Milk Bottles Research Articles

Transforming the electronic health record from a documentation application to an automated diet program for personalizing neonatal nutrition and improving feeding administration safety through process improvement

AbstractDelivering adequate nutrition to preterm and sick neonates is critical for growth. Infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) require additional calories to supplement feedings for higher metabolic demands. Traditionally, clinicians enter free‐text diet orders for a milk technician to formulate recipes, and dietitians manually calculate nutrition components to monitor growth. This daily process is complex and labor intensive with potential for error. Our goal was to develop an electronic health record (EHR)–integrated solution for entering feeding orders with automated nutrition calculations and mixing instructions. The EHR‐integrated automated diet program (ADP) was created and implemented at a 52‐bed level III academic NICU. The configuration of the parenteral nutrition orderable item within the EHR was adapted to generate personalized milk mixing recipes. Caloric, macronutrient, and micronutrient constituents were automatically calculated and displayed. To enhance administration safety, handwritten milk bottle patient labels were substituted with electronically generated and scannable patient labels. The program was further enhanced by calculating fortifier powder displacement factors to improve mixing precision. Order entry was optimized to allow for more complex mixing recipes and include a preference list of frequently ordered feeds. The EHR‐ADP's safeguarded features allowed for catching multiple near‐missed feeding administration errors. The NICU preterm neonate cohort had an average of 6‐day decrease (P = 0.01) in the length of stay after implementation while maintaining the same weight gain velocity. The EHR‐ADP may improve safety and efficiency; further improvements and wider utilization are needed to demonstrate the growth benefits of personalized nutrition.

Performance of Dairy Factory Wastewater Treatment Plant (Case Study of Pasuruan Dairy Factory East Java)

The 'ILP' company produces bottled milk with chocolate, melon, strawberry, and vanilla flavors in colorless HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) plastic bottles and aluminum foil covers. The 'ILP' dairy industry wastewater treatment process stages include bar screen, grease trap, equalization tank, flocculation-coagulation, primary clarifier, aeration tank/activated sludge, and secondary clarifier. The research aims to determine the performance of the dairy factory's WWTP (Wastewater Treatment Plant) in terms of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) parameters. This field-scale research was carried out for approximately 5 weeks (35 days) at the wastewater treatment plant of the ILP company. Wastewater sampling is carried out at the inlet point, equalization tank, primary sedimentation, aeration tank, and outlet point of WWTP. Wastewater examination conducted in the company's internal laboratory, including temperature, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The dairy factory WWTP (wastewater treatment plant) can generate TSS (total suspended solids) effluent of 22 mg/L and COD (chemical oxygen demand) of 26.8 mg/L to meet the applicable wastewater quality standards. The treatment efficiency of the dairy industry WWTP for TSS is 94.7% and COD is 98.1%.

Multiple-biomarker approach in the assessment of bisphenol A effect on the grooved carpet clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

BackgroundBisphenol A (BPA), a plastic additive monomer, is among the most highly produced chemicals worldwide, and is broadly used in many industries, such as food and beverage containers, milk bottles, and paper products. Previous studies demonstrated that BPA has potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, causing endocrine disturbance and behavioural disorders. The current work aimed to determine the toxic impacts of BPA on the edible marine clam Ruditapes decussatus considering a multi-biomarker approach (mortality, biochemical studies, DNA strand breaks using comet assay, and histopathological examinations with semi-quantitative and quantitative histopathological analyses). The clams were exposed under laboratory conditions to three concentrations of BPA (0 “control”, 1, and 5 µg/L) for a period of 21 days. After the exposure period, BPA impacts were assessed in the digestive gland as a versatile and environmentally relevant organ for ecotoxicological studies.ResultsIn BPA-treated clams, mortality (10%) occurred only at the highest BPA concentration (5 µg/L). Biochemical impairments were detected in a concentration-dependent manner as a consequence of BPA exposure. There were significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, while catalase (CAT) activity was significantly reduced. Our results revealed that BPA induced neurotoxicity in R. decussatus, as evidenced by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DNA damage was strongly induced as BPA levels increased. Additionally, our results have been affirmed by alterations in digestive gland tissues at BPA treatments, which consequently can impair the clam’s ability for food absorption; these alterations included mainly atrophic and necrotic digestive tubules, epithelial cell vacuolization, hemocyte infiltration, and intertubular fibrosis. Based on the data obtained from the semi-quantitative and quantitative histopathological analyses, the exposure of the clam’s digestive gland to BPA with concentrations of 1 and 5 µg/L for 21 days showed significant histopathological alterations compared with the control clams.ConclusionThe multi-biomarker approach used in the current study proved to be a useful tool for assessing the impact of diphenylmethane compounds, such as BPA. Water-borne BPA causes oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and deleterious effects on the clam digestive gland; all of these could deteriorate clam performance and health, causing tissue dysfunction.

