Military Training Research Articles

Current aspects of the organization of first aid to military personnel of the NATO bloc (using the example of the Bundeswehr army)

The study examines the most pressing issues of the organization of first aid to military personnel in the countries of the NATO bloc (using the example of the Bundeswehr army). It has been established that the system of first aid to the wounded and injured is based on the principles of “tactical medicine”, including the possession by military personnel of algorithms for providing assistance in the “red” and “yellow” combat zones, as well as methods of evacuation to the stage of medical care. It is emphasized that in order to quickly and effectively carry out self- and mutual assistance activities on the battlefield, NATO military personnel have appropriate training in the use of a standard individual first aid kit. It is shown that the Bundeswehr army has successfully implemented a training program consisting of two consecutive and logically related medical training courses: an initial training cycle (course “A”) and a special medical training course (course “B”). Only military personnel who have successfully completed both training courses are allowed to provide first aid in combat and emergency situations. It was revealed that within the framework of initial military training, students master a set of measures for phased first aid to the wounded and injured in accordance with the “C–A–B–C–D–E” scheme. The subsequent course of special medical training is aimed at training military personnel in emergency resuscitation measures in conditions as close as possible to combat. The purpose of the study was to analyze the literature data devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the existing system of first aid to the wounded and injured in the armies of NATO countries, including in the aspect of the organization of the training process for servicemen. The research methodology included the analysis of scientific publications selected from domestic and foreign databases, such as e-Library and PubMed. The methods of content analysis, synthesis, method of historical comparison, and bibliographic research method were used.

Positivity and Follow-up Testing of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Universally Screened Female Basic Military Trainees

Positivity and Follow-up Testing of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Universally Screened Female Basic Military Trainees

Enhancing Collective Military Training: Integrating the Laser Battlefield Enhancing Collective Military Training: Integrating the Laser Battlefield System for the Lithuanian Land ForcesSystem for the Lithuanian Land Forces

Enhancing Collective Military Training: Integrating the Laser Battlefield Enhancing Collective Military Training: Integrating the Laser Battlefield System for the Lithuanian Land ForcesSystem for the Lithuanian Land Forces

Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Musculoskeletal Injuries during Military Training.

Purpose: To investigate associations between hormonal contraceptive use and physical performance, body composition, and musculoskeletal injuries in basic military training.Methods: Female British Army recruits (n = 450) were grouped as non-users (n = 182), combined oral contraceptive users (COCP; n = 184), or progestin-only users (POC; n = 144). Physical performance (2.4 km run, lift strength, leg power), body composition, iron and vitamin D status, and bone metabolism were measured at the start (week 1) and end (week 13) of training. Lower body musculoskeletal injuries were recorded from medical records.Results: Training decreased 2.4 km run time (-3.7%) and fat mass (-9.6%), and increased lift strength (4.5%), leg power (1.5%), lean mass (5.4%), and whole-body (0.9%), arms (1.8%), and legs (1.4%) aBMD (p ≤ 0.015); the training response was not different between groups (p ≥ 0.173). Lift strength was lower in COCP users than non-users (p = 0.044). Whole-body, trunk, and legs aBMD were lower in POC users than non-users and/or COCP users (p ≤ 0.041). There were no associations between hormonal contraceptive use and musculoskeletal or bone stress injury (p ≥ 0.429). Training did not change ferritin (p = 0.968), but decreased haemoglobin and total 25(OH)D, and increased PTH, βCTX, and PINP (p ≤ 0.005); the training response was not different between groups (p ≥ 0.368). Total 25(OH)D was higher, and βCTX and PINP were lower, in COCP users than non-users and POC users; PTH was lower in COCP users than non-users, and; βCTX and PINP were higher in POC users than non-users (p ≤ 0.017).Conclusions: Hormonal contraceptive use was not associated with performance or injury outcomes in military training.

Micronutrient Status During Military Training and Associations With Musculoskeletal Health, Injury, and Readiness Outcomes.

