unveiling the invisible: receivers use object weight cues for grip force planning in handover actions

Handover actions are part of our daily lives. Whether it is the milk carton at the breakfast table or tickets at the box office, we usually perform these joint actions without much conscious attention. The individual actions involved in handovers, that have already been studied intensively at the level of individual actions, are grasping, lifting, and transporting objects. Depending on the object’s properties, actors must plan their execution in order to ensure smooth and efficient object transfer. Therefore, anticipatory grip force scaling is crucial. Grip forces are planned in anticipation using weight estimates based on experience or visual cues. This study aimed to investigate whether receivers are able to correctly estimate object weight by observing the giver’s kinematics. For this purpose, handover actions were performed with 20 dyads, manipulating the participant role (giver/receiver) and varying the size and weight of the object. Due to the random presentation of the object weight and the absence of visual cues, the participants were unaware of the object weight from trial to trial. Kinematics were recorded with a motion tracking system and grip forces were recorded with customized test objects. Peak grip force rates were used as a measure of anticipated object weight. Results showed that receiver kinematics are significantly affected by object weight. The peak grip force rates showed that receivers anticipate object weight, but givers not. This supports the hypothesis that receivers obtain information about the object weight by observing giver’s kinematics and integrating this information into their own action execution.

Recycled UHT Milk Carton Cellulose Substrate for Colorimetric and Electrochemical Sensor of Lactate

Recycled cellulose prepared from UHT milk carton waste was employed as a novel substrate for colorimetric and electrochemical lactate sensors to evaluate the milk quality. The cellulose is initially extracted by chemical method (alkali and bleach treatment) to prepare the dual-sensing substrate. For colorimetric sensor, an enzyme immobilization was performed on the recycled cellulose substrate prior to enhancing specificity for lactate detection. Subsequently, the recycled cellulose substrate was dipped in an aluminum solution extracted from aluminum foil from the packaging to create a conductive working electrode with improved surface roughness compared with recycled cellulose substrate, confirmed by atomic force microscopy. For the physical and chemical characterization, scanning electron micrograph demonstrated 3D fibrous network with the porous in between, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy presented the binding energy with the Al-O peak at 73.256 eV, verifying the existence of aluminum on the recycled cellulose substrate after surface modification. For the sensing performance, the colorimetric sensor provides the increasing purpleness intensity with the increment of lactate concentration, while the aluminum-modified recycled cellulose substrate exhibited the increased current response upon the increased lactate concentration. Furthermore, this dual-lactate sensor can offer a linearity of 0.125-2 M, covering a cut-off lactate level (1.0 M) for milk spoilage. Ultimately, this sensor is successfully utilized for lactate determination in real milk samples, showing its high efficiency as an alternative platform for milk quality evaluation.

Time and temperature abuse of milk in conditions representing a school cafeteria share table does not meaningfully reduce microbial quality

Share tables (ST) are tables or stations in school cafeterias where students can return unopened foods and beverages, providing an opportunity to access these items at no cost. Currently, research suggests that milk is among the most wasted items in breakfast and lunch programs in the United States. Share tables present a simple solution for reducing milk waste, but research is needed to understand the microbial spoilage potential of milk in ST. To this end, uninoculated milk cartons and milk cartons inoculated with 2 to 3 log10(cfu/mL) Pseudomonas poae, a fast-growing psychrotroph, was exposed to ambient temperature during winter (mean temperature = 20.3°C) and summer (23.1°C) for 125 min, repeated over 5 d (the length of a school week). Microbial counts in the inoculated milk cartons increased linearly, exceeding the spoilage threshold of 6.0 log10(cfu/mL) after d 3 and after d 4 in the winter and summer season trials, respectively. In the winter trial, the microbial counts for uninoculated milk cartons never exceeded the lower limit of detection, 2.31 log10(cfu/mL), and in the summer trials, microbial counts never reached the spoilage threshold, indicating that initial contamination is a driving factor of microbial milk spoilage. Regardless of sharing status or seasonality, the greatest changes in counts for inoculated milk cartons occurred during overnight refrigeration, ranging from 0.56 to 1.4 log10(cfu/mL), while during the share table ranged from no observable change up to 0.29 log10(cfu/mL), emphasizing that school nutrition personnel should focus efforts on tightly controlling refrigeration temperatures and returning milk to refrigeration as soon as possible. A previously developed model for school cafeteria share tables was adapted to understand the typical residence time of milk in a simulated cafeteria with an ambient temperature share table for the summer and winter seasons over 1,000 wk. Milk was predicted to have a very short mean residence time (85 min) regardless of sharing status or season, with 99.8% of milk consumed, discarded, or donated within the first 2 d. As a result, only 3 out of 451,410 and 6 out of 451,410 simulated milks spoiled in the winter and summer seasons, respectively. The data generated here can be used to inform science-based decision-making for including milk in share tables, or applied to any system where one might have to accept short-term unrefrigerated storage of milk to meet a waste reduction or food security goal.