Designing safe recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for child toys

New high-density polyethylene (HDPE) manufactured from different percentage of post-consumer recycled HDPE milk bottles was studied through two static and dynamic migration tests using saliva simulant to assess the potential hazard to children. Sixty-nine compounds were identified, including several additives used in PE synthesis such as alkanes, alkenes, antioxidants and plasticizers as well as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) like degradation products such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone, or various residues from flavoring agents, cleaning products and essential oils. Some of these compounds as the isomers p and o t-butylcyclohexyl acetate, 3-Octanol, 3,7-dimethyl- and thujanol acetate (3-) pose a potential risk to children, as their concentrations exceed the recommended Cramer values for high percentages of recycling. This suggests improving recycling processes by incorporating advanced cleaning to remove residual products and contaminants.

Comparison of human milk bottle with infant/toddler test weights in the community setting

BackgroundThe accuracy of infant intake using test weights (TWs), the change in weight before and after an infant feeds, has only been validated in hospitalized premature infants. This study’s primary aim was to identify how accurate parent infants/toddler (< 2 years old) TWs are at measuring infant intake.MethodsData were collected from 101 paired bottle and infant/toddler TWs with 31 participants. Parents participated in the feeding sessions by completing infant/toddler TWs blinded to the researcher. Research assistants completed human milk bottle TWs. Infants were fed previously expressed human milk, initially 30 g, but volumes were increased to not exceed the scale’s capacity.ResultsThe mean difference between the bottle TWs measured using the Tanita and OHAUS scales was not significantly different from zero (95% CI (Tanita – OHAUS): (-0.251, 0.108) g). The mean difference between infant/toddler and bottle TWs was significantly different from 0 (95% CI (infant—bottle): (-3.45, -0.915 g or -3.57, -0.95 mL). Infant/toddler and bottle TWs were in agreement with a difference of 2.18 g (SD = 6.63) or 2.25 mL within the scale stated accuracy.ConclusionsThe Tanita infant digital scale accurately measures bottle TWs. The differences in parent infant/toddler TWs are within a clinically acceptable range.

Green sonochemical synthesis of ZnCo2O4 decorated with carbon nanofibers for enhanced electrochemical detection of bisphenol A in food products.

The facile sonochemical synthesisis reported of zinc cobalt oxide (ZnCo2O4) composited with carbon nanofiber (CNF). Structural, chemical, and morphological were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoluminescent spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. ZnCo2O4/CNF-modified GCE was applied to the detection of bisphenol A (BPA). The modified GCE shows enhanced sensing performance towards BPA, which includes a linear range (0.2 to 120 μM L-1) alongside a low limit of detection (38.2 nM L-1), low interference, and good stability. Detection of lower concentrations of BPA enables real sample analysis in the food industries (milk, orange juice, yogurt, tap water, and baby feeding bottles). Surprisingly, the BPA was detectedin milk 510 nM L-1, orange juice 340 nM L-1, yogurt 1050 nM L-1, and tap water 140 nM L-1. Moreover, an interaction mechanism between the BPA analyte and ZnCo2O4 was discussed.

Root causes of post-consumer high-density polyethylene failing in new bottles

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is widely used in products such as bottles for cleaning products, in which Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) is required. This property is typically inferior in post-consumer recycled plastics (PCR), thus limiting their uptake in the rigid packaging industry. This study evaluated two PCR HDPE grades and the root causes of their low ESCR. Effects of sourcing the waste from detergent bottles (BPE) or milk bottles (UPE), Polypropylene (PP) contamination from bottle caps, and multiple recycling steps were all investigated. The findings revealed that ESCR is reduced by adding UPE, PP, and consecutive extrusion cycles. Unexpectedly, the presence of a high content of milk bottle grades in a given PCR hinders their uptake in detergent bottle production much more than the presence of PP caps, inferring that sorting based on bottle types instead of separating bottles and caps should be prioritized.