Micronutrient status, specifically vitamin D and iron, represent modifiable factors for optimizing military readiness. The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine associations between micronutrient deficiency (i.e.,iron status and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D]) and operationally relevant outcomes (i.e.,skeletal health, musculoskeletal injury) at baseline and post-10weeks of arduous military training. A total of 227 (177 men, 50 women) Marine Officer Candidates School (OCS) candidates who completed OCS training with complete data sets were included in this analysis. Vitamin D and iron status indicators were collected at two timepoints, pre (baseline) and post OCS. Musculoskeletal outcomes at the mid- and proximal tibial diaphysis were assessed via peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Micronutrient status declined following OCS training in men and women and was associated with musculoskeletal outcomes including greater bone strength (strength strain index) at the mid-diaphysis site in those with optimal status (M = 38.26mm3, SE = 15.59) versus those without (M = -8.03mm3, SE = 17.27). In women (p = .037), endosteal circumference was greater in the deficient group (M = 53.26mm, SE = 1.19) compared with the optimal group (M = 49.47mm, SE = 1.31) at the proximal diaphysis. In men, greater baseline hepcidin concentrations were associated with an increased likelihood of suffering musculoskeletal injury during training. Vitamin D and iron status declined over the course of training, suggesting impaired micronutrient status. Differences in musculoskeletal outcomes by micronutrient group suggests optimal vitamin D and ferritin concentrations may exert beneficial effects on bone fatigability and fracture reduction during military training.

Individual and Situational Characteristics of the Occurrence of Cyber Sickness in the Context of Virtually Supported Military Training

Individual and Situational Characteristics of the Occurrence of Cyber Sickness in the Context of Virtually Supported Military Training

Missing Responses as an Interactional Warning Sign

In this study, we aim to find out what happens in moments of collaborative situations when a response is treated as missing, irrelevant, or insufficient, how such moments are handled, and what underlying interactional trouble those instances can reveal. The data are video recordings from multinational military observer training. Using the method of ethnomethodological conversation analysis (EMCA), we examine a team of two people taking part in a simulated patrolling exercise. We focus on instances when one team member, the driver, attempts to get the other, the team leader, to verbalise or confirm some decision regarding a future (joint) action.

Effects of Toe-Strengthening Exercises on Medial Longitudinal Arch Height, Muscle Stiffness, and Functional Movement

Background: Prolonged training in combat boots can place significant stress on the medial longitudinal arch, potentially leading to lower-extremity muscle stiffness and an increased risk of injury. This study assessed the impact of toe-strengthening exercises on improving the lower-extremity function and functional movement in cadets undergoing training. Methods: Forty junior cadets (mean age: 22.6 years) participated in this study. The measurements included the medial longitudinal arch height, lower-extremity muscle stiffness, functional movement, and leg length. Results: Cadets who performed the toe exercises demonstrated improved lower-extremity muscle stiffness and functional movement performance (hurdle step, p = 0.010; rotary stability, p = 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between the exercise group and time (tibialis right, p = 0.008; tibialis left, p = 0.028). Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of toe-strengthening exercises to enhance the lower-extremity function and reduce the risk of injury among cadets. However, challenges in identifying the medical history, past injuries, and specific areas of pain for each cadet were noted. These findings support the implementation of targeted toe exercises in military training programs to prevent injuries.

The state of psychological and immunological indicators in graduate students of a medical university

