Military Tourism Research Articles

МЕТОДИКА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ГЕОПРОСТОРОВОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

In the context of studying tourist resources and building an attractive tourist image of the country, such a type of tourism as military will play an important role. Military tourism is tourism at the sites of battles and historical battles for all interested parties, as well as for veterans and relatives of fallen soldiers, visits to existing and historical military facilities and training grounds, combat naval ships, submarines on training grounds and shooting ranges, participation in military exercises and maneuvers, staying at training grounds as spectators – a military tour, these can also include tours to visit military concentration camps and prisons. At the same time, military tourism in Ukraine is not sufficiently developed. As one of the belligerent states in the Second World War and the birthplace of Eastern European culture, Ukraine not only has deep historical and cultural traditions, but also has an atmosphere of modernization as well as its own culture. Ukraine has preserved a large number of Soviet military facilities, weapons and equipment, including extremely unique nuclear facilities, military factories, military sites. to serve not only as a thematic subject of tourism development, but also as an appropriate addition to Ukrainian tourism as a whole. The article examines the concept of “military tourism”, defines the factors affecting the development of military tourism, formulates the goals and principles of the development of military tourism, presents the theoretical foundations of the study of the geospatial organization of military tourism in Ukraine, identifies the directions and problems of the development of military tourism, and gives an assessment of the current level the development of military tourism in Ukraine, the assessment of the impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of the country as a whole, the prospective directions of the development of military tourism were determined, the algorithm for the integration of the regional tourist space into various forms of national tourism was analyzed, and the geographical prerequisites for the distribution of tourist resources for the effective organization of military tourism were also identified. The author substantiates the necessity of developing and applying the concept of military tourism in Ukraine in the region. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems and prospects for the development of military tourism in Ukraine using the example of monuments of the Second World War. The article uses such general scientific methods of research as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the systematic method, which are based on reliable facts, the collection and analysis of which was carried out using methods based on the observation and study of military tourism activities.

Ռազմական զբոսաշրջության բազմավեկտոր զարգացումը / Multi-Vector Development of Military Tourism

As a modern type of tourism military tourism is one of the most interesting types of recreation for a modern tourist. It is a trip to the most famous places of military operations in each country. Military tourism is at the active stage of its development. This type of tourism is becoming increasingly popular due to military conflicts that occur around the world. The experience of foreign countries shows that military tourism pays off quickly. Military tourism contributes to the preservation of the values and traditions of military history, the promotion of the military-historical heritage of the region to the tourist market. The RA and NKR have a rich potential for the development of military tourism requiring careful preparation and organization, after which it can satisfy the needs of tourists and become a highly developed type of tourism. With the development of military tourism in the Republic of Armenia and the NKR, it is possible to increase the patriotic level and tourist competitiveness resulting from the increase in tourist display facilities and their availability. This in turn will contribute to the development of the regional economy due to the increase in jobs and the expansion of tourism infrastructure, especially in border settlements.

Increased Interest in Military Tourism on Selected Examples from the Area of Northern and Northeastern Poland

Military tourism is one of the forms of tourism that is not sufficiently researched throughout Poland. It is only in recent years, after the period of political transformation, that interest in this phenomenon has been growing every year. This research has aimed to indicate the possibilities of military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland. It includes an analysis of data concerning the Naval Museum in Gdynia, the "Wolf's Lair" Fortress in Gierloz and an example of a military event - an air show, which took place on the premises of the 44th Airborne Museum in Gdynia. Results of the analysis of the military tourism development in northern and northeastern Poland indicate that military sites and military-themed events attract considerable tourist traffic and play an important role in the overall development of tourism.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article reveals the concept of military tourism. It is determined that military tourism is tourism on the battlefields and historical battles for all concerned, as well as for veterans and relatives of fallen soldiers, visits to existing and historical military facilities and training grounds, warships, submarines, military equipment, shooting from weapons on training grounds and shooting ranges, participation in military exercises and maneuvers, stay on training grounds as spectators – military tour, these also include tours to visit military concentration camps and prisons. Scientists have identified several classifications of subspecies of military tourism. Military tourism is military-historical, arms, military tourism, military tourism. There is also another classification of the division of military tourism into military-cognitive, military-adventure tourism, military-historical reconstructions of hostilities, illegal tours directly to the zone of military conflict. According to another approach, military tourism should be divided into three functional groups, taking into account the purpose and value orientations of tourists, as well as the emotional context of the trip: military-historical tourism, military tourism and military-event tourism. The resource base of military tourism in Ukraine is represented by objects of historical and cultural heritage of the princely era, the Cossacks, as well as the First, Second World and Civil Wars in the form of remnants of fortresses, defensive ramparts, graves, monuments and memorials to fallen soldiers and fellow villagers, places of executions or battles, military history museums, relevant exhibitions and festivals, military hotels. But not only visiting historical sites related to military events includes military tourism, but also tourists often want to try to shoot with weapons, ride tanks, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, as well as life in the military and participation in military training programs. In Ukraine, only one route has been developed and operates in the Transcarpathian region. It is established that military tourism in Ukraine is not fully mastered, but at the same time promising.

