Military UAV Research Articles

Investigation of the Penetration Capability of Exponential Bullets into Two Typical TPMS Lattice Structures

The TPMS lattice structure is widely utilized in the military UAV, and effectively striking the TPMS structure holds significant reference value in bullet design. This paper conducts a numerical simulation to study the penetration performance of exponential curve bullets with varying power exponents on the TPMS structures of Gyroid and Diamond. MATLAB is employed to design the TPMS lattice structure, and ABAQUS is used for numerical simulation. The results indicate that the velocity reduction rate of the bullet initially increases and then decreases with an increase in power exponent. Moreover, a larger power exponent leads to a smaller residual velocity and kinetic energy of the bullet. Different cell structures have a substantial impact on residual kinetic energy, with the Gyroid structure exhibiting significantly greater residual kinetic energy compared to the Diamond structure, resulting in an average kinetic energy difference of 15.429[Formula: see text]J. The research shows that the curve of the arc part of the warhead has a great influence on the penetration performance. When designing the bullet used to hit the military UAV, the warhead with a large curvature change within a certain range can be considered.

군용 무인기 비행안전 신뢰성 향상을 위한 점검창 적용 방안 및 영향성 분석 연구

군용 무인기 비행안전 신뢰성 향상을 위한 점검창 적용 방안 및 영향성 분석 연구

Military Advancement of Chinese Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Security Implications for India

The advanced Military UAVs have significantly all over the world in different form. The cost-effectiveness and political advantages of UAVs make it as one of the powerful weapon in 21st century. Economically, UAVs offer reduced vehicle costs, operational expenses, and pilot training compared to manned aircraft. Politically, they can lower the threshold for the use of force in various scenarios especially when it is used for grey warfare. Consequently, military UAVs are employed for bold intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions, thereby providing an edge to the users in terms of information superiority, which can bolster influence over disputed territories. The PRC embarked on military UAV development as early as the 1950s, initially emulating technologies from the US and the Soviet Union. Presently, China competes with the US in UAV technology advancements. Employing a government-led top-down approach, China fosters vibrant cooperation among industries, academia, and the military to develop UAV capabilities, with a focus on expanding influence in the surrounding region. Since Xi Jinping assumed office in 2012, aggressive policies have been implemented to assert control over sea territories within the first island chain. The main agenda of Xi Jingping is making China AI enabled in all sectors especially in the area of Military Technologies. This is why military UAVs are anticipated to play a pivotal role in Xi’s Indo-Pacific strategy, where the PRC faces conflicts with neighboring countries. On the other joining hands with Pakistan, China continuously using its high-end drone technology against India to create internal security problems for India in form of drugs smuggling, proliferation of illegal arms and ammunition the This article delves into the significant development of military unmanned aerial vehicles by the People’s Republic of China and their utilization in confrontations with India.

Departure Device Design With Dual Redundancy for the Assistant Landing Gear of Long-endurance UAV

In modern wars and regional conflicts, in order to reduce casualties, more and more unmanned equipment and weapons are utilized. Among them, the UAV is the new favorite in the sky. Application fields of the military UAV are wide and varied. It is found to be used for intelligence reconnaissance, battlefield surveillance, as well as strikes. As for the scout UAV, long endurance is of utmost importance. There is no denying that less weight can result in longer endurance. A departure device for the assistant landing gear of a long-endurance UAV is designed in this paper. The system constitution and working principles are introduced in the beginning. Then, detailed system designs are presented, including the hardware design, software design, and other parts of the departure device. Several static and dynamic experiments are conducted to prove its feasibility. At last, the conclusion part summarizes its applications.

On the problems of determining the trajectory of an aerial vehicle based on inertial navigation system data

Navigation in military UAVs requires the use of onboard inertial systems. An approach is proposed for noise filtering, refinement of initial and intermediate values when applying calculation algorithms based on the estimates of loads and angular velocity taken from sensors.