Training future doctors for professional practice usually entails building awareness and embracing the significant responsibility inherent in the field. This, in turn, leads to significant psycho-emotional stress by the time of graduation from academic institution. With the aim of identifying the correlation between homeostatic system indicators, a comparative analysis was conducted to characterize the immunological and psychological parameters of final-year medical university students, contingent upon their respective training programs. The study involved sixth-year students of the Therapeutic and Preventive Faculty [TPF] (29 individuals) and the Military Training Center [MTC] (34 individuals) of Rostov State Medical University, a Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education. The exclusion criteria for all participants included the presence of chronic diseases and any infectious process of any origin within three months prior to the study. The groups were similar in terms of age (23.8±1.82 and 23.9±2.2 years, respectively), gender (all male), and corresponded to health group I. Psychological evaluation was conducted employing the Spielberger–Hanin Scale to gauge levels of personal and situational anxiety. The assessment of immunological status was carried out at the Scientific Research Institute of Clinical Immunology using standard methodological approaches. Registration cards for immunopathology analysis were used to characterize health status over the year. Analysis of the obtained data from psychological questionnaires revealed that students of the Therapeutic and Preventive Faculty, compared to their counterparts from the Military Training Center, demonstrated a higher degree of situational and, particularly, personal anxiety. Differences in the immune response system between the compared groups were identified with regards to indicators that characterize both adaptive and innate immunity. These differences were expressed in a more significant number of circulating regulatory T lymphocytes, a less pronounced lytic potential of effector cells, a greater number of TLR9+ monocytes with a decrease in the proportion of cells of the monocyte series carrying HLA-DR in medical students compared to their counterparts studying in the medical service officers’ program. Thus, the period of psychological preparation in a medical university for the commencement of professional activity varies based on the characteristics of the educational process and proves to be more effective for sixth-year students of MTC. Students from the TPF exhibit more pronounced psycho-emotional stress compared to their counterparts in military medical training, leading to evident signs of immune system dysregulation. It is imperative to develop strategies for timely detection of changes in both psychological and immunological adaptive capacities.

Comparative Analysis of Treatment Patterns in DoD Beneficiaries With Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors: A Focus on Care Setting.

Malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors (MBT) are deadly and disproportionately affect younger men and women in the age range of most active-duty service members. Timely and appropriate treatment is important to both survival and quality of life of patients. Information on treatment factors across direct care (DC) and private sector care (PSC) networks may be important for provider training and staffing for the DoD. The aim of this study was to analyze treatment patterns for patients with MBT within the DoD's universal access Military Health System (MHS), comparing DC and PSC networks. The Military Cancer Epidemiology database was used to identify patients 18 years and older who were diagnosed with an MBT between 1999 and 2014 who received primary treatment. Differences in first treatment type and time from diagnosis to initial treatment between DC and PSC were assessed using chi-square and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests, respectively. Frequency of treatment initiation beyond the 28-day TRICARE Prime access standard for Specialty Care was also compared between care settings using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Then logistic regression models generated odds of treatment initiation beyond 28 days and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with care setting. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests compared survival between DC and PSC. The study included 857 patients, with n = 540 treated in DC and n = 317 treated in PSC. The proportion of patients receiving each initial treatment type did not differ by care setting (P = .622). Median time from diagnosis to initial treatment (interquartile range) varied significantly between DC at 6 (0 to 25) days and PSC at 12 (0 to 37) days for all treatment types combined (P < .001). For all years combined, treatment was initiated beyond 28 days for 21% of patients using DC compared to 31% of patients using PSC (P = .001). The odds of treatment initiation beyond 28 days for a patient treated in PSC were 1.61 (95% CI, 1.11 to 2.33, P = .012) compared to patients treated in DC when controlling for demographic, military, tumor, and patient variables. Survival did not differ by care setting (P = 1.000). Based on the available data between 1999 and 2014, care setting was associated with differences in time to initial treatment and odds of treatment initiation beyond 28 days among DoD beneficiaries with MBT receiving care in the MHS. Information on these differences may help inform MHS leadership decisions on the most appropriate location for military provider training and staffing.

Mapping Forest Parameters to Model the Mobility of Terrain Vehicles

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using non-contact data collection methods—specifically, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)-based and terrestrial laser scanning technologies—to assess forest stand passability, which is crucial for military operations. The research was conducted in a mixed forest stand in the Březina military training area, where the position of trees and their DBHs (Diameter Breast Heights) were recorded. The study compared the effectiveness of different methods, including UAV RGB imaging, UAV-LiDAR, and handheld mobile laser scanning (HMLS), in detecting tree positions and estimating DBH. The results indicate that HMLS data provided the highest number of detected trees and the most accurate positioning relative to the reference measurements. UAV-LiDAR showed better tree detection compared to UAV RGB imaging, though both aerial methods struggled with canopy penetration in densely structured forests. The study also found significant variability in DBH estimation, especially in complex forest stands, highlighting the challenges of accurate tree detection in diverse environments. The findings suggest that while current non-contact methods show promise, further refinement and integration of data sources are necessary to improve their applicability for assessing forest passability in military or rescue contexts.

