Milk Bars Research Articles

Histories of Australian retailing

ABSTRACT This special edition contributes to the growing scholarship on Australian retail history. It collates a range of work that represents and extends existing themes in Australian retail historiography with the aim of encouraging further work in the field. Topics covered include: Chinese storekeepers in remote regional communities, transnational flows of goods to these communities, colonial arcades and department stores, intercolonial rivalry and boosterism that incentivised the early development of large retail spaces, entrepreneurial business women, Australian milk bars, the influence of diasporic migration on food cultures and leisure activities, advertising in twentieth century department stores, urban planning, and post-war shopping centre development. This article provides an outline of these articles as well as an overview of Australian retail historiography.

Assessment of Milk Quality and Food Safety Challenges in the Complex Nairobi Dairy Value Chain.

Food networks present varying food safety concerns because of the complexity of interactions, production, and handling practices. We investigated total bacteria counts (TBCs) and total coliform counts (TCCs) in various nodes of a Nairobi dairy value chain and identified practices that influence food safety. A value chain analysis framework facilitated qualitative data collection through 23 key informant interviews and 20 focus group discussions. Content thematic analysis identified food safety challenges. Cow milk products (N = 290) were collected from farms (N = 63), collection centers (N = 5), shops/kiosks (N = 37), milk bars (N = 17), roadside vendors (N = 14), restaurants (N = 3), milk vending machines (N = 2), mobile traders (N = 2) and a supermarket (N = 1). Mean values of colony-forming units for TBC and TCC were referenced to East African Standards (EAS). Logistic regression analysis assessed differences in milk acceptability based on EAS. The raw milk from farms and collection centers was relatively within acceptable EAS limits in terms of TBC (3.5 × 105 and 1.4 × 106 respectively) but TCC in the milk from farms was 3 times higher than EAS limits (1.5 × 105). Compared to farms, the odds ratio of milk acceptability based on TBC was lower on milk bars (0.02), restaurants (0.02), roadside vendors (0.03), shops/kiosks (0.07), and supermarkets (0.17). For TCC, the odds that milk samples from collection centers, milk bars, restaurants, roadside vendors, and shops/kiosks were acceptable was less than the odds of samples collected from farms (0.18, 0.03, 0.06, 0.02, and 0.12, respectively). Comparison of raw milk across the nodes showed that the odds of milk samples from restaurants, roadside vendors, and shops/kiosks being acceptable were less than the odds of samples collected the farm for TBC (0.03, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively). For TCC, the odds of raw milk from collection centers, restaurants, roadside vendors, milk bars, and shops/kiosks being acceptable were lower than the odds of acceptability for the farm samples (0.18, 0.12, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.05, respectively). Practices with possible influence on milk bacterial quality included muddy cowsheds, unconventional animal feed sources, re-use of spoilt raw milk, milk adulteration, acceptance of low-quality milk for processing, and lack of cold chain. Therefore, milk contamination occurs at various points, and the designing of interventions should focus on every node.

A Multinomial Logit Approach to Smallholder Milk Marketing Channels for Improved Competitiveness in the Kenyan Dairy Value Chain

Selection of appropriate markets is a major challenge facing smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya. This study therefore sought to understand factors influencing milk marketing channel choices among smallholder dairy farmers in Kinangop Sub County. Data from a sample of 230 smallholder dairy farmers was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The study identified three marketing channels namely; milk processors (46.09) %, milk bars (32.61) % and direct sales (21.3) %. Similarly, years of schooling (p≤0.1), on-farm income (p≤0.1) and milk output (p≤0.01) were statistically significantly different across the three marketing channels. The average farm gate price was kes 32.6 per litre. From the multinomial logistic regression, marital status, extension access, association membership, mode of payment and transport ownership significantly influenced marketing channels. Further results showed that majority (53.48) % of farmers never had access to market information. The study therefore recommended policies geared towards enhancing more years of formal education and market intelligence so as to facilitate selection of appropriate marketing channels, more training on dairy husbandry practices with the aim of increasing milk output, facilitate access to transport facilities so as to enhance milk delivery to milk collection centres and a review of payment arrangements between milk processors and farmers so as to avoid the problem of delayed payments to farmers.

Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Pasteurized Milk Samples in Chinese Milk Bars

The milk bar is an emerging style of retail business that mainly produces pasteurized milk (PM) and other dairy products on-site in many large cities of the People's Republic of China. To date, no data about veterinary drug residues in PM samples produced from milk bars have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the safety of PM from a total of 182 PM samples collected from milk bars from 10 provincial capital cities and to analyze the residues of seven classes of 61 veterinary drugs. First, the chemical components were screened with test kits, and then the positive samples were further confirmed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that 15 (8.24%) samples were screened positive for veterinary drugs, and six drugs in 11 (6.04%) samples were confirmed. The veterinary drugs detected were penicillin G (2.20%), tetracycline (1.10%), tylosin (1.10%), amoxicillin (0.55%), oxytetracycline (0.55%), and gentamicin (0.55%), with maximum residue levels of 3.4, 11.9, 28.2, 3.0, 26.9, and 63.5 μg kg-1, respectively. Veterinary drug residues were detected as positive in 7 of 10 cities, with the highest detection rate as 14.29% in Urumqi. No positive samples were found in the cities of Nanjing, Tianjin, and Nanning. All detected drug levels were far below the maximum residue levels regulated by China, the European Union, and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. This suggests that the overall veterinary drug residues in PM in milk bars reached the safety code of the country. However, potential risks still exist, and continuous attention should be paid to guarantee the safety of this milk product in the future.

From Oysters to Olives at the Olympia Café

Greek cafés were a feature of Australian cities and country towns from the 1910s to the 1960s. Anglophile Australians, who knew the Greeks as dagos, were possessed of culinary imaginations that did not countenance the likes of olive oil, garlic, or lemon juice. As a result, Greek cafés catered to Australian tastes and became the social hubs of their communities. After establishing the diverse and evolving nature of food offered in Greek shops since their origins in the late nineteenth century – oyster saloons, cafés, fish shops, fruit shops, milk bars, snack bars, confectioneries – this article uses the concepts of “disgust” and “hunger” to offer new insights about food and identity in Australia’s Greek community and in the wider Australian culinary landscape. In particular, it applies Ghassan Hage’s work on nostalgia among Lebanese immigrants to the situation of Greek proprietors and reveals how memories of a lost homeland allowed café families to feel “at home” in Australia. In a land of “meat-n-three-veg,” a moussaka recipe the family had known for generations offered both a sense of identity and the comfort of familiarity, and Greek cafés, because they represented hope and opportunity, were familial spaces where feelings of nostalgia were affective building blocks with which Greeks engaged in homebuilding in a new land. And although their cafés did not serve Greek food, Greek proprietors and their families did eventually play a role in introducing the Australian palette to Mediterranean foods and foodways.

Determination of whey proteins in different types of milk

Protein analysis is very important both in terms of milk protein allergy, and of milk and dairy product adulteration (β-lactoglobulin may be an important marker in the detection of milk adulteration). The aim of this study was to detect major whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their genetic variants by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Milk samples from cows (n = 40), goats (n = 40) and sheep (n = 40) were collected at two farms and milk bars in the Czech Republic from April to June 2010. The concentration of α-lactalbumin was higher in goat’s milk (1.27 ± 0.05 g·l-1, P < 0.001) and cow’s milk (1.16 ± 0.02 g·l-1, P = 0.0037) compared to sheep’s milk (0.95 ± 0.06 g·l-1); however, concentration of α-lactalbumin in goat’s milk and cow’s milk did not differ significantly (P < 0.05). Goat’s milk contained less β-lactoglobulin (3.07 ± 0.08 g·l-1) compared to cow’s milk (4.10 ± 0.04 g·l-1, P < 0.001) or sheep’s milk (5.97 ± 0.24 g·l-1, P < 0.001). A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.8686; P < 0.001) was found between fraction A and B of β-lactoglobulin in sheep’s milk, whereas in cow’s milk there was a negative correlation (r = -0.3010; P = 0.0296). This study summarizes actual information of the whey protein content in different types of milk which may be relevant in assessing their allergenic potential.

Density of tobacco retail outlets near schools and smoking behaviour among secondary school students.

