Military Vehicles Research Articles

Effect of ball mill process and resin to compression strength of lava stone composite

Lava stone is a stone produced from a volcano. Mixing lava rock powder and resin will produce a new material, lava stone composite. The mechanical properties of lava rock composites differ from those of the constituent materials. These lava rock composites will be used as armor on military vehicles. The resin content used was 25, 30 and 35% while the lava stone powder was grinding with a ball mill for 3, 4.5 and 6 hours. Ball mill jar used have a capacity of 350 ml made of stainless steel. The ball used is made of ytria with diameters 10 and 5 mm the total of Ytria balls used are 10 mm were 78 pcs and 5 mm were 348 pcs. Composites that have the highest compression strength are composites with 35% resin and lava stone powder which is grinding at 6 hours. The most ductile composites is composites with 30% and lava stone powder which grinding at 4.5 hours The most suitable composites used to withstand shock loads are composites with 30% resin and lava stone powder grinding with a ball mill for 4.5 hours.

The Response of Steel Plates Subjected to Close-in Blast Loads

Steel plates are commonly used for civil infrastructures and military vehicles. Since public awareness on the risk of explosion increase, extensive research is performed to improve the blast resistance of structures such as steel plates. This paper presents numerical investigations of the response of unstiffened and stiffened square steel plates subjected to close-in blast loads at different plate orientations. The numerical investigations were performed using finite element software ABAQUS. The target plates were subjected to blast loads produced by Plastic Explosive No.4 (PE4) with the mass range from 10 g to 20 g. The plates were stiffened with two stiffener configurations and in each configuration, the plate was tilted at three different angles of orientation, namely 0°, 15° and 45°. The results were compared against unstiffened square plates. The response of the plate was quantified in terms of the maximum central displacement of the plate. The results suggest tilted steel plates with the presence of stiffeners improves the blast resistance of the steel plates

High-end equipment development task decomposition and scheme selection method

Decomposition of tasks and selection of optimal schemes are key procedures in high-end equipment development processes. However, such procedures are highly innovative, technology intensive, interdisciplinary, and multi-party engineering projects, making the decomposition and scheme selection more difficult and complicated than that in the development of ordinary equipment. In this study, we consider three factors, namely, functional structure, task granularity, and task feasibility in task decomposition of high-end equipment development. Based on the principles of systems engineering, a method of task decomposition is proposed. As for decomposition scheme selection, a method based on the superiority and inferiority ranking (SIR) method mixed information and multiple attribute decision making is proposed by considering attributes of scheme feasibility, uncertainty risk and task integration complexity. To verify the proposed method, development of a military electric vehicle is used as an example to demonstrate the calculation process.

Enabling human-autonomy teaming with multi-unmanned vehicle control interfaces

Human-autonomy teaming is essential for future military operations, but guidance on how to design controls and displays to support joint decision-making and task completion is scarce. Transportation planning experts, drawing from their design experience, recently compiled questions that they postulated would be useful to guide human-autonomy interaction designs for other domains. To explore their generalizability, these questions were employed as a framework for describing the human-autonomy teaming interfaces developed for an implemented prototype military multi-unmanned vehicle (UV) control station. This process demonstrated that the proposed questions indeed address pertinent UV control station requirements. Their “situation driver” questions are aligned with the station’s expanded play-based adaptable automation approach, whereby a wide spectrum of control from manual to fully autonomous can be flexibly applied across UVs/mission tasks to enable shared human-autonomy workload. Their questions regarding “visualizations and control mechanisms” would have likely led to the UV station’s design that features pictorial icons to present actionable concise information in an integrated manner and intuitively support calling UV management plays. Finally, the questions addressing autonomy’s “solution generation and presentation” are correlated to the prototype’s interfaces for presenting multiple courses of action and ongoing play status. Thus, the questions inspired by military airlift planning should also be useful for human-autonomy interface design for the UV command and control domain. Suggested enhancements to the question set are provided as well as detailed recommendations on research needed to extend the human-autonomy teaming interfaces to better support bi-directional communication and directability in more complex, collaborative UV missions.

Pelvic Injury Risk Curves for the Military Populations From Lateral Impact.