Fortresses as Specific Areas of Urban Greenery Defining the Uniqueness of the Urban Cultural Landscape: Warsaw Fortress—A Case Study

The term “fortress landscape” is a holistic one which involves coverage and terrain adapted for defensive purposes. The specificity of the historical heritage of the Polish cultural landscape is expressed in a great number of such objects, some of which have been absorbed by its cities. A case in point is the Warsaw Fortress. A significant part of its fortification has survived to this day. Due to its spatial structure, manner of use and condition, the Fortress constitutes a valuable element of Warsaw’s natural system. At the same time, it should be noted that this element is important due to being a tourist attraction and is an example of qualified military tourism. Military tourism is one of the most popular types of modern tourism. Its elements are frequently integrated into the urban green area system. Moreover, due to its specific spatial structure, the Fortress provides a unique element enriching the cultural landscape of the city. In this paper, a historical background of the Warsaw Fortress is analyzed with a special emphasis on its cultural value and public perception. The methods used in the study include a cultural value assessment, the WNET method, a survey questionnaire and both PCA and PCC statistical methods. The analysis showed that the landscape value of the Fortress received 70% of the maximum possible rating in the conducted survey. What is more, the Warsaw Fortress was also evaluated using all the assessment criteria. The study shows that the entry of the fortress elements into the city’s natural system is perceived as being valuable, although it often lacks a specific program. Consequently, the Warsaw Fortress should be subject to landscape protection with a view towards revitalization, along with introducing a recreational program.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID -19

The aim of the study is to reveal the problems of development of the tourist potential of military tourism in Ukraine in modern conditions, including the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic. Research methodology. It consists first of all in finding analysis and generalization of materials of relevant sources in both Ukrainian and foreign languages (English, Polish). The method of comparison is also used, in particular in the characterization of the tourist potential of the Arpad Line and the Molotov Line. Statistical methods were used in the preparation of tables. Results. The research reflects, first, the potential tourist resource of the period of Kamianets-Podilskyi's stay in the status of the capital of the United Ukrainian State (UPR and WUPR) during the liberation struggles of 1917-1920; secondly, the tourist potential of World War II defense facilities on the example of the Arpad Line (which was built by the Hungarians but is now in Ukraine) and the Molotov Line (which was built by the USSR in the then territory of Ukraine, but is now in Poland); thirdly, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the development of the restaurant business as a component of the tourism industry in Ukraine, Kyiv and other cities. Scientific novelty. It consists in characterizing the resource potential of military tourism on the example of Kamianets-Podilskyi, as the capital of United Ukraine during the liberation struggle in 1917-1920, as well as in performing a comparative characteristic of the Arpad Line and the Molotov Line as a resource bases for military tourism development in Ukraine. and neighboring countries (Poland, Hungary). This material is considered in connection with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism, in particular on the restaurant industry. Practical significance. Implemented through the characterization of events and objects of military history of Ukraine for the development of military tourism as its resource base and more active use in domestic and cross-border tourism exchange, in particular under the Covid-19 pandemic influence. The practical significance of the article is directly related to the development of tourism in Kamianets-Podilskyi, where it is recommended by us to more actively use the past of this city as the capital of the United Ukraine during the liberation struggle for tourism development in the city and Podillya region, in particular in excursion activities (new excursions on relevant topics), military-historical reconstructions and games, etc. with appropriate marketing and advertising support. The same can be recommended in the case of tourist use of the Arpad Line in Ukraine (for Ukrainian, Hungarian and tourists from other countries) and the Molotov Line (to intensify the Ukrainian-Polish tourist trans-border exchange).