The Rediscovered 20th Century Boy Scout Dust Jacket Artwork of New Jersey Pulp Artist Chris Schaare

Christian Richard “Dick” Schaare Jr. (pronounced Shar) was arguably New Jersey’s most prolific and perhaps greatest pulp artist of the 20th century. His iconic artwork would grace hundreds of book covers, dust jackets, comic books, magazines, cigar boxes, calendars, milk cartons, and advertisements for more than 40 years from the 1920s to the 1960s. His pulp fiction artwork is well-known except for 18 dust jackets commissioned by the A. L. Burt Company for their Boy Scout fiction series books published in the mid to late 1920s. That he illustrated these dust jackets, brimming with action, adventure, and drama, has been largely forgotten by time, but they highlight his iconic pulp fiction style early in his career. 

업 사이클링을 활용한 실과 의생활 단원의 용품 만들기 수업 자료 개발

This study was conducted to suggest a method of clothing life education through upcycling. The content of education related to recycling was analyzed for six types of textbooks, and educational materials for making upcycling products were proposed based on this textbook analysis. The results of analyzing the content of education related to the recycling of practical arts and textbooks were as follows. In the practical textbooks for 5th grade, the units containing content related to recycling were the core concepts of “management” (6 types), “creation” (1 type), and “efficiency” (1 type), of which management included the most. In the 6th grade, the core concepts were “living culture” (4 types), “life planning” (1 type), “innovation” (3 types), and “sustainability” (3 types), of which living culture included the most. Most of the recycled materials that appeared in the 5th and 6th grade practical textbooks were clothes, plastic bottles, and milk cartons, while the items to make included bags, cushions, pockets, flower pots, and pencil holders.
 To propose upcycling-based clothing education materials, the following were suggested as recycled materials to use from the textbook analysis: T-shirts (and yarn cut from T-shirts), towels, coffee sacks, blankets, and wrapping paper ribbons.
 Up-cycling fashion design techniques and clothing-related content of the 2015 revised practical curriculum were considered, from which eight were suggested: weaving with sock necks, making sock rings to make baskets, cutting T-shirts and knitting them, cutting and twisting towels to make potholders, making fringe pockets from T-shirts, making scrubbers from coffee sacks, creating brooches from packing ribbons, and duvet fabric. Furthermore, there was a proposal to make coasters using cotton. This study had the limitation of not conducting a verification process on the developed data. However, at a time when interest in the environment (such as climate change) is increasing, recycling classes can be used as basic data for clothing education that considers the environment. Moreover, it is envisaged that it will be necessary to apply the data developed in the future.

Atypical diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in milk related to a large foodborne outbreak.

A foodborne outbreak related to milk cartons served in school lunches occurred in June 2021, which involved more than 1,800 cases from 25 schools. The major symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, and fever. Although major foodborne toxins and pathogens were not detected, a specific Escherichia coli strain, serotype OUT (OgGp9):H18, was predominantly isolated from milk samples related to the outbreak and most patients tested. The strains from milk and patient stool samples were identified as the same clone by core genome multilocus sequence typing and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. The strain was detected in milk samples served for two days related to the foodborne outbreak at a rate of 69.6% and levels of less than ten most probable number/100mL but not on days unrelated to the outbreak. The acid tolerance of the strain for survival in the stomach was similar to that of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7, and the same inserts in the chu gene cluster in the acid fitness island were genetically revealed. The pathogenicity of the strain was not clear; however, it was indicated that the causative pathogen was atypical diarrhoeagenic E. coli OUT (OgGp9):H18.

Carrying handle of milk carton inspired multi-layer, easy-to-assemble triboelectric nanogenerators for human motion sensing

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can convert multiple energy sources into electricity, and suffer from the problems of the single structure and high cost at the present stage. In this work, the multi-layer TENG inspired by the carrying handle of milk cartons (IH-TENG) is proposed, which has a uniform template, facilitating the realization of mass production, and it is easy to assemble without any auxiliary tools and materials in the assembly process. The support component and friction positive material of this structure are derived from recycled polypropylene (PP) and cotton cloth, which are very friendly to the environment. The open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of IH-TENG can achieve 113.6 V and 2.4 μA, respectively. Under an external load of 50 MΩ, the maximum output power density is 9.2 μW cm−2. What’s more, we also propose a stacked structure to improve the output performance of IH-TENG. The stacked TENG (3 units) open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are 1.44 times and 1.83 times of IH-TENG (2 units), respectively. In addition, IH-TENG can act as both human motion sensors to detect the motion status of body parts and a self-powered power source to power 53 LED lights, watches, and other appliances.