KEY ISSUES RELATED TO THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS

An important feature that characterizes modern armed conflicts is the large-scale use of aviation. Combat activities of the air force became an integral part of fights, battles and operations conducted in various conditions and in many cases determined their development and final result. Currently, in the center of the media discourse, including political and military, there are e.g., issues regarding the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAV) during an armed conflict. The use of military UAVs in operations in Iraq, Libya and Ukraine confirmed their high usefulness in operations (conflicts) of various intensity. Drawing on practical examples, the article discusses key problems related to the use and integration of UAV. This can be a starting point for a discussion on the challenges associated with their use.
 The study used the document research method as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis. A review of the scientific literature on the complex problem of the use of UAVs in the conditions of armed conflict was made. Publicly available information provided by interested institutions was used.

Flow physics and boundary layer optimization over a NACA airfoil by camber morphing at subsonic speeds

In this paper, the variable camber morphing strategy is adopted in a NACA airfoil through computational investigation to enhance the lift to drag ratio ([Formula: see text] specifically for military UAV applications. The typical mission profile is also focused on enhancing the aerodynamic performance of the UAV during various flight segments by variable camber morphing. The airfoil camber is changed dynamically at different instances based on the mission profile requirements thereby altering the [Formula: see text] characteristics. The concept of bio-inspired aerodynamics has received a greater attention in recent years because of the proven nature oriented real-time application. Hence, the concept of bio-inspired variable camber morphing is proposed herein that minimizes the use of unconventional control surfaces to attain the required performance at different segments of flight. MQ9 Reaper UAV model is chosen to implement the proposed variable camber morphing strategy at the mission flight segments. NACA 4412 cambered airfoil has been considered as the baseline model airfoil for the present study because of its higher zero lift angle characteristics. The lower camber of the airfoil section is changed from 1% to 3% at different angles of attack (AoA) for the time instances such as 1[Formula: see text]s, 2[Formula: see text]s and 3[Formula: see text]s, respectively. The lift coefficient ([Formula: see text] of the airfoil is also significantly increased through camber morphing at different flight segments during each time step with negligible flow separation as observed through streamline patterns. Hence, the friction drag coefficient is also retained under optimum level as concluded through the boundary layer profiles.

Avionics Architecture Design for Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper describes the design of the avionics architecture for military unmanned aerial vehicles considering the airworthiness requirements for the first time. This design considers the redundancy in the system data bus and the power system and the data link system to meet the system safety requirements of the airworthiness requirements of military UAVs. This avionics architecture design has been verified through the system integration test and the flight test after manufacturing the UAV.

Investigation of dielectric and strength properties of organoplastics. Review

Currently, the production and use of military UAVs in the direction of robotic complexes is actively developing. The purpose and use of military UAVs differ from civilian ones, based on two functions: reconnaissance purpose and a carrier of a warhead. The specifics of military UAVs are their invisibility to enemy radars and ensuring stable transmission of information from the command post. For these purposes, first of all, the UAV material must have the properties of radio transparency. For the production of UAV hulls, power elements, high-strength PCM are needed, which include organoplastics, carbon fiber, fiber glass. The choice of materials for parts of components and assemblies of aviation equipment depends on their operating conditions: operating loads, material properties. Organoplastics (OP) fully meets these requirements among polymer composite materials (PCM). OP have high strength properties along with low dielectric losses (radio transparency) compared to other fiber composites. This paper presents an overview of studies of dielectric and strength properties, as well as ways to improve the mechanical properties of organoplastics. The analysis of the work has shown that for radiotransparent organoplasty, the optimal frequency range of permittivity is 1kHz-12 GHz. The ultimate strength of organoplastics varies in the range from 320 MPa to 1 GPa. The possibilities of increasing the strength of aramid fibers and ways of modifying organoplastics epoxy resins are considered.

Design and analysis of an Eight Rotor Co-Axial UAV using carbon fiber composites

The design of unmanned aerial vehicles always involves complex design optimization variables and decisions. Existing designs of both civilian and military UAVs have provided useful empirical relations and insights for designers to apply the existing design approaches. But due to the insufficiency of data a wide variety of structural configurations & mission profiles have led to the problem of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle design being less well defined. Weak or faulty structural design has led to various operational challenges, from mission failure to payload malfunctioning to unsatisfactory flight performance. If the structural integrity of the whole airframe does not meet its requirements, then the whole purpose of the UAV mission ceases to exist. This paper aims to propose a structural design optimization strategy for a H8 Octacopter UAV. The octa-copter is designed to transport a payload of 6 kg by minimizing and analyzing the structural weight of the UAV by using FEM techniques. Based on the analysis, proper material selection is made to satisfy the various design parameters.

