Military Sphere Research Articles

Humanitarian activities of the Turkish Consulate in Kazan during the COVID-19 growing

Countries help each other within the framework of a certain policy, which is the basis for establishing friendly relations between states. In the past, such assistance was mainly concentrated in the military sphere as to provide an advantage on the battlefields to the opposite side. Nowadays, international organizations, as well as advanced states, help each other in various fields. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemiс in March 2020, the importance of cooperation and mutual help has become more tangible and clear. In this paper, the author tried to reveal how to evaluate assistance during an outbreak of morbidity, using the example of the General Consulate of the Republic of Turkey in Kazan, and considered the regional results of this aid.

The Eurasian vector of development of the Russian Federation: exodus to the East

In the foreign policy and economy of the Russian Federation, the coordinate system is being turned to the East. This logic fits into the framework of the Eurasian ideology. It also correlates with China’s desire to create a global center of confrontation with the United States. This problem is being actualized through a special military operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine and a “hybrid war” with the countries of the collective West. The formation of new blocs, the “Eastern Entente” leads to a change in the geopolitics of Eurasia and the world as a whole. Within the framework of the research, the author uses the following methods: historical, geopolitical and civilizational approaches, concrete historical, observation and generalization, systemic socio-political and ethnic analysis, synthesis. In the conclusions, the author comes to the opinion about the need to reformat existing supranational integration projects in the post-Soviet space, transform the architecture of relations in the political, economic and military spheres with the countries of East and Southeast Asia, and apply the Eurasian ideology as a state-forming one.

COMPATIBILITY OF STATE BORDER GUARD AND NATIONAL ARMED FORCES IN THE STATE OF EXCEPTION OR WAR SITUATION

National armed forces of the Republic of Latvia in the state of exception or war situation. To achieve the aim, following objectives were defined: to state current status of military training in State border guard, to compare State border guard equipment, armament, procedures and training with National armed forces ones, to make proposals for improvement of current compatibility. Following research methods were used: monographic or descriptive method, document analysis, logic- constructive method, analytic method. Within the topic of military compatibility research, the author thoroughly examined State border guard tasks in military sphere, the cooperation between both institutions and the compatibility of State border guard and National armed forces.

The policy of Germany in military sphere: drift from the concept of “strategic restraint”?

The policy of Germany in military sphere: drift from the concept of “strategic restraint”?

On the issue of legal liability for war crimes

The article examines the issues of legal liability for war crimes. The article aims to analyze certain provisions of the current legislation on legal liability for military offenses. The author analyzes the current legislation providing for legal provisions for military administrative and criminal offenses, as well as the provisions of the draft new version of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
 The analysis of the legislation on legal liability for military offenses shows that it needs to be improved. The significant increase in military crime between 2014 and the present requires bringing certain provisions of the statutes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Code of Administrative Offenses, and the Criminal Code of Ukraine in line with the needs of today. Currently, there is a request from military authorities and military command for more effective legislation in the military sphere, the legal norms of which would contribute to a more effective fight against military crime, one of the ways of which should be the prevention of military offenses.
 The article draws attention to the need for a more effective mechanism for combating war crime aimed at preventing military offenses. The scientific analysis is prompted by the issues of further legislative improvement of the norms providing for legal liability for military offenses.

CRIMES MILITARES DOLOSOS CONTRA A VIDA DE CIVIL: ATRIBUIÇÃO INVESTIGATIVA DA POLÍCIA JUDICIÁRIA MILITAR

The Federal Constitution (FC) in its art. 144 established the duties of public security bodies. Ordinarily, the work of the judicial police was the responsibility of the Civil Police of the States and the Federal Police, however, there is an exception, provided for in §4 of the aforementioned constitutional article, where, when establishing the attributions of the Civil Police, the constituent excluded investigations of military criminal offences for this body. Those are carried out by the Military Judiciary Police. Throughout the 1990s, a series of events involving military police officers in the death of civilians led to a change in military criminal legislation through Law 9.299/96, which altered the competence for judging intentional military crimes against civilian life, shifting that of military justice to common justice. This shift in competence led to an interpretation that intentional crimes against civilian life committed by state soldiers would no longer be military crimes. This fact led the Association of Police Delegates (ADEPOL) to question the constitutionality of Law 9.299/96, in particular the amendments to art. 82 of the Code of Military Criminal Procedure, which made it clear that the change established in the forum did not alter the nature of military crime and, therefore, maintained the attribution of judicial police in the military sphere. The STF understood that the aforementioned article and its amendments were constitutional, however, the subject was not extinguished, the consequences of this matter reverberate until today, more than 25 years after the enactment of Law 9.299/96, where the discussion of who should conduct the police inquiry is still fierce, with inquiries being instituted both in the civil police and in the military police, when the fact involves a crime against the life of a civilian committed by a police officer.