Military-Tourism as an Innovative Direction of Extreme and Cognitive-Entertaining Tourism

The purpose of the study is the theoretical justification of military-tourism as an innovative direction for the extreme and cognitive-entertaining tourism. The methodology of the study involves an analysis of the main theoretical positions and principles of the military-tourism functioning, its place in tourist and recreational activities, the definition of the main criteria and principles of the military tourism classification. The scientific novelty lies in a substantial analysis of theoretical and methodological foundations for the assessment of the military-tourism potential, classification of military monuments and their roles in the military-tour organization, highlighting the world experience in the military tourism organizing, identifing the problems of the military tourism development, projecting and substantiation of promising ways of developing military tourism in Ukraine. Requirements for military tours are developed. The expediency of implementation of the basic military tourism organizing principles in the tourist-recreational activities is substantiated. The classification of military-tourism as an innovative direction of extreme and cognitive-entertaining tourism is presented.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

The constant interest of people in military history, historical battles, battles and other military heritage promotes military tourism. However, despite the presence of a certain array of research and publications on various aspects of the development of this type of tourism, basic research in terms of defining and classifying types of military tourism, the geography of military tourism in Ukraine is not identified. Therefore, theoretical studies of the essence of military tourism, as well as the potential and opportunities for the development of this type of tourism in Ukraine are timely and relevant. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the main theoretical provisions and principles of military tourism, covered in domestic and foreign scientific publications. It is proposed to understand military tourism as one of the types of tourism, which involves visiting historical and modern military sites / institutions / locations, attracting tourists to the realities of modern military life, in safe military events or their historical reconstructions, etc. Among the tasks of military trism, its importance is clarified, first of all, for the patriotic upbringing of young people, especially in modern conditions, when the heroism and love of freedom of ancestors comes to life in Ukrainian soldiers who defend the country from Russian aggression. The main motives of tourists for military travel are described. The typification of the main criteria and principles of classification of military tourism in tourist activity is given. The author's classification of types of military tourism is offered, according to which military-historical, military and military-event types of tourism are distinguished. «Military» places and locations of Ukraine were monitored. This allowed to identify potentially popular for tourists objects: ramparts, fortresses, castles, castles, bastions, forts, defensive monasteries, temples, cathedrals, fortresses, defensive lines, battlefields, battles and military glory, which are associated with feats of national heroes, museums, memorial complexes, monuments dedicated to military themes, dioramas, bunkers, bunkers, DOTs, trenches, remnants of equipment, etc., which can be used in the development of new tourist products of military tourism.

The Atomic City: Military Tourism and Urban Identity in Postwar Hiroshima

The Atomic City:Military Tourism and Urban Identity in Postwar Hiroshima Ran Zwigenberg (bio) When the first American troops entered Hiroshima in September 1945, they did so in full battle gear with drawn bayonets.1 Neither Americans nor Japanese knew what to expect from these first encounters in Hiroshima’s nuclear wasteland. Residents feared Americans would rape and pillage their town. Women were told not to wear flashy clothes, men not to wear watches. Some even escaped to the countryside.2 One of the first actions taken by Hiroshima’s police and military was, as in other parts of Japan, to set up official “comfort stations” for the Americans in order to prevent “misunderstandings” and protect the virtue of Hiroshima’s women.3 Far from being a site of further conflict, however, Hiroshima soon became a tourist site. In the months after these first encounters, guns were quickly replaced with cameras as a small but steady stream of military personnel started to descend on the destroyed city. The first thing that many occupation soldiers in the area did was “to borrow jeeps and go there,” and many from farther afield regularly stopped at the city.4 The move from bayonets to cameras paralleled a remarkable “U-turn” in US military attitudes toward Japan. Soldiers who were told to expect a vengeful and treacherous foe were now told to show a friendly face and act as “unofficial ambassadors of the United States” and as “the salesm[e]n of democracy.”5 Military tourism in Hiroshima, as in all of occupied Japan, was seen as a tool in transforming Japan from a bitter foe into a trusted ally and a democratic “peace nation” (heiwa kokka).6 Although Japan’s turn to pacifism had genuine popular support, there existed clear power dynamics behind such benign rhetoric. The occupation, to use John Dower’s words, was “the last immodest exercise in the colonial conceit known as the white man’s burden.”7 In many ways, Hiroshima tourism was reminiscent of colonial sightseeing and the historically familiar exercise of Westerners’ power and privilege over conquered and colonized Asians. Such attitudes often dovetailed with triumphant narratives about the bomb’s power and America’s scientific prowess. Calling the city “A-bomb Hiroshima,” as the city was designated in early publications, “ironically [End Page 617] confirmed the view that world peace was to be produced and maintained by menacing military force and technological mastery.”8 Significantly, however, the occupation’s mission of transforming Japan was embraced by the local authorities in Hiroshima, as both Americans and Japanese sought to regulate and benefit from tourism to the city. Tourism, this essay argues, played an important role in a joint US-Japanese campaign to reinterpret Hiroshima’s tragedy along lines acceptable to the emerging American Cold War agenda. Hiroshima’s huge symbolic importance made narrating and interpreting the site an imperative for both local elites and the occupation authorities. Hiroshima, once a city that prided itself on its unique relationship to the Japanese Empire and military, was now presented in postwar publications as a born-again city of peace. The tourism industry in Hiroshima reflected and affirmed these shared narratives. Like the tourist industry in France, examined by Christopher Endy, tourism in Hiroshima became a tool of “Cold War consumer diplomacy.”9 However, the peculiarities of encouraging tourism in Hiroshima, a site of mass death perpetrated by the United States—now Japan’s Cold War ally—made this mission fraught with difficulties.10 These difficulties were further complicated by the very different attitudes displayed by the military and other Allied personnel who visited the city. Hiroshima was experienced very differently “from below,” by GIs of different backgrounds who had their own ideas and impressions of Hiroshima. Positive and upbeat narratives of reconciliation and hope did not square with the shock of these GIs who encountered Hiroshima for the first time or, on the other hand, with GIs’ shameless hunting for atomic souvenirs and lingering hostility toward the Japanese. The gap between tourist narratives and experiences, as well as the many inconsistencies and contradictions between different guides, this essay argues, reveals the ambiguities inherent in A-bomb tourism and the...