Friction stir spot welding of recycled scrap thermoplastics

There is a real demand for sustainable lightweight structures because of the growing environmental concerns. One important solution is developing structures through recycled scrap/waste thermoplastic materials. The current work studies the friction stir spot weldability of recycled thermoplastics, which will help to analyze the potential of friction stir-based welding techniques towards developing these sustainable structures. The combined behavior of recycling-welding procedures is investigated, as they may cause degradations; to ensure that the base thermoplastic polymer's chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties are retained. Scrapped milk bottles made from HDPE material are used as a case study. The highest lap-shear load of 1528 N was achieved at the optimum welding conditions of 1600 rpm rotational speed, 1 mm plunge depth, and 60 s dwell time. Fractographic studies (macroscopic and SEM-based) suggested four types of fracture morphologies depending on welding conditions used. The DSC results showed no significant differences in melting temperature and crystalline content of the polymeric material. The TGA tests showed no significant thermal degradations. The FTIR analysis of all the samples (bottle, recycled sheet, weld material) exhibited characteristic HDPE peaks. All these results suggest combined-welding recycling had a minimal impact on the polymeric structure. Thus, friction stir spot welding (FSSW) technique joins recycled thermoplastic scrap/waste materials with high lap-shear load and without any significant polymer degradations.

Hubungan Perilaku Ibu Tentang Higenitas Botol Susu Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Bayi Usia 6 - 24 Bulan di Klinik Pratama Mariana

This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal behavior regarding the hygiene of milk bottles and diarrhea in babies aged 6-24 months at the Pratama Mariana Clinic in 2023. The data collection method uses quantitative research with a cross-sectional plan. Data collection uses a questionnaire sheet. The statistical test used is chi-square. The research results showed that the results of the chi-square test obtained a p value of 0.000, meaning that there was a relationship between mothers' knowledge, attitudes and actions regarding the hygiene of milk bottles and the incidence of diarrhea in babies aged 6-24 months. In conclusion, the research results show that there is a relationship between maternal behavior regarding milk bottle hygiene and the incidence of diarrhea in babies aged 6-24 months. Keywords: Baby, Diarrhea, Milk Bottle Hygiene, Behavior

The potential of chitosan intercalated nickel/iron layered double hydroxide composites as extraction adsorbent for phthalates

In this research, the potential utility of chitosan-nickel/iron LDHs (CS-Ni/Fe LDHs) has been examined for the separation and pre-concentration of five phthalates (PAEs: diethylphthalate (DEP), dipropylphthalate (DPP), dibutylphthalate (DBP), benzylbutylphthalate (BBP), and dioctylphthalate (DOP)). The extraction efficiency of CS-Ni/Fe LDH composites against the target phthalates is studied through the control of the key variables (e.g., eluent type, elution volume, flow rate, adsorbent amount, solution pH, and salt addition effect). Under the optimal conditions, the method detection limit towards target PAEs is estimated as 0.023–0.033 ng/mL over a 0.1–100 ng/mL range (R2>0.999). The CS-Ni/Fe LDH composites are utilized successfully to extract PAEs in real samples such as perfume, cream, bottled water, and bottled milk (recovery: 97.3–136.8%). The spent CS-Ni/Fe LDH composites can be regenerated at least over 30 cycles. The good agreement in adsorption isotherms with the non-linear Langmuir model indicates the formation of monolayered PAE molecules over CS-Ni/Fe LDH composites. The computed partition coefficients (mg g−1μM−1) for CS-Ni/Fe LDH are found as follows: DOP (802) > DBP (491) > DPP (355) > DEP (248) > BBP (247). The thermodynamic analysis reveals the exothermic and spontaneous behavior of the adsorption process. The CS-Ni/Fe LDHs are thus identified as efficient sorbent media for PAEs through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Accordingly, CS-Ni/Fe LDH composites are recommended as a useful option for capturing PAEs under real-world conditions.