Matias de la Fuente en Chile: Antecedentes de un comerciante tarapaqueno en Talcahuano y Concepcion (1809-1818)

The De la Fuente and Gutiérrez de la Fuente families, possessors of some of the greatest fortunes in Tarapacá, have been studied in Peruvian and northern Chilean historiography, as recent articles, and book chapters of an academic and historical-genealogical nature show. However, their time in Chile, their commercial activities and their actions in the political and military spheres are practically unknown, despite the fact that they ended up joining the more affluent groups and even the national Creole elite within the emancipatory situation. In this article, we propose to present the figure of Matías de la Fuente y Palacios, his passage through the province of Concepción in a complex context –national independence, 1808-1818– where he worked as a merchant, producer of gunpowder and quartermaster– military. He was always loyal to Ferdinand VII, until his withdrawal in 1818 when the royalist forces based in Talcahuano decided to return to Callao, Peru. Shortly after, he continued to collaborate with the monarchist cause from Europe. Despite this, the bond between both families remained within Chilean –and Peruvian– political and economic life until after the emancipation of both American nations through his only daughter and her nephews.

The importance of the state military policy of the Central Rada in the modern development of the Ukrainian army.

The article examines the scientific significance of the state military policy of the Central Council. It outlines the deployment of the military movement and the activities of the military bodies of the People's Republic of Ukraine. The significance and influence of the experience of the military policy of the Central Council for the present-day development of the state is delineated. Normative activity in the military sphere during the period of the Central Council and Independent Ukraine is analyzed. The issue of the legal, financial, and social situation of the military personnel of the Armed Forces between 1917 and 1919 is highlighted. The military legal norms of the period together with the military norms from the Independence of Ukraine are analyzed. The need to supplement these documents is proven, in particular by a detailed description of the role and function of the military personnel in the military formations as a component of military security policy. It is emphasized that the main priority in the national security system is the development, preservation, provision, and improvement of the regulatory and legal acts. The basic documents that defined the state policy of national security during the Central Council period as well as their significance for the present-day development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are analyzed.

PROBLEMS OF USING AUTONOMOUS MILITARY AI AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF RUSSIA'S MILITARY AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE

The application of modern technologies with artificial intelligence (AI) in all spheres of human life is growing exponentially alongside concern for its controllability. The lack of public, state, and international control over AI technologies creates large-scale risks of using such software and hardware that (un)intentionally harm humanity. The events of recent month and years, specifically regarding the Russian Federation’s war against its democratic neighbour Ukraine and other international conflicts of note, support the thesis that the uncontrolled use of AI, especially in the military sphere, may lead to deliberate disregard for the moral standards of controlled AI or the spontaneous emergence of aggressive autonomous AI. The development of legal regulation for the use of technologies with AI is prolonged concerning the rapid development of these artefacts, which simultaneously cover all areas of public relations. Therefore, control over the creation and use of AI should be carried out not only by purely technical regulation (e.g., technical standards and conformance assessments, corporate and developer regulations, requirements enforced through industry-wide ethical codes); but also by comprehensive legislation and intergovernmental oversight bodies that codify and enforce specific changes in the rights and duties of legal persons. This article shall present the “Morality Problem” and “Intentionality Problem” of AI, and reflect upon various lacunae that arise when implementing AI for military purposes.

Gossip, guerrilla intelligence, and women’s war work in Anna Burns’ Milkman

ABSTRACT In Anna Burns’ Milkman (2018) the danger of the sectarian conflict largely confines women’s labour to domestic spaces: childrearing, homemaking and, where women do participate in the conflict, emergency homemade medical care and alerting paramilitaries of danger. The novel takes place in distinctly female spaces as we see the Troubles from within kitchens and sitting rooms, from side-ways glances, heads kept down and rushed walks home. This paper argues argue that Burns highlights a significant way women participated in the conflict: through speech, namely gossip. Gossip constitutes a kind of verbal labour and feminine guerrilla intelligence in the novel as it spreads information and allegiances within the community outside of the traditional and masculine military sphere. The novel recognises both the importance of gossip as a legitimate way women participate in conflict from within approved domestic spaces and illustrates the destructive nature of gossip on the individual. While overlooked as non-military actors, Burns highlights how women’s role in upholding their community’s power structures through gossip is key to maintaining paramilitary power and their own survival, making it a significant, if concealed, form of labour.