Quantification of waste in schools: A case study in Danang City, Vietnam

BACKGROUND AND AIM Waste is a major problem that can affect the environment and health; especially in developing countries where there is often a lack of an appropriate system for waste treatment. Understanding the current situation of waste, its common type and amount are important to develop appropriate strategies for waste control, especially in a school-based setting. This study has been conducted to identify common types of waste that are disposed in schools and quantify such waste. METHODS This study used an audit method to identify the common types of waste and quantify such waste in Da Nang city in 2021. RESULTS There were four schools with a total number of 3064 students were participated in this study. The average total volume of waste that schools discharge in a day is 460kg (accounting for 7542 litres of storage volume); in which, organic waste has the largest volume of 261kg (57% of total volume) accounting for 2262 litres (30% of total volume); non-recyclable waste weights 175kg (38% of the total volume) with a maximum volume of 4524 litres (60% of the total volume); recyclable waste has a weight of only 22kg (5% of total volume) accounting for 719 litres (10% of total volume); The remaining types of waste are insignificant. This study also showed the presence of a large number of plastic bags (2128 pieces), multi-layer packaging (2036 pieces), milk cartons (1047 boxes), straws (772 pieces), plastic bottles (670 bottles), foam boxes (531 pieces), plastic spoons (400 pieces), polypropylene plastic cups (327 pieces) in the total waste produced in one day in these schools. CONCLUSIONS Schools are emitting a large amount of waste, significantly plastic waste. Intervention programs in the school-based setting are needed to reduce the amount of waste toward ensuring health for children and protecting the environment.

A dual-lactate sensor for milk spoilage based on modified recycled UHT milk carton cellulose surface

Cellulose waste from UHT milk carton is readily transformed into a novel substrate for colorimetric and electrochemical lactate sensor as milk spoilage indication for the first time. For colorimetric sensor, the cellulose is prepared by using alkali and bleach treatment, followed by enzymatic immobilization on its surface. For electrochemical sensor, the cellulose is immersed into extracted aluminum solution to create conductive working electrode with increased surface roughness compared with recycle cellulose verified by atomic force microscopy. Scanning electron micrographs illustrate 3D fibrous network of cellulose with air interstices in between and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows a binding energy of 73.456 eV confirming the presence of Al–O bond after immersing cellulose into aluminum solution. The colorimetric sensor shows the intense purpleness upon the increase of lactate concentration, while the aluminum coated cellulose electrode exhibits the enhanced current response towards the increased lactate concentration. This dual-lactate sensor offers a linearity of 0.125–2 M, covering a cut-off lactate level (1.0 M) for milk spoilage. Ultimately, this sensor is successfully applied for lactate determination in real milk samples, validated by a standard HPLC.

Examining Student Plate Waste Following a Conversion From Pre-packaged to Lunches Prepared On-Site: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

ObjectivesSubsidized meals provided through the National School Breakfast and Lunch programs are an important source of daily nutrition for millions of students across the United States. Aging school infrastructure has led some districts to rely on pre-packaged meals to feed students over the past few decades. It is unclear how investments in infrastructure upgrades that would enable on-site scratch cooking in schools might influence student selection and consumption of school meals. The aim of this study was to assess changes in student selection and consumption of school lunches following a conversion from pre-packaged meals to lunches prepared on-site, the introduction of salad bars on the lunch line, and removal of flavored milk offerings. MethodsQuasi-experimental difference-in-difference analysis of pre/post direct observation weighed plate waste measurements collected in Fall 2018 and Spring 2019 from 595 3rd-5th graders at eight elementary schools (four intervention, four controls) in a large urban school district in New England. Descriptive statistics and mixed-model linear regressions controlling for grade, sex, intervention, and observations nested within individual were used to examine changes in meal component selection and consumption. ResultsStudent selection and consumption of vegetables increased by 31 grams (95%CI 18g – 43g) (equivalent to ∼3.25 carrot sticks or grape tomatoes) in intervention schools relative to controls, while student selection and consumption of milk decreased by 46g (95%CI 18g – 43g) (∼1/5 of an 8 ounce milk carton). Entrée and fruit selection and consumption did not change significantly. ConclusionsRemoval of flavored milk may lead to an initial decline in milk selection and consumption. Increased offerings of fresh unpackaged vegetables can increase student acceptance and consumption. Funding SourcesT32 HL098048/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States.