Unmanned aerial vehicle reconnaissance image recognition based on convolutional neural network

The important strategic position of military UAVs and the wide application of civil UAVs in many fields, they all mark the arrival of the era of unmanned aerial vehicles. At present, in the field of image research, recognition and real-time tracking of specific objects in images has been a technology that many scholars continue to study in depth and need to be further tackled. Image recognition and real-time tracking technology has been widely used in UAV aerial photography. Through the analysis of convolution neural network algorithm and the comparison of image recognition technology, the convolution neural network algorithm is improved to improve the image recognition effect. In this paper, a target detection technique based on improved Faster R-CNN is proposed. The algorithm model is implemented and the classification accuracy is improved through Faster R-CNN network optimization. Aiming at the problem of small target error detection and scale difference in aerial data sets, this paper designs the network structure of RPN and the optimization scheme of related algorithms. The structure of Faster R-CNN is adjusted by improving the embedding of CNN and OHEM algorithm, the accuracy of small target and multitarget detection is improved as a whole. The experimental results show that: compared with LENET-5, the recognition accuracy of the proposed algorithm is significantly improved. And with the increase of the number of samples, the accuracy of this algorithm is 98.9%.

Risk assessment of lateral collision between military UAV and civil aviation flight

Risk assessment of lateral collision between military UAV and civil aviation flight

Research on Digital Twin Framework of Military Large-scale UAV Based on Cloud Computing

Firstly, this article explains the characteristics and advantages of military large-scale UAVs, and points out the three basic problems currently encountered by military large-scale UAVs; secondly, this article is based on the current design, manufacturing and application reality of large-scale military UAVs, analyzed the urgent need to build a cloud computing-based digital twin framework for military large-scale UAVs, and discussed in detail from the aspects of test cost, integrated perception, centralized control, business prediction, and mission planning; again, this article proposed cloud-based computing The digital twin framework for military large-scale UAVs discusses the composition and functions of each layer; finally, it points out the five directions and work priorities that need to be paid attention to in the construction of the digital twin system of military large-scale UAVs, including UAV model, flight status measurement, reliable propagation channel, intelligent command and control, and capability evaluation analysis.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle’s Vulnerability to GPS Spoofing a Review

The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle often known as UAV plays a central role in providing multifarious services which can be encapsulated under following major categories namely military, research and civil. Various studies have revealed that unlike the military UAV the civil UAV uses unauthenticated, unencrypted and predictable signals and thus can be easily manipulated. With the burgeoning dependency on UAVs for time-critical response operations and many other, there is a need to secure the civil unmanned aerial system which lacks direct human interference. The goal of this paper is to focus on how Global Positioning System (GPS) signal spoofing allows the authentic ground control to change hands with threat actors. Spoofing forces erroneous location to be computed by target receiver by transmitting the counterfeit Global Navigation Satellite System like signals. The intention is to misinform the user about its location. In this paper, the UAVs vulnerability, resulting in complete command and control under the captor's influence, consequent to GPS spoofing, is analyzed and an analysis of the countermeasures to identify spoofing proposed by various researchers is done. While some countermeasures are computationally complex unsuitable for lightweight UAVs there are others that have been experimented on simulators. Very few have been established on real sensor data and have limitations of their own.