To investigate whether the density of tobacco retail outlets near schools in Victoria, Australia, is associated with adolescent smoking behaviour. Cross-sectional survey data of 2,044 secondary school students aged 12-17 years was combined with tobacco outlet audit data. Associations between students' self-reported tobacco use and the density of tobacco outlets near schools was examined using multilevel logistic and negative binomial regression models, with cigarette price at local milk bars and key socio-demographic and school-related variables included as covariates. Increased tobacco retail outlet density was associated with a significant increase in the number of cigarettes smoked in the previous seven days among students who smoked in the past month (IRR=1.13; 95% CI 1.02-1.26), but not the odds of smoking in the past month in the larger sample (OR=1.06; 95% CI 0.90-1.24), after controlling for local mean price of cigarettes and socio-demographic and school-related variables. This study suggests there is a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and cigarette consumption among adolescent smokers, but not smoking prevalence, in the Australian context. There is value in considering policy measures that restrict the supply of tobacco retail outlets in school neighbourhoods as a means of reducing youth cigarette consumption.

School Wellness Policies and Foods and Beverages Available in Schools

Since 2006-2007, education agencies (e.g., school districts) participating in U.S. federal meal programs are required to have wellness policies. To date, this is the only federal policy that addresses foods and beverages sold outside of school meals (in competitive venues). To examine the extent to which federally required components of school wellness policies are associated with availability of foods and beverages in competitive venues. Questionnaire data were collected in 2007-2008 through 2010-2011 school years from 892 middle and 1019 high schools in nationally representative samples. School administrators reported the extent to which schools had required wellness policy components (goals, nutrition guidelines, implementation plan/person responsible, stakeholder involvement) and healthier and less-healthy foods and beverages available in competitive venues. Analyses were conducted in 2012. About one third of students (31.8%) were in schools with all four wellness policy components. Predominantly white schools had higher wellness policy scores than other schools. After controlling for school characteristics, higher wellness policy scores were associated with higher availability of low-fat and whole-grain foods and lower availability of regular-fat/sugared foods in middle and high schools. In middle schools, higher scores also were associated with lower availability of 2%/whole milk. High schools with higher scores also had lower sugar-sweetened beverage availability and higher availability of 1%/nonfat milk, fruits/vegetables, and salad bars. Because they are associated with lower availability of less-healthy and higher availability of healthier foods and beverages in competitive venues, federally required components of school wellness policies should be encouraged in all schools.

Product retrieval time in small tobacco retail outlets before and after the Australian plain packaging policy: real-world study

ObjectiveWe aimed to assess change in cigarette pack retrieval time in small retail outlets following the introduction of plain packaging in Australia in 1 December 2012.MethodsA sample of 303 milk...

Camel herders, middlewomen, and urban milk bars: the commodification of camel milk in Kenya

Camel dairy products have long been recognised as important in pastoralist livelihoods in northern Kenya, but only in recent years has camel milk been marketed commercially in the urban centres of the region. This article charts the commodification of camel milk in Isiolo, considering the evolution from simple urban hawking, led by female vendors, to commercial retail sales and international exports involving investment of higher levels of capital. Gender labour dynamics, and capital investment, emerge as critical themes in this story of camel milk's commodification. The formalisation and regularisation of camel milk sales has inevitably led to a requirement for greater professionalisation and firmer control of production, moving away from the itinerant women who initially pioneered the commodification and towards camel owners who have greater levels of education and who are better able to capitalise the trade.

Assessing Consumer Attitudes Towards Fresh Milk Consumption in Sri Lanka: The case study of fresh milk consumption in Kandy district

This study evaluated consumer attitudes, demographic and economic factors that affect fresh milk consumption using consumer frequency of fresh milk consumption as the case. It used data collected through a consumer survey conducted in Kandy district at randomly selected super markets, groceries, milk bars and retail shops over the period of April to June 2007.To weigh up the consumer attitudes, factor analysis was carried out and factor scores were introduced to the final model as independent variables which can be categorized as cost and usage, nutrition, sensory and availability. An ordered logistic regression was carried out to find out the relationship, while controlling for a number of demographic and socio- economic characteristics of consumers such as age, gender, level of education, income, size and composition of the household, ethnic group and presence of diseases that affect fresh milk consump tion. The results suggest that many of these factors have a significant impact on their fresh milk consumption behavior.