Two-dimensional and pseudo three-dimensional visualisation of foreign objects in milk carton using ultrasonic tomography

This paper presents the development of two-dimensional and pseudo three-dimensional visualisation of foreign object in milk carton using ultrasonic tomography system. Mathematical modelling based on ultrasonic amplitude wave and correlation between ultrasonic projection distance and voltage sensor are elaborated in this paper. Physical hazard contaminants such as metal, plastic, wood and glass materials were placed in the milk. The forward problem and the inverse problem of image reconstruction technique have been discussed briefly. 2D images of the contaminants are reconstructed using Linear Back-Projection (LBP) and Convolution Back-Projection (CBP) with Hanning, Hamming and Ram-Lak filter. A median filter technique has been combined to the algorithms for filtering noise of reconstructed images. The results show that image reconstruction using CBP-Ram-Lak has significantly yield the best image reconstruction for most tested phantoms. The application of median filter with 20 × 20 matrix have obtained a better image quality as they achieved the best values of PSNR and SSIM compared to non-median filter with 13.2765 and 0.7318, respectively for pairs of metal A - glass B (phantom Y-2). Pseudo three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction for the foreign object has been carried out to provide more sufficient monitoring process in milk cartons. The 3D images were constructed based on stacking the 2D slice images in z-axis. Thus, the exact location of the object in the milk carton can be exposed clearly from various viewing angles. The results indicate that the ultrasonic tomography imaging system promises to be a non-invasive tool in quality monitoring especially for the detection of foreign objects in milk carton.

Draft Genome Sequence of Ralstonia pickettii Strain NCTR106, Isolated from Milk Carton Paperboard.

ABSTRACTRalstonia pickettii is an emerging global opportunistic pathogen. Here, we report the 5.3-Mbp draft genome sequence of R. pickettii NCTR106, isolated from milk carton paperboard obtained from a commercial paper mill. The genome sequence carries two beta-lactamase genes similar to those reported in R. pickettii isolates collected from a hospital.

What do Yellow Trash Containers Hide?

We do not know whether recycling will save us from environmental disaster. We believe, however, that segregating trash makes sense. From an early age, our children learn to link the colors of containers with various types of waste. Plastic bags, plastic bottles, metal caps, aluminum cans and milk cartons end up in yellow containers and bags every day. These few examples already show the diversity of these materials. According to the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system introduced in 1988, there are as many as seven codes to designate plastics alone. The waste we separate must therefore undergo another sorting process so that we can speak of proper recycling. How to do it? It turns out that an adequately designed camera is sufficient.

Low-Cost, Environmentally Friendly, and High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on a Common Waste Material.

With the great progress in human activities and production technologies, the waste inevitably produced causes not only environmental pollution but also resource waste; meanwhile, the mobile and portable electronic devices urgently need a distributed and sustainable energy source to ensure their stable operation. Here, the waste pollutants (milk cartons) generated from daily life, commonly associated with environmental concerns, are instead identified as an available resource for preparing an emerging energy harvester (triboelectric nanogenerator, TENG), which can convert ubiquitous mechanical energy into electric power. Consequently, based on the waste material, the initial charge density of the TENG is as low as 0.035 mC m-2, which can be tremendously improved to 1.00 mC m-2 through combining a charge excitation circuit, achieving efficient energy harvesting. In addition, compared to the common dielectric film, the waste material can reduce the cost and simplify the process of the preparation of TENG. This work provides not only an innovative approach to simultaneously realize environmental protection and energy harvesting but also more material choice for the preparation of a low-cost and high-performance TENG.