Current methods for transporting military troops include nonstandard seating orientations, which may result in novel injuries because of different types/directions of loading impact. The objective of this study is to develop pelvic injury risk curves (IRCs) under lateral impacts from human cadaver tests using survival analysis for application to military populations. Published data from lateral impacts applied to whole-body cadaver specimens were analyzed. Forces were treated as response variables. Demographics and body mass index (BMI) were covariates. Injury risk curves were developed for forces without covariates, for males, females, 83 kg body mass, and 25 kg/m2 BMI. Mean and ± 95% confidence interval IRCs, normalized confidence interval sizes at discrete risk levels, and quality indices were obtained for each metric-covariate combination curve. Mean age, stature, total body mass, and BMI were 70.1 ± 8.6 years, 1.67 ± 0.1 m, 67.0 ± 14.4 kg, and 23.9 ± 3.97 kg/m2, respectively. For a total body mass of 83 kg, peak forces at 10%, 25%, and 50% probability levels were 5.7 kN, 7.4 kN, and 9.6 kN, respectively. For males, peak forces at the 10%, 25%, and 50% probability levels were 4.8 kN, 6.4 kN, and 8.4 kN, respectively. For females, peak forces at the 10%, 25%, and 50% probability levels were 3.0 kN, 4.0 kN, and 5.2 kN, respectively. Other data and risk curves are given. The IRCs developed in this study can be used as injury criteria for the crashworthiness of future generation military vehicles. The introduction of BMI, sex, and total body mass as covariates quantified their contributions. These IRCs can be used with finite element models to assess and predict injury in impact environments to advance Soldier safety. Manikins specific to relevant military anthropometry may be designed and/or evaluated with the present IRCs to assess and mitigate musculoskeletal injuries associated with this posture and impact direction.

Підходи до визначення раціональної послідовності автоматизації процесів управлінням технічним обслуговуванням та ремонтом воєнної автомобільної техніки

In modern conditions of operation of military vehicles in the technical units of military units, there are difficulties in determining the ability of the repair bodies of these units for maintenance and repair of military vehicles. Accordingly, there are difficulties in making planned maintenance decisions, namely: determining the number of daily maintenance posts, numbered maintenance, and maintenance.The aim of the article is to find approaches to automate the processes of management of maintenance and repair of military vehicles, with further implementation.Hardware-software (automated) complex in case of its application allows to collect statistics of repair works by types of equipment (groups of operation) and to automatically calculate forecasts of failures of equipment in armies, its assembly units, units, and details. The complex also allows you to accumulate a history of procurement and receiving of the necessary spare parts, calculating it’s and automatically provide with the necessary information on possible procurement options to the system operator.The automation of the technological process is realized by the decision-making algorithm based on the processing of the initial data concerning the object and the environment. An example of decision-making automation are operations in the field of operation of rolling stock of trucks, where the algorithm for selecting road trains for the transport of bulky goods in order to minimize energy costs for transportation is described.Adaptation of the provided information to the peculiarities of the functioning of the military department will increase the efficiency of maintenance and repair work, as well as reduce the financial costs of organizing the production and technical base of the repair unit of the military unit to perform various types of repairs.

Tactical Communications between Military Vehicles

The increasing evolution and development of telecommunications as well as the need for wider bandwidths to comply with the users’ needs, has led to the development of the so-called free space optical communications. The advantages of optical communications in comparison to radio frequency communications draw interest for certain military applications.
 This paper describes the simulation, development and implementation of an optical communication system which integrates the various functional blocks of the optical emitter and the optical receiver and presents some theoretical considerations about the specific characteristics of the propagation of the optical signals in free space. The implementation of this system in military vehicles to allow wider bandwidth in military communications, as well as to function as an alternative system to the used systems, is one of the objectives of this dissertation.
 For this purpose, two circuits (emitter and receiver) were projected and designed including the design of printed circuit boards (PCB) and performed some simulations of the optical part of the complete system and the electronic simulation of some parts of the electronic circuits.

Testing the effect of sustainable energy and military expenses on environmental degradation: evidence from the states with the highest military expenses.