Optimization and Validation of an Extraction Method for the Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chocolate Candies

Chocolate is a key ingredient in many foods such as milk shakes, candies, bars, cookies, and cereals. Chocolate candies are often consumed by mankind of all age groups. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chocolate candies may result in health risk to people. A rapid, precise, and economic extraction method was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in chocolate candy by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) as a confirmatory technique. The method was optimized by using different solvents for liquid-liquid extraction, varying volume of de-emulsifying agent, and quantity of silica gel used for purification. The HPLC separation of 16 PAHs was carried out by C-18 column with mobile phase composed of acetonitrile : water (70 : 30) in isocratic mode with runtime of 20 min. Limit of detection, limit of quantification (LOQ), and correlation coefficients were found in the range of 0.3 to 4 ng g⁻¹, 0.9 to 12 ng g⁻¹, and 0.9109 to 0.9952, respectively. The exploration of 25 local chocolate candy samples for the presence of PAHs showed the mean content of benzo[a]pyrene as 1.62 ng g⁻¹, which representing the need to evaluate effective measures to prevent more severe PAHs contamination in chocolate candies in future. Chocolate is one of the most favorite food items among people, especially children. Chocolate candies are often consumed by mankind of all age groups. Chocolate candies are often consumed by children in large quantities. The presence PAHs in chocolate candies may result in health risk to people. In the present study, a precise and cost effective rapid method was employed for the determination of PAHs, which can be employed for daily routine analysis of PAHs in chocolate products.

Determinación de las Propiedades de Textura de Tabletas de Chocolate Mediante Técnicas Instrumentales

Different formulations of tablets of bitter chocolate, white and milk, based on standard NEIAL - 6737: 2006, have been manufactured and evaluated. Hardness at 2 and 4 mm of penetration, consistency K calculated from Mottrams model, fracture stress and elastic modulus were determined. The results show that for hardness, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between the bitter pill and white were found. The values of consistency K were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) indicating that there are differences in texture between the bitter chocolate bars, white and milk. For fracture, bitter and white tablets showed no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between them in terms of fracture stress or elastic modulus. But these, in turn, are fractured with significantly lower efforts than milk bars.

Price discounting of cigarettes in milk bars near secondary schools occurs more frequently in areas with greater socioeconomic disadvantage

To examine differences in price discounting of cigarettes in milk bars located near secondary schools in metropolitan areas of Victoria, according to neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES). Milk bars within one km of randomly selected secondary schools in Victorian metropolitan areas were audited to assess the advertised price of the most popular cigarette brands. Cigarette brands were available below the recommended retail price (RRP) at between 10% to 14% of the 62 milk bars visited. Price discounting was occurring significantly more frequently in areas of lower SES, with between 23% and 33% of milk bars in these neighbourhoods selling the leading cigarette brands at below RRP. Price discounting was found to be occurring to a greater extent in milk bars near secondary schools in low SES areas compared to mid to high SES areas. Promotional tools that make cigarettes more affordable risk undermining efforts to reduce smoking prevalence, especially in price sensitive populations of lower SES.

Messages of Stones: The Changing Symbolism of the Urban Landscape in Warsaw in the Post-Communist Era. Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies, 20 by Marcin Kula (review)