The interplay of capability and complexity in military context: definitions, challenges, and implications

ABSTRACT This paper explores the interplay between capability and complexity within the context of military forces. The findings here describe how these two concepts intersect and highlight the capability definitions, themes, challenges, opportunities, and applications. By running a thorough review of 314 articles, 10 key research themes have been identified, including: 1) Capability Development and Assessment, 2) Regional Defence Studies, 3) Technological Advancements in Military, 4) Strategic Analysis, 5) Operational Tactics, 6) Defence Industry Dynamics, 7) Organisational and Management Aspects, 8) Cybersecurity and Network Capabilities, 9) Military Training and Exercises, and 10) Policy and Political Implications. Among these themes, the literature highlights the importance of a subtle understanding of capability and complexity for well-informed decision-making in military and defence domains. Moreover, this study identifies gaps in existing research and emphasises the need for a coherent theoretical framework to guide decision-makers for military capability acquisitions. The findings have implications for enhancing national security, defence capability planning and resource allocation strategies.

Can military-experienced CEOs improve corporate outcomes?

Purpose This paper aims to assess the role of CEOs with military experience in shaping corporate outcomes in Vietnam and provide new insights into how these unique backgrounds influence corporate financial decisions and firm performance within the specific context of an emerging market. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a comprehensive data set of 323 non-financial firms listed in Vietnam over 2013–2021 to examine the association between military-experienced CEOs and corporate outcomes. The authors apply propensity-score matching analysis to address potential endogeneity issues and use 2SLS estimation to show the mechanisms through which military CEOs affect firm performance. Findings The authors find that firms led by CEOs with military backgrounds outperform their counterparts lacking this experience. Furthermore, the findings indicate that firms helmed by military-experienced CEOs tend to make more investments and maintain lower (higher) short-term (long-term) debt levels. Practical implications This study provides additional evidence on the influence of military CEOs on corporate outcomes, particularly in the context of an emerging market. It underscores the positive effects of skills acquired during military service on veterans’ civilian careers, particularly in business leadership roles. The findings are valuable for managers contemplating the recruitment of veterans, highlighting the potential advantages these individuals can bring to a company. Additionally, the results may inspire younger individuals to consider military training as a means to develop valuable characteristics that can enhance their personal and professional development. Originality/value The authors have observed the notable success in firms led by CEOs with military backgrounds since Vietnam’s renovation period in the 1980s. Yet, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, research on the influence of military-experienced CEOs in Vietnam remains scarce. This study is the first pioneering in shedding light on the diverse contributions of soldiers to the development of the Vietnamese economy.

Gamification in the Design of Virtual Patients for Swedish Military Medics to Support Trauma Training: Interaction Analysis and Semistructured Interview Study.