Volatile organic contaminants in HDPE milk bottles along the mechanical recycling value chain, revealing origins and contamination pathways

To progress towards closed-loop recycling of plastic packages it is vital to understand the origin of contaminants and to develop effective mitigation strategies. High density polyethylene (HDPE) milk bottles were sampled at nine different locations along the recycling value chain and analysed with two gas chromatography – mass spectroscopy methods to study the presence of volatile organic compounds. The total approximated concentration of volatiles reduced over time from the production of the bottles up to the cross-docking facility for the separately collected lightweight packaging waste (from about 250 to 100 ppm), as alkanes and alkenes evaporate from the bottle. A clear maximum was observed in the number of identified of volatiles and in the total approximated concentration in milk bottles at the sorted HDPE product. Here contaminants peaked that originate from the milk, from other packaging components (labels, caps, inlays), from other packages and from the surrounding atmosphere. When only the milk bottles were manually separated out from this sorted product and these were mechanically recycled, flakes were obtained that contain the least amount of volatile compounds, much less than the freshly produced bottles (about 25–50 ppm). The type of volatiles present was, however, markedly different. In the freshly produced bottles alkanes, alkenes and intentionally added anti-oxidant were found, whereas in the recycled flakes mostly contaminants were found that originated from: the milk, the other packaging components, other packages and the surrounding atmosphere. Seven different contamination pathways were discerned. The gathered knowledge facilitates the future development of food-grade recycled HDPE.

Generation of Eroded Nanoplastics from Domestic Wastes and Their Impact on Macrophage Cell Viability and Gene Expression.

This study reports an innovative approach for producing nanoplastics (NP) from various types of domestic waste plastics without the use of chemicals. The plastic materials used included water bottles, styrofoam plates, milk bottles, centrifuge tubes, to-go food boxes, and plastic bags, comprising polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and Poly (Ethylene-co-Methacrylic Acid) (PEMA). The chemical composition of these plastics was confirmed using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, and they were found to have irregular shapes. The resulting NP particles ranged from 50 to 400 nm in size and demonstrated relative stability when suspended in water. To assess their impact, the study investigated the effects of these NP particulates on cell viability and the expression of genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress using a macrophage cell line. The findings revealed that all types of NP reduced cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, PS, HDPE, and PP induced significant reductions in cell viability at lower concentrations, compared to PEMA and PET. Moreover, exposure to NP led to differential alterations in the expression of inflammatory genes in the macrophage cell line. Overall, this study presents a viable method for producing NP from waste materials that closely resemble real-world NP. Furthermore, the toxicity studies demonstrated distinct cellular responses based on the composition of the NP, shedding light on the potential environmental and health impacts of these particles.

Assessing the circularity of post-consumer HDPE milk bottles through open-loop recycling and their environmental impact

Plastics are key in the packaging sector, but their widespread use contributes significantly to environmental challenges, such as the short life and high daily production of HDPE milk bottles. This study therefore aims to find a solution to this plastic waste, focusing on mechanical recycling. A comprehensive characterization of this post-consumer recycled HDPE reveals significant PP contamination, which poses a significant barrier due to polyolefin incompatibility, a common challenge in mixed plastics recycling. To mitigate this, blending with virgin HDPE and the use of various compatibilizers were investigated to improve the recyclability of the material. Several extrusion cycles were performed to analyse the thermo-mechanical degradation and to measure the performance and stability of the blends. The environmental impact of incorporating recycled HDPE into new bottles was also evaluated. Comparative evaluations with virgin bottles show that incorporating 25% or 50% recycled HDPE in the bottle yields carbon footprint reductions of 3% and 14%, respectively. These benefits could amplify with a wind-powered supply chain and a 100% recycled content. The findings lay the foundation for future plastic recycling scenarios, including dedicated sorting for this waste stream, providing a pathway to address the environmental impact of HDPE milk bottle disposal through recycling practices.

Futuristic advancements in phytoremediation of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A: A step towards sustainable pollutant degradation for rehabilitated environment

Bisphenol A (BPA) accumulates in the environment at lethal concentrations because of its high production rate and utilization. BPA, originating from industrial effluent, plastic production, and consumer products, poses serious risks to both the environment and human health. The widespread aggregation of BPA leads to endocrine disruption, reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage, epigenetic modifications and carcinogenicity, which can disturb the normal homeostasis of the body. The living being in a population is subjected to BPA exposure via air, water and food. Globally, urinary analysis reports have shown higher BPA concentrations in all age groups, with children being particularly susceptible due to its occurrence in items such as milk bottles. The conventional methods are costly with a low removal rate. Since there is no proper eco-friendly and cost-effective degradation of BPA reported so far. The phytoremediation, green-biotechnology based method which is a cost-effective and renewable resource can be used to sequestrate BPA. Phytoremediation is observed in numerous plant species with different mechanisms to remove harmful contaminants. Plants normally undergo several improvements in genetic and molecular levels to withstand stress and lower levels of toxicants. But such natural adaptation requires more time and also higher concentration of contaminants may disrupt the normal growth, survival and yield of the plants. Therefore, natural or synthetic amendments and genetic modifications can improve the xenobiotics removal rate by the plants. Also, constructed wetlands technique utilizes the plant’s phytoremediation mechanisms to remove industrial effluents and medical residues. In this review, we have discussed the limitations and futuristic advancement strategies for degrading BPA using phytoremediation-associated mechanisms.