59? SEER, 88, 3, JULY 20IO themost dangerous mines inRomania, particularly in his description of the decline ofmedical services as part of the overall package ofworking in this area.Whereas under socialism medical care was provided for miners and their families, the decline of core services is such that medical attention now requires bribery. Overall, this is a very valuable book that sheds considerable light on a subject that is rarely covered inmost literature on Romania. Whereas there are analyses of theminers as a political movement, there isvery little written on the effectsof cutting services and running down industries.The decline of theworking class within Romania, itsdisempowerment and increasing social problems are all here. If I have a criticism it is in the lack of statistical analysis. For example, on page 189Kideckel talks about a health survey and the resulting findings, but does not put any of the resulting statistical analysis into the text. Particularly here, Iwould have been interested in looking at trends and figures formyself as a means of shedding further light on his arguments. However, I would have no hesitation in recommending this book to anyone interested in either theworking class in general or Romanian social analysis in particular. It iswell written, accessible and clear and, above all, it is interesting, relevant and compelling. School ofGovernment and Society Universityof Birmingham P. B. Jackson Kula, Marcin. Messages ofStones:The ChangingSymbolismof the Urban Landscape in Warsaw in the Post-Communist Era. Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies, 20. University of Trondheim, Trondheim, 2007. 55 pp. Illustrations. Notes. NOKi00.00 (paperback). This short study on the urban symbolism of post-1989 Warsaw by a distin guished Polish historian, Marcin Kula, is fascinating and, inmany respects, innovative among Polish studies on visual symbolism. In hisMessages ofStones, Kula documents, catalogues and analyses the new places, monuments and plaques thathave contributed to a major visual reorientation of officialPolish history in post-1989 Warsaw. What isparticularly strikingabout this study is thatKula isgenerally not interested in the numerous new buildings thathave appeared in Warsaw since 1989, but rather in the architectural additions and refinements that, thoughminor in themselves, have nonetheless greatly altered the visual character of the city and have even suggested a new reading of Polish history.When presented together, these additions provide a dramatic account of 'the changes in the symbolism of the urban landscape triggered by the political transformation' (p. 55). As Kula points out,Warsaw is still part-way through altering its character, although some changes, such as the renaming of streets that took place shordy after 1989, are a closed process. Kula divides his study of the visual landscape of Warsaw according to the historical period towhich individual changes refer: early Polish history, the REVIEWS 591 partitions of Poland (1773-1918), the interwar period (1918-39), World War Two (1939-45), Communist Poland (1945?89) and, finally, he looks at those monuments that refer to the entire history of Poland. Not surprisingly, the chapters devoted toWorld War Two and the Communist period are the longest, since these two periods arouse the greatest emotions in post-1989 Polish society.The changes inhistorical interpretation, the revelation of long hidden facts pertaining to Communist oppression and the erasure of blatant lies from official Polish historiography have together resulted in the appear ance of a large number of commemorative plaques and monuments thathave altered the visual landscape of the city, specifically through their emphasis on patriotic, anti-Communist and Catholic messages. One fact, almost com pletely ignored by the Communist authorities, is also emphasized, namely that until theHolocaust, Warsaw had a large and vibrant Jewish community. During the time of partitionWarsaw also had a largeRussian population, but contemporary Poles are disinclined to commemorate it and consequentiy there is little interest in 'preserving thememory ofRussian presence in the city' (p. 51). Kula also comments on the unintended consequences of change. For instance, surrounding some of the places that commemorate tragic events in the city's historywith modern, and often brash, advertising leads to a jarring clash between the old and the new. Another change in Warsaw's landscape that Kula comments on is the disappearance of milk bars, 'which, while perhaps not of...

Testing for Antibodies to <i>Brucella abortus</i> in Milk From Consumers and Market Agents in Kenya Using Milk Ring Test and Enzyme Immunoassay

Over 85% of all milk sales on Kenya pass through informal channels. The extent of the risk posed by the sale of this raw milk to human health in respect to brucellosis is unknown. This paper presents the results of a study on the occurrence of antibodies to Brucella abortus in milk from households consuming raw unpasteurized milk and market agent selling the same. Four hundred thirty four (434) raw milk samples from consumer households and 508 from informal market agents were collected between January 1999 and January 2000 from Nakuru /Narok and Nairobi/Kiambu. Milk agents sampled included co-operative societies, milk collecting centers and self-help groups, milk bars, shops and kiosks and mobile traders on foot, bicycle or motorized transport. In addition, 147 samples from the formal market chain (pasteurized) were collected. All the samples from the samples were screened for antibodies to Brucella abortus using ELISA and Milk Ring Test (MRT), except for the formal milk that was tested using ELISA only. Five percent of the consumer household samples and 4% of the samples form informal milk market agents tested positive on ELISA. There was poor agreement between the two antibody surrogate tests (Kappa =0.40, 95% confidence interval =0.19-0.60). ELISA detected 3.2% more samples from consumer households and 0.4% from informal market agents than MRT. Of the formal market samples, 16.4% were positive. Ways of reducing the risk of contracting brucellosis from drinking raw milk are proposed. The Kenya Veterinarian Vol. 27 2004: pp. 18-21