This study explores gamification in the design of virtual patients (VPs) to enhance the training of Swedish military medics in trauma care. The challenges related to prehospital trauma care faced on the battlefield require tailored educational tools that support military medics' education and training. The aim of the study is to investigate how to design VPs with game elements for Swedish military medics to support learning in military trauma care. By understanding the reasoning and perceptions of military medics when interacting with VPs, this study aims to provide insights and recommendations for designing VPs with game elements that are specifically tailored to their needs. The study involved 14 Swedish military medics of the Home Guard-National Security Forces participating in a tactical combat care course. Participants interacted with 3 different VP cases designed to simulate military trauma scenarios. Data were collected through think-aloud sessions and semistructured interviews. The data were analyzed using interaction analysis, structured by the unawareness, problem identification, explanation, and alternative strategies or solutions (uPEA) framework, and reflexive thematic analysis to explore participants' reasoning processes and perceptions and identify possible game elements to inform the VP design. Mapping the military medics' reasoning to the uPEA framework revealed that study participants became more creative after making a mistake followed by feedback and after receiving a prompt to make a new decision. The thematic analysis revealed 6 themes: motivation, "keep on trying"; agency in interaction with VPs; realistic tactical experience; confidence, "I know that the knowledge I have works"; social influence on motivation; and personalized learning. Participants suggested that game elements such as scoring; badges; virtual goods; progress bars; performance tables; content unlocking; hints; challenge; control; imposed choice; narrative; avatars; sensation; randomness; difficulty adapting; competition; leaderboards; social pressure; progression; and renovation can promote engagement, motivation, and support confidence in decision-making. Gamification in the design of VPs represents a promising approach to military medical training, offering a platform for medics to practice medical and tactical decision-making in a risk-free environment. The insights gained by the study may encourage designing VPs with game elements, as well as including possibly wrong decisions, their consequences, and relevant feedback, that may support military medics' reflections and decision-making.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ В ВЫСШИХ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЯХ КРЫМА В СЕРЕДИНЕ 30-Х ГОДОВ ХХ ВЕКА

Based on the analysis of previously unexplored archival documents, the state of physical education and mass sports work in higher educational institutions of the Crimea in the mid 30s of the 20th century are considered. Research has established that the departments of physical and military training in Crimean higher educational institutions were opened in 1932. During the period from 1933 to 1935, there was an intensive development of physical culture and mass sports work in Crimean higher educational institutions in the form of full coverage of the contingent of students with compulsory academic physical education classes, the creation of physical education collectives at institutions, the improvement of their sports base, the opening of student sections on sports and the establishment of intra-university competitions. The most important aspect of the physical education work of higher educational institutions was the involvement of students and teachers in passing the standards for the badge «Ready for work and defense of the USSR». The Supreme Council of Physical Culture of Crimea took an active part in the activities of Crimean higher educational institutions to improve physical education, performing coordinating, organizational and supervisory functions.

Health Literacy and Health-Related Habits among Conscripts in the Norwegian Armed Forces-A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Although health information is widely available to the Norwegian population a lack of health literacy is still common and considered a public health challenge. However, there is limited information on the health literacy of the adolescent population in Norway. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess health literacy and self-reported health habits among soldiers in basic military training, both in field, camp, and home settings. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate which health habits characterize soldiers with inadequate health literacy. An electronic questionnaire was sent out to conscripts who completed first-time military service in 2022 and was answered by 2,225 conscripts. Descriptive statistics were performed using cross-tabulations, correlations, and chi-squared tests. The survey is part of an internal quality study of the Norwegian Armed Forces routines. It is approved by the Norwegian Armed Forces joint medical services. In the study population, 43% scored inadequate health literacy on the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire-Q12 (HLS-Q12), and 57% scored adequate health literacy. We found a significant difference between those having inadequate and adequate HLS-Q12 scores in categories of self-rated health habits of oral health and diet with lower scores in the inadequate score group. The use of tobacco during field exercise in camp and at home was higher in the group of conscripts with adequate health literacy scores. The conscripts generally reported a lower standard of health habits during field exercises with significantly less brushing and flossing, higher use of tobacco products and higher consumption of energy drinks and sugary snacks compared to reported habits in camp and at home. The results from our study suggest that the conscripts in the Norwegian Armed Forces have a lower health literacy than the general population, and this is reflected in reported higher frequency of unhealthy habits in service settings than at home. The Armed Forces have an opportunity to take responsibility to optimize the health skills of their soldiers and to encourage them to make informed decisions about their own health. Improved adaptation to the national recommendations regarding nutrition, tobacco use, and oral health are areas having the potential to greatly improve the overall health habits of conscripts.