Simultaneous determination of environmental endocrine disruptors bisphenol A and 4-nitrophenol bleached from food-contacting materials using the spin-ladder compound La2Cu2O5 modified glassy carbon electrode

Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP), pose significant risks to reproductive health in both animals and humans. Here, we introduce the first utilization of the 4-leg spin ladder compound La2Cu2O5 as an electrode material for electrochemical sensor. Nanostructured La2Cu2O5 was synthesized via a straightforward Sol-Gel method and thoroughly characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. La2Cu2O5 nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited a significant electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of BPA and 4-NP in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.0). Square wave voltammetry studies revealed lowest detection limits of 3 nM for BPA and 2.6 nM for 4-NP over a wider concentration range of 0.01–500 μM. Notably, this study marks the first utilization of La2Cu2O5 for simultaneous electrochemical detection of BPA and 4-NP, demonstrating its potential in this field. Furthermore, the sensor exhibited good sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity towards BPA and 4-NP, even in the presence of similar potential organic and inorganic interferents. Additionally, the newly developed sensor enabled simultaneous quantification of BPA and 4-NP in real samples such as packaged milk, river water, and plastic bottles, achieving recovery rates above 95%. Importantly, our results underscore the leaching of BPA into water from thin and thick plastics at elevated temperatures (40 °C–80 °C), emphasizing the utility of the proposed sensor for rapid and simultaneous detection of BPA and 4-NP in environmental and food matrices.

Bismuth sulfide micro flowers decorated nickel foam as a promising electrochemical sensor for quantitative analysis of melamine in bottled milk samples

Here, we demonstrate hydrothermally grown bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) micro flowers decorated nickel foam (NF) for electrochemical detection of melamine in bottled milk samples. The orthorhombic phase of hydrothermally grown Bi2S3 is confirmed by the detailed characterization of x-ray diffraction and its high surface area micro flowers-like morphology is investigated via field emission scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the surface chemical oxidation state and binding energy of Bi2S3/NF micro flowers is analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. The sensor exhibits a wide linear range of detection from 10 ng l−1 to 1 mg l−1 and a superior sensitivity of 3.4 mA cm−2 to melamine using differential pulse voltammetry technique, with a lower limit of detection (7.1 ng l−1). The as-fabricated sensor is highly selective against interfering species of p-phenylenediamine (PPDA), cyanuric acid (CA), aniline, ascorbic acid, glucose (Glu), and calcium ion (Ca2+). Real-time analysis done in milk by the standard addition method shows an excellent recovery percentage of ̴ 98%. The sensor’s electrochemical mechanism studies reveal that the high surface area bismuth sulfide micro flowers surface interacts strongly with melamine molecules through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, resulting in a significant change in the sensor’s electrical properties while 3D skeletal Nickel foam as a substrate provides stability, enhances its catalytic activity by providing a more number /of active sites and facilitates rapid electron transfer. The work presented here confirms Bi2S3/NF as a high-performance electrode that can be used for the detection of other biomolecules used in clinical diagnosis and biomedical research.

Oral and dental health promotion for children's nurses.

Tooth decay remains one of the most common preventable oral health concerns in children. After birth, advice to caregivers predominantly focuses on medical health with little attention paid to dental health. Before discharge from the maternity unit and during future hospital and community appointments, opportunistic dental advice should be provided by midwives, nurses and health visitors where possible, with the aim of preventing early onset dental disease. Registering with a dentist at birth is crucial due to long NHS dental waiting lists. Simple advice on toothbrushing should be offered, including brushing twice a day with a soft toothbrush using an age-appropriate amount of fluoride toothpaste. Mothers should be provided with information on the benefits of breastfeeding for oral health alongside tailored preventive care. Appropriate advice on bottle-feeding and weaning is required, including minimising the use of added sugar, drinking from free-flow cups after six months of age, and discouraging the use of milk bottles at bedtime and in general after one year of age. Written visual summaries can be shared with parents to consolidate verbal advice on oral and dental health.