Consommation de lait dans les bars laitiers de la ville de N’Djamena au Tchad

N’Djamena, la capitale du Tchad, connaît depuis dix ans un développement de la consommation hors domicile de lait au sein de petites boutiques appelées les bars laitiers. Pour appréhender les raisons de cet engouement nouveau, une enquête transversale a été réalisée en mars - avril 2007 auprès de 180 consommateurs dans 36 bars laitiers de la capitale. Les consommateurs enquêtés avaient un âge moyen de 31 ans, 54 p. 100 étaient des célibataires, 84 p. 100 étaient originaires de la zone saharo-sahélienne, et la moitié d’entre eux exerçaient dans le secteur informel. Plus d’un tiers des clients (37 p. 100) achetaient les produits pour les emporter, tandis que le reste les consommait sur place. La consommation hors domicile se faisait surtout le soir (79 p. 100). Les produits consommés étaient le lait frais sucré (halib) et le lait fermenté entier (rayeb), souvent accompagnés de pain. Les quantités moyennes consommées par client étaient de 11,5 L/mois pour le lait frais et de 19,5 L/mois pour le rayeb. Ces quantités variaient selon la saison et l’origine géographique des consommateurs. Le marché connaissait ainsi un pic de consommation en saison sèche chaude, lorsque la production était la plus basse. Cependant, en raison de l’existence de contrats d’approvisionnement des bars laitiers, le prix de ces deux produits était stable pendant toute l’année à 1 000 Fcfa/L. Le caractère fermier du lait frais et du lait fermenté entier était déterminant dans le choix de consommation. Des propositions sont formulées pour améliorer l’offre laitière durant la saison chaude afin de satisfaire une demande croissante.

Evaluation de la qualité physico-chimique et hygiénique du lait de brousse et des produits laitiers locaux commercialisés dans les bars laitiers de N’Djamena au Tchad

L’objet de l’étude a été d’évaluer la qualité du lait de brousse, du lait entier et du lait fermenté produits dans les bars laitiers de N’Djamena où la demande en produits laitiers est croissante. Pour cela, 30 échantillons de lait de brousse et 40 de lait fermenté ont été prélevés et soumis à des tests physico-chimiques et microbiologiques. Les résultats des analyses ont montré une meilleure qualité du lait de brousse en saison pluvieuse. Bien que la charge microbienne ait atteint un niveau élevé (> 36,106 UFC/mL) quelle qu’ait été la saison, on pouvait observer que les populations de coliformes totaux et fécaux étaient plus nombreuses dans le lait fermenté entier et en saison froide. Cette étude a révélé des insuffisances dans les pratiques d’hygiène au niveau de la production, de la collecte et des procédés de transformation, mais aussi l’absence de moyens de conservation et l’existence de pratiques de mouillage du lait en saison sèche. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent la nécessité de sensibiliser l’ensemble des acteurs de la filière au respect des bonnes pratiques de production et d’hygiène.

MILK BARS, STARBUCKS AND THE USES OF LITERACY

The starting point for this article is the passage on ‘The Juke-Box Boys’ in Richard Hoggart's The Uses of Literacy. This passage is often cited as evidence of Hoggart's residual, Leavisite suspicion of mass culture and his nostalgia for more ‘authentic’ working-class culture. This article moves beyond this critique by discussing Hoggart's account in relation to the broader historical shifts signalled by the development of milk and coffee bars in postwar Britain, and their more recent replacement by corporate fast-food and coffee chains. It argues that Hoggart's critique was not simply a knee-jerk fear of the new; it fed into more widespread anxieties which long predate the media invention of the ‘teenager’ or the emergence of organized youth subcultures. These anxieties were not simply about mass culture and Americanization, but also about cultural literacy, class, the relationship between the public and private sphere, and the losses and gains of rising affluence – concerns that have been increasingly submerged in post-Thatcherite political culture.

Confirmation of Sulfamethazine, Sulfathiazole, and Sulfadimethoxine Residues in Condensed Milk and Soft-Cheese Products by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method (LC/MS/MS) is described for the simultaneous detection of 3 sulfonamide drug residues at 1.25 ppb in condensed milk and soft-cheese products. The 3 sulfonamide drugs of interest are sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), and sulfadimethoxine (SDM). The method includes extraction of the product with phosphate buffer, centrifugation of the diluted product, and application of a portion of the extract onto a polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridge. The cartridge is washed with water, and the sulfonamides are eluted with methanol. After evaporation, the residue is dissolved in 0.1% formic acid solution, and the solution is filtered before analysis by LC/MS/MS. The LC/MS/MS program involved a series of time-scheduled selected-reaction monitoring transitions. The transitions of MH+ to the common product ions at m/z 156, 108, and 92 were monitored for each residue. In addition, SMZ and SDM had a fourth significant and unique product ion transition that could be measured. Validation was performed with control and fortified-control condensed bovine milk with 2.5, 5, and 10 ppb sulfonamides. This method was applied to imported flavored and unflavored condensed milk and cream cheese bars. The presence of STZ and SMZ residues was confirmed in 3 out of 6 products.