Low psychological resilience and physical fitness predict attrition from US Marine Corps Officer Candidate School training

ABSTRACT The objective is to examine the predictors of attrition in male and female candidates undergoing a 10-week early career military training program. 1006 candidates (79.5% male, 24.7 ± 3.2 years) consented to participating in a larger study examining predictors of injury during US Marine Corps Officer Candidates School (OCS). Participants completed a blood draw, demographic and psychological characteristics questionnaires, and two fitness tests. Participants were then grouped based on successful completion of OCS or not. Associations between potential predictors and attrition were analyzed using simple logistic regression analyses, followed by a backward stepwise elimination method. Area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the accuracy of the attrition prediction model. 260 candidates (25.8%) attritted over the 10-week training, with the highest number of discharges during week 5. Musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) was the most common cause of attrition (30%), followed by non-MSKI medical (21.5%), and volitional withdrawals (19.6%). Sex, body mass index (BMI), resilience, initial physical fitness test score, combat fitness test (CFT) score, and prior military service were all significantly associated with attrition from OCS (all p < .05). The final prediction model of attrition included CFT score (p = .027) and resilience (p = .018). Multiple demographic, psychological, and fitness characteristics are associated with attrition from an early career military training course (OCS) and may be utilized as part of early screening procedures to identify and provide guidance for individuals at risk for not completing OCS.

A case of acute pulmonary edema caused by exertional heat stroke

This paper reports a case of acute pulmonary edema caused by exertional heat stroke due to imbalance of body heat production and heat dissipation caused by high intensity military training physical activities. The patient's lesions developed rapidly and pulmonary edema progressed rapidly and diffusingly. After early identification, active invasive mechanical ventilation and hormone therapy, the pulmonary imaging lesions of pulmonary edema were rapidly absorbed, and the dyspnea was improved. This article discusses the incidence, imaging features and treatment of acute pulmonary edema caused by exertional heat stroke, and provides reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Resilience – effects multiplier in preparing counter-deception

This article examines the critical role of resilience as an effect multiplier in the preparation and training of military personnel. By developing the ability to operate under uncertainty and take calculated risks, armed forces can reduce their vulnerability to manipulation and disinformation. The analysis focuses on ways to build resilience, emphasizing the importance of mental flexibility, adaptability, critical thinking, and thorough preparation for dynamic challenges. The study also highlights the need to integrate these skills into military training programs to produce leaders capable of making informed decisions even in the absence of all necessary information. The findings suggest that a resilience-based approach can significantly improve the ability to counter deception and thus contribute to the operational success of the armed forces.

USING PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS TO IMPROVE SURVEILLANCE OF HEAT-RELATED ILLNESS DURING MILITARY TRAINING

Background: Heat-related illnesses are a critical concern for military personnel, especially those unfamiliar with hot climate regions. The Royal Thai Army (RTA) implements a 10-week military training program encompassing four phases: (1) Heat acclimatization training, (2) Combat fundamentals and unarmed combat training, (3) Armed combat training and tactical training, and (4) Field training exercise and evaluations. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a predictive analysis of heat-related illnesses to enhance prevention programs. Methods: The study utilized secondary data from the RTA Medical Department, incorporating variables such as age, occupation, education, underlying diseases, smoking and alcohol consumption, sleep duration, exercise, medication history, body mass index (BMI), weight loss, body temperature, dark urine, heat rash, and environmental humidity. Multiple machine learning algorithms were employed to develop predictive models. Results: The samples comprised 809 male recruits (103,051 encounters) with an average age of 22. Approximately 12% of the recruits had a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, while nearly 70% and 90% reported tobacco use and alcohol consumption in the past 12 months, respectively. Among the recruits, 16% reported substance use within the preceding 30 days. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) model achieved 91% accuracy in predicting heat-related illnesses before Phase 2. The top five predictive variables were Lopburi Province (central region), Songkhla Province (southern region), and Bangkok (capital city), sleep duration before joining military training (hours), and age (years). Conclusion: This study, which applied machine learning techniques to predict heat-related illnesses among Thai recruits, can potentially impact the health and training of military personnel. The comparative analysis of various algorithms identified the XGB model as the optimal performer in predicting heat-related illnesses during the combat fundamentals and unarmed combat training phase. However, it is essential to note that further study is needed to enhance the applicability of our predictive model, which includes expanding its use to new cohorts of Thai conscripts, underscoring our research’s ongoing nature.