Analisis Keuntungan Industri Rumah Tangga Susu Kedelai Di Kelurahan Taas Kecamatan Tikala Kota Manado

This study aims to analyze the benefits of soy milk in Taas Village, Tikala District, Manado City in March 2023. This research lasted for 3 months, from February 2023 to May 2023. The data used are primary data obtained using interview techniques. directly to soy milk business owners by using a list of questions as an aid in data collection, and secondary data obtained from literature studies in the form of literature, written sources or documents that are relevant to this research. Based on profit data for the processed soy milk home industry, this soy milk business incurs a total cost in a month or 26 working days of IDR 11,170,279 and an average of IDR 429,626 per day. The total revenue is IDR 23,400,000 with an average revenue divided by 26 working days, which is IDR 900,000 per day or 20 bottles of soy milk, and earns a profit of IDR 12,229,721 with an average profit for 3 (three) businesses of IDR 470,374. This shows that the soy milk home industry business in the Taas Village is feasible to maintain and develop.

Food grade plastics and Bisphenol A: Associated risks, toxicity, and bioremediation approaches

Bisphenols’ widespread use in day to day life has enabled its existence in various compartments of the environment. Bisphenol A (BPA) is utilized as a monomer in manufacturing polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, as well as flame retardants and is also considered as an endocrine disruptor. This study focuses on determining BPA concentration in daily-use food-grade plastic containers, in addition to its toxicity evaluation in environmental samples contaminated by BPA leachates. The highest concentration of BPA was observed in black poly bags (42.78 ppm), followed by slice juice bottles and infant milk bottles. Toxicity tests revealed significant impacts on Rhizobium and Chlorella sp. as a representative species of soil and aquatic environment respectively. To biodegrade the BPA, two potential strains, Brucella sp. and Brevibacillus parabrevis, were isolated from a landfill site. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of biodegraded BPA through U-HPLC and GC-MSMS showed various metabolites of BPA. Results indicate the native bacterial isolates as potential candidates for BPA degradation while transforming this contaminant to a less toxic and hazardous form. The study also proposes the risk associated with food-grade plastic containers and recommends to establish a sustainable way for plastic waste management.

Relationship between the Frequency of Formula Feeding and the Use of Milk Bottle Size with the Nutritional Status of Infants Aged 0-24 Months at Puskesmas Merdeka, Bogor City

Latar Belakang: Bayi (usia 0-12 bulan) merupakan salah satu fase usia yang rentan terjadi masalah gizi jika asupan makan bayi yang diberikan kurang tepat. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi susu formula dan penggunaan ukuran botol susu dengan status gizi bayi berusia 0-24 bulan. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara kuantitatif deskriptif dengan desain Cross Sectional Study. Responden penelitian adalah ibu yang memiliki anak berusia 0-24 bulan yang bersedia dan aktif datang ke posyandu. Responden berjumlah 66 orang yang selanjutnya dibagi menjadi kelompok yang memberikan susu formula dengan frekuensi 1-4 botol dan &gt;4 botol per hari serta penggunaan ukuran botol ≤180 ml dan &gt;180 ml per hari. Responden dipilih secara purposive sampling. Uji statistic menggunakan mann withney untuk megetahui perbedaan kedua kelompok sampel. Selain itu, data juga diuji dengan menggunakan uji rank spearman untuk uji hubungan. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara frekuensi pemberian susu formula dengan indeks pertumbuhan BB/PB atau BB/TB (P=0,005; R=0,338). Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara penggunaan ukuran botol susu formula dengan indeks pertumbuhan PB/U atau TB/U (P=0,021; R=0,283), BB/PB atau BB/TB (P=0,023; R=0,280) serta IMT/U (P=0,004; R=0,353). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan status gizi pada penggunaan ukuran botol susu 1-4 botol per hari dan &gt;4 botol per hari. Status Gizi bayi dengan Indeks pertumbuhan BB/PB atau BB/TB menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan mengarah ke obesitas pada bayi yang diberikan susu formula &gt;4 botol per hari. Kata kunci: Bayi Usia 0-24 bulan, Perilaku Ibu, Status Gizi, Susu Formula