The U.S. - German relations in political and military spheres in 2022: cooperation or competition?

Disengagement between the West and the non-West has been becoming more and more noticeable by the early 2020s. The key examples of it are the confrontations between the Euro-Atlantic community and Russia, the USA, its partners and China, degradation of relations between the West and Iran. In such situation cohesion between the liberal democracies should increase. But the Euro-Atlantic faced the phenomena of Trumpism and Brexit. In this regard the article tries to explore the elements of cooperation and competition for the US-German relations in political and military spheres during late February - early November 2022. The article stresses the absence of purely bilateral contacts at the highest level of the dialogue. The determination is shown in the context of the Biden administration’s policy named as «soft hegemony», the US expectations regarding the supply of German weapons to Kyiv. The paper compares the US and German approaches to manning NATO military groupings, especially Forward Presence Force. In 2022 Berlin tries to act symmetrically to the USA. Germany has taken into account the US expectations for growing European member states’ participation in NATO`s activities but at the same time skillfully realized its own ambitions as power. The article also analyses the ratio of approaches on the example of decisions of NATO`s Madrid summit (2022, June) decisions.

ЮРИДИЧНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ЗА ЗЛОЧИНИ: ДО ПИТАННЯ ЩОДО ВИДОВОГО ПОДІЛУ ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ

The external aggression of totalitarian anti-democratic states against Ukraine is, among other things, caused by internal factors, including the crisis of democratic institutions and, above all, the conflicts that existed in the soviet system of law and have been recapitulated in the law of postsoviet countries. Ukraine's example of societal transformation is perhaps the most striking, as the imperial nature of power in the form of corruption, authoritarianism, repression, and disregard for rights and freedoms has also affected the newly formed Ukrainian political and economic environment. The military sphere, and especially the institution of legal responsibility of the military, is no exception, as it is extremely corruption- and crime-prone due to its isolation, conservatism, and multivector risks associated with both personal characteristics and the environment itself. Therefore, it requires urgent reform in accordance with NATO standards. However, this cannot be done without reforming the entire system of Ukrainian legislation. In accordance with the postulates of jurisprudence and practical necessity, the article substantiates the need to ensure legal certainty in the use of the terms "crime", "administrative offense", "disciplinary offense" in Ukrainian legislation, which are basic for the institution of legal liability. The author provides arguments in favor of distinguishing between the subject matter and grounds of liability for a crime, liability for an administrative offense and liability for a disciplinary offense in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine. Proposals are made to create codified regulations governing various spheres of social and economic life and, above all, the military sphere.

Еволюція військового співробітництва України та Польщі

The article investigates the evolution of interstate relations between Ukraine and Poland in the military sphere. The military cooperation between the countries began with the signing of the Agreement between the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Poland and the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in February 1993. The relations between the states reached the level of strategic partnership in 1996, after the signing of a joint declaration by the Presidents of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland. The joint Ukrainian-Polish military unit for participation in international peacekeeping and humanitarian operations under the auspices of international organizations was created in 1997. The military cooperation between the countries increased with Poland’s joining NATO and the EU. The joint military exercises conducted by Ukraine and Poland contributed to the practical assimilation of Western operational standards, modern practices and approaches implemented in the Ukrainian army. It has been found that there were regular bilateral meetings between Ukraine and Poland at the level of the leadership of the defense departments. A number of agreements on military-technical cooperation were signed, and annual internships and training were held in higher educational institutions of the Republic of Poland and Ukraine. It has been found out that over the past 30 years, Polish-Ukrainian cooperation has been built on mutually beneficial terms in the military sphere, and relations have deepened every year. With the beginning of the full-scale war of Russia against Ukraine, military cooperation between the countries reached the highest level of development during the years of independence. Poland, as a member of NATO and the EU, contributes to the establishment of military cooperation between Ukraine and European structures. This cooperation is an example for other countries in the conditions of Ukraine’s war with the Russian Federation.