I want to tell you what poverty gave me—

I want to tell you what poverty gave me— Melissa Crowe (bio) a life outside capital, though I know it doesn'tseem to make sense, given my grandfather's knuckles,cold-cracked and smelling always of kerosene,my uncle's back permanently bent in the shape it took to lay two decades' worth of brick.Or afternoons spent shaking down sofasand chairs, fingers slid between car seatand console, seeking coins for a hotdog at Susan's Market or a pack of my mama'sMerit Menthols or to pay the paperboy,sometimes somebody's father who neededthe money, too. Maybe the early bus to subsidy breakfast, first time I saw yogurt, heaping pansof the stuff, that sweet, pale purple spoonedinto its compartment on my tray next to a littlebox of some cereal we couldn't get with vouchers, Frosted Flakes or Fruity Pebbles, and my choiceof peanut butter gone warm and soft or a singlemelted slice of cheese like a slick of cartoonsunshine on white toast. Fresh delights I paid for only in shame. And look—a line of rocks pluckedfrom the nearest ditch showed twelve shadesof earth from gray to pink, and Nana saidthe one ringed with a stripe of quartz was a wish— lucky, like the park with its pondful of tadpolesor the library's shelf of mangled pop-up booksnobody could check out but anybody could touch,flat paper and then—turn the page or pull the tab— [End Page 76] a world. Maybe it was Gram bringing me thingsshe found in the hotel rooms she cleaned:transistor radio, abridged copy of Kidnapped,and once a waist-high bowling trophy, me winning, no matter whose name was etched in the plate.Or maybe the way we ran a hot bath only once,and together my mother and I dulled its sheenwith Ivory suds, our dirt, before my father lowered himself into the gone-cool water, how thisnecessary sharing somehow welcomed me nightlyto the difficult world. Maybe my mother holdingmy hand while we, carless, walked through a near-dusk blizzard from our place on one side of townto her brother's in low-income on the other,so we were swallowed and swallowed as we movedthrough undifferentiated space, not knowing whether the ground beneath us was front yardor sidewalk or street, and when we arrivedin the warm somewhere of my uncle's apartment—which might have been floating in the ocean or moored on the dark side of the moon, judgingby the blackened windows and the scarcely muted,cosmic howl of the storm—the local news was on,and there we were, I swear it, in the weather report, my mother in her old blue coat, and hiddenunder mine, I knew, was a chain of red crochetshe'd made to join my mittens so they wouldn'tbe lost, and if in that vast wildness we were so tiny we could barely make out the specksof ourselves, what was this wealth? Practicallyfractal, nearly out-of-body. In this moment liftedfrom time, we were famous to ourselves, beings in the world not once, but—look—twice, so whoknew, who knew how many times we could appear [End Page 77] or where? Maybe that was the winter we livedin a rental without a working refrigerator, cartons of milk lodged in the snow outside the front door,the stuff always a little frozen when we drank it,those crystals too a magic we made because we could,because we had to. I even ate the snow, in a big bowl with Kool-Aid, scrappy sub for the Slush PuppiesI'd yearn for come summer, pick bottles to buy.And here I am talking again about buying things,but what I hoped you'd see is that so often— for stretches of days—we didn't. Couldn't. Free. [End Page 78] Melissa Crowe Melissa Crowe is the author of Dear Terror, Dear Splendor (University of Wisconsin Press, 2019), and her work has appeared recently in Four Way Review...

Effects of holding time and temperature of creasing knife on scoring and folding characteristics of creased milk carton

Effects of holding time and temperature of creasing knife on scoring and folding characteristics of creased milk carton

Life Cycle Assessment of Beverage Packaging

Global plastic production has been increasing annually since World War II and is currently 380 million tonnes. Global concern about pollution from plastics in the seas and the environmental costs of plastics manufacture is rising. This study aimed to: i) review the costs, benefits, advantages / disadvantages of plastics as packaging materials and ii) use life cycle assessment to determine if there is less environmentally impactful beverage packaging than plastic bottles. As different beverages have different packaging needs, three categories were used: commonly used containers for milk, fruit juice and pressurised ‘fizzy’ drinks. The packaging types included in the assessment were glass bottles, aluminium cans, milk cartons, Tetra Pak, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and high-density polythene (HDPE) bottles. The ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 standards for life cycle assessment formed the basis of the methodology. The open source software openLCA was used to conduct the assessments. Data was assembled from LCA databases such as the European reference Life Cycle Database of the Joint Research Center (ELCD), existing life cycle assessments, scientific reports and peer reviewed literature. The functional unit was set at a container that held one litre of fluid. The results found that in each category there was a less impactful beverage packaging than plastic bottles. In the Pressurised Beverage Category, 100% recycled aluminium cans would be the least impactful option, in the Fruit Juice Beverage Category Tetra Pak would be the least impactful option and in the Milk Beverage Category milk cartons would be the least impactful option.

Bounds on Absolute Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Population Density as Derived from Counts in Single Milk Carton Traps.

Estimates of absolute pest population density are critical to pest management programs but have been difficult to obtain from capture numbers in pheromone-baited monitoring traps. In this paper, we establish a novel predictive relationship for a probability (spTfer(r)) of catching a male located at a distance r from the trap with a plume reach D.