This paper aims to define the effects of military expenses and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions for the ten countries with the highest military expenses, namely, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Russia, the USA, South Korea, India, France, Australia, China, and the UK from 1993 to 2017. The research applied the common correlated effects mean group estimator (CCEMG), dynamic CCEMG, and cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approaches. These dynamic techniques elucidate slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependency and solve the problem of unit root bias. It is found that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis does not apply for this region. The findings demonstrate that military expenses increase carbon dioxide emissions; thus, the treadmill theory of destruction is valid for the panel of these countries, and it is also found that the consumption of sustainable energy decreases CO2 emissions. This suggests that a reduction in pollution can be achieved by increasing sustainable energies in the use of military vehicles to decrease emissions. Further important policy implications for the 10 countries with the highest military expenses are provided at the end of the paper.

Study of tyre-terrain interaction of a military vehicle

Wheeled military vehicles are often used on deformable terrains. In order to understand their performance, a tyre-terrain interaction model is required. The aim of this paper is to present the appl...

Performance evaluation of advanced armor materials

The countries such as India, USA, China, and Japan have increased their military budget significantly. Their defence expenditure also includes development of various Armor materials for protection of their army and military vehicles from advanced weapons. In this regards, development of Armor material is considered as one of the major objectives of defence and research organization. However, various types of Armor materials have been developed, tested and are in use in various military applications. Various Armor materials include metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics and composites. The present research work related to the advanced Armor material especially composite materials. In this paper, firstly, each class of material is presented and then the literature has been studied for advanced polymeric composite material along with their physical, mechanical and ballistic impact properties. It can be concluded that several layer by layer formation of fibers with excellent tensile composite makes the composite the best selection of material for armor application.

Longitudinal Vehicle Control based on Off-road Tire Model for Soft Soil Applications

Abstract Autonomous off-road vehicles such as tractors, military vehicles, construction and agricultural machinery require an important power traction to face off mobility issues on soft soils and rough terrains. This paper presents a powertrain controller developed using an adapted Burckhardt tire model based on a Bekker-Wong wheel-soil interaction model according to the plasticity theory and soil mechanics. A Gain Scheduling approach allows the vehicle to maintain the desired reference speed while avoiding the impact of ground conditions. Simulation results show vehicle mobility control through different types of soils.

Research on drop tower technology for simulating explosive impact load

When military vehicles are subjected to a mine blast, the vehicles will be damaged and the occupants will be injured. The main objective of this paper is to study the feasibility and accuracy of the drop tower to simulate the response of the vehicle body under the actual explosion condition. The equivalent damage method of impact waveform simulation was studied, and the feasibility of the equivalent damage principle of impact waveform based on change in velocity was verified. By analyzing a large number of data of simplified seat impact simulation, the mechanical model of the drop tower was analyzed. Through the correlation study of the parameters of the drop impact load, the relation formula of the drop height required by the target load was constructed, and the customization of the impact load was realized. The response simulation of the protective seat in the explosion was completed in the drop tower, which verifies the accuracy of the drop tower in simulating the explosion impact load. In addition, the results provide a good basis for the follow-up research.

Study and Active Enhancement by Converter Reconfiguration of the Performance in Terms of Stator Copper Loss, Derating Factor and Converter Rating of Multiphase Drives Under Two Open Legs With Different Stator Winding Connections

Multiphase machines offer inherent tolerance to faults such as open converter legs (OCLs), which are especially frequent. Because of this reason, they are particularly attractive for applications where fault tolerance is important, such as offshore wind energy or aerospace, naval and military vehicles. It has been previously shown that, under an OCL, certain stator winding configurations (SWCs) different from star yield smaller stator copper loss (SCL) and larger maximum achievable torque (MAT) than star SWC for the same torque command and machine. This advantage comes just at the expense of a moderate increase in converter rating. However, only the case of single OCL was studied in general. The SCL, MAT and required converter rating for two OCLs are currently unknown for different combinations of phase number, faulted legs and SWCs. Actually, under two OCLs (unlike for one OCL) it may be possible to actively modify the order of the faulted/healthy legs to enhance the performance in these terms, but this possibility has not been studied so far in spite of its potential. This paper addresses the postfault performance of multiphase drives with two OCLs, for various SWCs. The MAT (derating factor), SCL and necessary converter rating are assessed in numerous possible scenarios. The most convenient alternatives are established. Most importantly, in view of the conclusions of this analysis, a novel method is proposed to improve substantially the MAT and SCL by actively altering the connections between the converter and machine terminals. Experimental results with six-phase and twelve-phase setups are provided.

ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЙ ЩОДО ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОБЛІКУ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ АВТОМОБІЛЬНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ У ПІДРОЗДІЛАХ, ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ЧАСТИНАХ ТА З’ЄДНАННЯХ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article shows the need to improve the system of organizing accounting for the use of land vehicles in units, military formations and formations of the National Guard of Ukraine. For the successful solution of tasks for the prescribed purpose by military units, it is necessary to utilize the most of the capabilities of the land vehicles, through rational planning of transportation, systematizing the accounting and assessment of the workload performed by vehicles. To assess the functioning and technical condition of land vehicles, special indicators are used, which are a numerical expression of measurements or their ratio, this is the utilization rate of the vehicle fleet; working time utilization rate; mileage and load capacity utilization factor; speed of movement and others. But it does not make it possible to assess the level of efficiency of the use of land vehicles in a generalized way. Therefore, it became necessary to obtain dependence for assessing the efficiency of transportation by military land vehicles. It is proposed to use indicator of the land vehicle fleet effectiveness, which allows to assess the level of effectiveness of the use of land vehicles for peacetime conditions (in the absence of enemy opposition and the use of vehicles in accordance with the annual plan for the operation and maintenance of military vehicles), to determine the impact of individual indicators on the efficiency of transportation and outline ways to ensure a given level of efficiency in the use of vehicles of the National Guard of Ukraine. Proposals for improving the structure of the consolidated list of vehicle operation are substantiated.

Škoda Arms Exports in the 1930s

This article discusses the arms exports of Škoda Works (one of Czechoslovakia's largest arms producers and exporters) during the 1930s and evaluates the export situation within the context of total Czechoslovak arms exports. At the beginning of the 1930s, economic crisis negatively affected the production and export of arms. However, the political climate facilitated the brisk recovery of this sector and the resumption of foreign trade in war materials. Škoda Works was successful in foreign markets, particularly in the sale of artillery materials and military vehicles. In addition to economic factors, trade was also influenced by political interests. This is also shown by the examples of arms exports to Romania and Yugoslavia, which were part of the Little Entente.

Analysis of the military application of unmanned aircraft and main direction for their development

Modern military unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are assigned a wide range of functions, for the implementation of which they perform many tasks in various military conflicts. The results of the analysis give them the opportunity to reveal the problems in the use of UAVs, make changes in their functions and tasks and identify areas for further development. At present, this requires the introduction of the achievements of artificial intelligence, the introduction of expert systems and microelectronics on board UAVs, as well as their integration with various other means of conducting armed struggle. At the same time, some of the technological solutions for the creation and improvement of UAVs for military purposes can be applied in the civilian sector.

Беспилотная техника для целей лесного комплекса и мониторинга состояния водных объектов

Military-industrial complexes of many countries have invested billions of dollars in the industry over 120 years of development and have achieved significant progresses in the creation of surface, water and underwater equipment. Groups of military unmanned vehicles include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), deck-based UAVs, water, underwater and hybrid unmanned vehicles (UAVs). Their purpose is intelligence, surveillance, strategic research projects, and military transport purposes. As for the civilian use of unmanned vehicles, this is a young industry, it is 15 years old. The beginning of the era of non-military unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and then unmanned floating vehicles (UAVs) is considered to be 2006, when the US Federal Aviation Administration allowed the flights of small custom drones. At the same time, they were given a definition: a device that is remotely controlled by an operator; a device that moves along a pre-planned route. Unmanned vehicles the use of which for the purposes of the forest complex of our country is carried out or is planned to begin in the near future must meet some special requirements that are discussed in this article.

Перспективы развития тормозных систем современных военных автомобилей

The article contains information about the development of brake systems of military vehicles. The advantages and disadvantages of the brake control of modern cars used in Russia and abroad are shown. The directions of priority development of brake systems are defined.

Dynamic analysis and design optimisation of a heavy military vehicle

Dynamic analysis and design optimisation of a heavy military vehicle

A Study on Quality Improvement through Analysis of Hub-reduction Failure Occurrence Mechanism for Military Vehicles

A Study on Quality Improvement through Analysis of Hub-reduction Failure Occurrence Mechanism for Military Vehicles