FORMATION OF A DATASET OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS FOR ENSURING DATA CONFIDENTIALITY TRANSFERRED FROM RECONNAISSANCE AND SEARCH UAV

The rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has significantly changed the conduct of military operations and warfare strategies, offering numerous advantages in terms of intelligence, surveillance and combat capabilities. The use of UAV in the military sphere provides more complete situational awareness, operational efficiency and reduces risks to personnel. In addition, in the field of intelligence and surveillance, UAV have revolutionized the context of intelligence gathering. Equipped with the latest image processing systems, sensors and high-resolution cameras, they can conduct real-time aerial photography, monitor enemy activity and gather critical intelligence without putting the military at risk. UAV make it possible to conduct long-term operations in conditions of secrecy, providing commanders with valuable information for making strategic decisions. However, the issue of ensuring the confidentiality of critical data collected using UAV remains unresolved. With this in mind, in this paper universal dataset of cryptographic algorithms was created, it uses a neural network to select the optimal encryption algorithm. To form such a dataset, it was necessary to evaluate the speed of the crypto algorithms, their cryptographic security and other parameters. The developed dataset in synthesis with a neural network can be used to select the optimal crypto algorithm depending on the operating conditions. In further research, the authors plan to determine the criteria for using the generated dataset by neural networks and develop a knowledge base for neural network training.

A Review of Deep Reinforcement Learning Methods and Military Application Research

In the area of artificial intelligence, deep reinforcement learning has grown in significance. It has accomplished extraordinary feats and offers a fresh approach to previously challenging challenges, such as controlling a robotic arm and discovering game strategies. The two primary categories of deep reinforcement learning methods—deep reinforcement learning based on value function and deep reinforcement learning based on policy gradient—are initially explained in this study. The limitations of current approaches and the difficulties faced by deep reinforcement learning methods in related domains are further sorted out, and then the future application directions of deep reinforcement learning methods in the military sphere are examined. Finally, a growing trend for deep reinforcement learning techniques is anticipated in military applications.

Американская оккупация Ирака и проблема шиитского активизма

Introduction. The article analyzes the reasons and prerequisites for the political activation of the struggle of the Shiites of Iraq for their rights under the American occupation during the reign of the Provisional Coalition Administration of Paul Bremer. The article studies the main activities of the American occupation authorities in 2003 and 2004 to «democratize» post- Saddam Iraq in the political, economic and military spheres and their results, which led to an increase in anti-American sentiments among the Shiite population. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of sources consisting of the memoirs of the American official P. Bremer and the Iraqi politician A. Allawi, which allow a comparative analysis of the goals and objectives of the American occupation administration and their implementation, from the point of view of the Shiite community in Iraq. Analysis. An important part is the analysis of the state of the Shiite community and the struggle for influence between the leading political leaders of religious Shiites who defended different ways of development of post-Saddam Iraq on the examples of the activities of Ayatollahs Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, Abdul Majid al-Khoi and Mullah Muqtada al-Sadr. Results. It is concluded that the events in the spring of 2004 with the epicenter in Nejef became the highest manifestation of the intensification of the Shiite struggle for their rights in post-Saddam Iraq. The compromise reached with Muqtada al-Sadr not only brought him to the forefront of influential Iraqi politicians, but also meant the actual failure of the initial US plans to democratize Iraq according to Western patterns. With his decisive actions, Muqtada al-Sadr demonstrated the attitude of the Shiites to defend a place corresponding to their position in the future structure of Iraq, which inevitably led to an aggravation of ethno-confessional confrontation with other communities such as Sunnis and Kurds.

Chinese Policy in Latin America: Lessons and Risks for Spain

In the past two decades, Latin American countries and China have strengthened cooperation in such areas as politics, economy, finance, culture, and military sphere. In these relations each party pursues its own goals: China, for example, is looking for access to new sources of raw materials and markets, as well as support on some sensitive issues on the international agenda, such as the problem of human rights or the status of Taiwan. Latin America seeks new sources of finance, and technology, as well as the diversification of foreign policy ties. Sino-Latin American relations are most active in the sphere of economy, investment and lending, that increases the interdependence between China and the countries of the region and even the dependence on Chinese funding. At the same time, despite gradual growth, social and cultural contacts between parties remain limited, and that constrains the development of mutual understanding between them. The strengthening of Beijing's position in Latin America logically arouses Spain's fears, as the region has always been a historical space for its foreign policy; Spain's position and attractiveness there are gradually declining. However, since cooperation with China contributes to the development of Latin American countries, it can play a positive role for Spain and creates an opportunity for building ties between Spanish and Chinese institutions. Thus, the article is devoted to the problem of the influence of the development of Sino-Latin American relations on the role of Spain as a traditional foreign policy partner of the region. The authors conclude that in the context of the growth of partnership between Latin America and China, Spain will have to look for ways to cooperate with Chinese entities, trying to maintain its role in the region and derive benefits from such cooperation.