Improving the Performance of HALE UAV Communication Link Through MIMO Cooperative Relay Strategy

High-altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (HALE UAVs) are military and strategic UAVs that fly above the ground in the stratosphere. The ability of stealth technology and long flight time, has led to use of these UAVs for various military missions such as interception and spying, control guidance, remote sensing, navigation, surveillance and others. In this paper, improving the performance of HALE UAVs communication through multiple input multiple output (MIMO) cooperative relay with amplitude-and-forward strategy is investigated. In clear sky (without rain), two-hop system with line of sight (LoS) channels from source to relay and relay to destination is considered. In LoS-MIMO channels, due to correlation between the sub-channels, neither high-rank MIMO channel nor maximum capacity are achieved. However, based on antennas optimum placement that provide orthogonally between the received signals, maximum capacity will be obtained. The proposed scheme in this paper dramatically increases capacity relative to LoS-SISO channel and dual-hop MIMO Rayleigh up to 6 b/s/Hz and 2 b/s/Hz respectively. Also, simulation results verify exactness analytical expressions. However, rain as one of the most important ambient conditions causes the signal to be scattered in different directions. Therefore, LoS channel is changed to fading (Rayleigh) channel by increasing rainfall. In this case, telecommunication range is proposed as a meaningful metric, and outage probability (Poutage) based on telecommunication range for N-hop channel is extracted. In rainy conditions, simulation results show, the telecommunication range dramatically increases by increasing the number of relay UAVs for specified outage probability so that in the long-range, the outage probability decreases up to 50% with the increasing number of relays.

LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES FOR UAV POTENTIAL

The long-term perspectives in the potential development plan are based on the analysis of trends in global development. On this basis, an assessment of the requirements for future military capabilities is made. The long-term trends caused by the development of military technology are viewed. As a result, the use of robotic systems will increase in the armed forces. All this poses new challenges for the EU armies. In this regard, groups of factors can be distinguished which shape the trends in the development of military UAVs. And since technology will inevitably be transferred from the military to the civilian sphere sooner or later, it would be particularly useful for national security to analyze which of the areas of application of UAV complexes could be of greatest benefit in the civilian sphere and in the interests of national security.

The Development and Application of China Military UAV

This paper reviews the development history of Chinese military UAVs, summarizes the serial development and application of Chinese military UAVs, and proposes the future development trends: Small size and integration, large and complicated system extension, intellectualization, invisibility and etc.

Application of STANAG-4586 Ed. 4 based Standardization for Up-to-Dated Interoperability of Military UAV System

Application of STANAG-4586 Ed. 4 based Standardization for Up-to-Dated Interoperability of Military UAV System

Research on Fault-Tolerant Flight Control Computer for High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Air Vehicle

With the development of high altitude long endurance UAV, Flight Control System in high altitude long endurance UAV must have so strong failure tolerance ability that it can improve the whole system reliability. Using redundancy technique can extremely improve failure tolerance and reliability of flight control system. Compared among civil and military aircraft and UAV, the architectures and redundancy management of fault-tolerant flight control computer (FCC)systems are introduced. Then, give a new architectures and redundancy management of fault-tolerant FCC systems for high altitude long endurance UAV. The experimental results show that the system meets the UAV's demand of high reliability, low cost and good expansibility, maximize the utilization of system resources and effectively improve the fault tolerant capability of airborne computer and the reliability of sensor subsystem. With fault injection test method, the results show that the fault tolerant methods improve fault detection rate and fault isolation rate.

UŻYWANIE DRONÓW W CELU ZWALCZANIA TERRORYZMU ŚWIETLE ‘IUS AD BELLUM’

The Use of Drones in Combating International Terrorism from the Perspective of ‘ius ad bellum’Summary The increasing practice of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (military UAVs, commonly known as drones) by some countries to eliminate suspected terrorists raises a number of controversies from the perspective of international law. These controversies are also related to the specific features of military UAVs, which make it possible to kill targeted individuals without risk to the military personnel of the country concerned, and thereby may encourage the abusive interpretation of the applicable legal regulations. This article discusses these issues from the perspective of ius ad bellum, in particular the right to self-defence. It shows the main controversial points on the scope of invoking the right to self-defence in such cases, in particular the possibility of invoking the right to self-defence in response to an attack by a non-state entity, the question of pre-emptive self-defence, the importance of the severity of the force used as a condition allowing for the use of force in self-defence, and the relevance of the principles of proportionality and necessity. The article also presents an outline of the vast and highly controversial issues associated with the definition of terrorism from the point of view of international law.