‘The Geometry of Innocence Flesh on the Bone’: The Body as Souvenir in Beatrice Grimshaw's Travel Writing

Beatrice Grimshaw, an Irish writer and tourist promoter, collected indigenous body parts as touristic souvenirs. Although Grimshaw bought and stole various physiological remnants, I focus on a head which she purchased on Papua's Sepik River in 1923. Grimshaw's acquisition is discussed in relation to body parts and modernist fragmentation – that sense of centripetal anarchy and discontinuity that was so prevalent during much of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Buying indigenous body parts was an attempt to project not only the desire for/fear of death, but also feelings of psychical/physical disunity onto the Other. The Other as the site of brokenness, death, horizontality confirms the self as a breathing, unified, vertical whole. The head as souvenir, however, is a slippery presence. It incorporates a mobility that the white colonial tourist can never fully shackle. As is stated from the outset, the framework within which this paper has been researched and written is the current Iraq War, a situation that illustrates all too clearly the abject lack of cultural change vis-À-vis the body of the indigenous Other in extreme forms of tourism, the colonial tourism of the early 20th century and the military tourism of the 21st.

American diplomacy revisited: is “military tourism” essential?

The US foreign service was a civilian process until the end of the Second World War. Since then, the armed forces have encroached on the State Department's diplomatic mission. The Goldwater‐Nichols Act of 1986 authorized worldwide “Commands” in the Department of Defense. This left to the uniformed heads of the Commands the latitude – and funds – to usurp more of the diplomats’ foreign‐affairs authority within their geographic areas. It is time to change this strategy.

Remaking the Conquering Heroes: The Social and Geopolitical Impact of the Post-War American Occupation of Germany

The American occupation of Germany has long fascinated students of postwar German history. Scholars agree that American influence played a major role in the Federal Republic of Germany's political and cultural rehabilitation after 1945. John Willoughby's goal in his short book (151 pages of text) is to show that the impact on the Americans was no less significant. Willoughby argues that the domestication of American troops, from undisciplined, sexually predatory “conquerors” to semipermanent residents, living with their families in large settlements and participating in a range of tourist and social activities, helped change American attitudes toward armies of occupation and the use of their forces to extend American influence overseas. In connecting the grass-roots experience of soldiers with strategic and foreign policy decision making, Willoughby aims to trace “the social and institutional origins of the postwar world” by encouraging “the social historian and the student of American studies to enter the fields of diplomatic and military history.” The strengths of the book lie in his relating of issues that have heretofore received little common attention. For example, he links the question of army desegregation with the occupation. African Americans made up a disproportionate segment of the army during the first postwar years (upwards of 15 percent), thanks to rotation schedules that favored white soldiers (who, because of discriminatory policies against African Americans, were most likely to have seen combat) and to restrictions on where African Americans could be sent. This led some officers to demand the total recall of African Americans from Europe, breeding tension within the Pentagon and the army command in Germany that would eventually force the army to confront its racial problem directly. Similarly, “fraternization” between American soldiers and German women forced the army to pursue policies that would stabilize the lives of American soldiers. Such policies led to an opening of military tourism and the encouragement of family unification in Germany, creating the more domesticated army that both satisfied the concerns of the Germans and reconciled Americans to “the idea that the world required their military presence.” Even if one challenges the causal connection between domestication of the soldiers and American foreign policy, Willoughby's analysis suggests that there are indeed places where the study of social questions can help readers understand the forces behind policy change.