Արհեստական բանականության տեխնոլոգիայով սպառազինությունների արտադրության արդյունավետության հարցեր / Issues of effective Artificial Intelligence-implemented arms production

The artificial intelligence (IA)-implemented armament has globally grown into a key factor providing for strategic balance of powers. Every state pushes for positioning itself as a full-fledged participant in global technological race, in pursuit of economic, and military, and geopolitical advantages in the sphere of AI development. In such conditions, small states (especially those dealing with serious security problems) cannot stand aside, and also strive to replenish their military and military-political arsenal with “smart” weapons or accumulate the necessary potential for their own development and production of AI technologies. However, in terms of small states, the problem becomes noticeably more intricate, since they encounter the need to choose not only between imports and production, but also decide on the area of greater focus on the AI development – civilian or military. The research herein was conducted with the aim of contemplating on the effectiveness of the AI-implemented “smart” weapons production and determining the feasibility for such small states with major security problems like Armenia, investing funds in the development of the local military industry with a focus on the arms imports. One of the important issues is predicting the time to reach such a level of local arms production at which it will be possible to ensure the security of one’s own country. To this end, the author has studied academic approaches to the reallocation of military spending on the production of “smart” weapons, and identified the advantages of AI-based weapons in solving defense and security problems. The findings of the study allow us to conclude that from the perspective of solving defense-security tasks the peculiarities of the geo-economic environment in Armenia require that all the resources be directed towards the development of AI technologies with a focus on their application in the military sphere. That is the only direction the development of which will make room for saving military spending and the most efficient use of the limited budget, as well as modernize the armed forces to the earliest possible time.

Технологія використання тривимірних моделей місцевості в єдиному геоінформаційному середовищі Збройних Сил України

B a c k g r o u n d . The use of three-dimensional terrain modeling by commanders during their decision-making during the execution of assigned tasks will allow them to gain a tactical advantage on the battlefield. Given the current lack of a methodological foundation for justifying the methodology of constructing three-dimensional terrain models for use in the geoinformation subsystems of the Automated Control System of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (ACS AFU), as well as the practical absence of a modern information system for storing and publishing such data, the research objective is the development of a technology for using three-dimensional terrain models with modern geoinformation technologies to enhance decision- making efficiency during planning and the execution of tasks by military units. M e t h o d s . We employed methods such as analysis of scientific and reference literature on the research problem to determine its relevance, systematization, and generalization of scientific information, as well as a systemic analysis of current guidelines for creating and using three-dimensional terrain models in the development of technology for the placement and utilization of three-dimensional models on a geospatial portal. R e s u l t s . Considering the experiences of leading countries worldwide, contemporary approaches to organizing spatial monitoring systems, geospatial modeling tasks, and the diverse requirements posed on various components when creating a unified information space, the use of threedimensional terrain models is justified to enhance the efficiency of task execution by units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In the military sphere, three-dimensional terrain models can be applied to improve the computational tasks of artillery units, visualize defense and offensive operations, conduct combat actions in urban areas (3D modeling of buildings and structures), and create special maps with pseudo-three-dimensional representations of terrain forms, and more. C o n c l u s i o n s . The technology proposed in this work for the placement and use of three-dimensional models can be applied in the process of information filling for the components of the geospatial portal of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

“Всеобъемлющая концепция модернизации Бундесвера”

As a key regional player, Germany can make a significant contribution to the defense of NATO and the EU. By employing militarily and politically the essential ground forces, which can form the basis when organizing the defense of other members of the Alliance, in the context of the application of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, Germany’s policy on Bundeswehr reform and the costs of this reform deserve special attention. Whereas in the second track, the vector of work as well as the amount of military aid is very clear, in the case of the armed forces reform there are certain peculiarities. After a long period of stagnation and underfunding of the German Army, the trend is reversed. Today, the German politico-military leadership is striving to achieve more sovereignty and autonomy in the military sphere. As of 2022, the Bundeswehr is an active participant in NATO’s international missions and operations. It forms the backbone of the Alliance’s rapid reaction force in Eastern Europe, cooperating with other Eastern European states on the intergovernmental level. There is also an active partnership through Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in the context of the Common Security and Defense Policy within the European Union. The prospect of implementing the set of reforms opens a window of opportunity for Germany to increase its national politico-military capabilities in Europe, which could be realized in the field of consolidating the country as one of the regional hegemons. Besides, within the framework of the new NATO Concept, there is a provision of building up the rapid reaction force on the eastern border of the Alliance, which is actively supported by the Bundeswehr. This could lead to an even greater escalation of the conflict between NATO and the Russian Federation.