Military Sites Research Articles

Military and Ethnic Identity Through Pottery: A Study of Batavian Units in Dacia and Pannonia

Abstract Natives of the Low Rhine region, the Batavi were a community of ethnic soldiers engaged in a treaty with Rome, overseeing a heavy supply of men to the Roman auxiliary units. The present article examines the pottery discovered at and retrieved from three sites associated with Batavian auxilia: Războieni, Adony, and Romita. Their status as military sites shaped around the consumption habits of Batavian auxiliary troops makes them comparable. The comprehensive examination of pottery consumption patterns provides valuable insights into the dynamics of material culture in Dacia and Pannonia, facilitating our understanding of supply networks, consumption preferences, and cultural interactions within these frontier regions. The quantitative analyses of fabric and form distributions reveal distinctive trends at each site, reflecting variations in local production, regional trade networks, and social practices. The qualitative interpretations highlight the significance of certain vessel types and their cultural associations. While in the overall perspective, they emphasise the similarity between pottery consumption at the three forts shaped by military presence and regional trade networks, they also highlight potential markers of Batavian identity within the auxiliary units stationed there. By contextualising pottery within broader historical and archaeological frameworks, this research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the cultural aspects of auxilia.

The Role of the International Community in Stopping the Zionist Aggression on the Gaza Strip

On October 7, 2023, Hamas began its military operation, dubbed the "Al-Aqsa Flood," which consisted of a massive and intensive missile attack that included the launch of 5,000 rockets that Iron Dome failed to confront. It targeted Israeli settlements from Dimona in the south to Hod Hasharon in the north and Jerusalem in the east. In conjunction with the missile attack, it bypassed the Palestinian youth resistance, which is divided into 14 attacking groups by means of vehicles, bicycles and gliders on settlements and military sites of the Zionist occupation in the vicinity of 40 km in the Gaza envelope, thus bypassing the separation wall, which former Israeli Defense Minister Benny Gantz described as "the smart defense marvel." Israel responded to the military operation with a devastating aerial bombardment to start its devastating war against Gaza.

From biodiversity to bioresources: evaluation of potentialities in mycoremediation of fungal bioresources isolated from an Italian decommissioned military site

Military sites, both active and decommissioned, are rarely studied and may represent a source of fungal bioresources with potential applications for the remediation of co-contaminated soils. The aims of this study were both deepening the knowledge on fungal communities of a decommissioned military site and identifying indigenous bioresources showing potentialities for downstream mycoremediation applications. The culturable fractions of soil fungal communities of an Italian decommissioned military site were isolated from six representative sampling plots. In addition, the fungal community of the rhizosphere of Plantago lanceolata was also isolated. α and β diversity indices were used to analyze biodiversity data of the isolated fungal communities. A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) enrichment microplate experiment in the presence of Zn, Pb, and Zn-Pb co-contamination was conducted, followed by in vitro functional traits screenings, to select the isolates with the best potential for future mycoremediation applications. Globally 101 taxa, accounting for a total of 546 strains, were isolated from the samples. The enrichment results highlighted several fungal species showing the ability to use PAHs as nutritional source, even in the co-presence of potentially toxic elements. Finally, the analysis of their functional traits revealed their potential for biotechnological applications in soil detoxification.

Mitigating the Impact of Urban Sprawl: Strategies and Solutions

This paper explores the challenges cities face when dealing with urban sprawl and the strategies that can beimplemented to mitigate its impact. The importance of preserving cultural spaces and making the most ofavailable land potential is emphasized. The paper discusses various strategies, such as redeveloping industrialareas and former military sites, retrofitting existing structures for mixed-use developments, and promotingsustainable urban growth. The need using the already existing urban planning expertise and awareness amongdecision-makers is highlighted. The key focus areas of the paper include urbanization, urban sprawl, brownfieldredevelopment, grey energy, and sustainability. Overall, by implementing these strategies, cities can protect theenvironment, preserve open spaces, and achieve sustainable urban development.

Intermittent anaerobic-aerobic biopiling for remediating energetic compound-contaminated soils

Demolishing obsolete ammunition and live fire training, along with other military activities, contaminated military sites with energetic compounds (ECs), are raising human concerns. Biopiling is a green and sustainable technology for soil remediation due to its low cost and minimal secondary pollution. This study investigated the effects of various bio-stimulants in enhancing intermittent anaerobic-aerobic biopiling for ECs degradation in soil. The results showed that intermittent anaerobic-aerobic biopiling with municipal sludge, livestock and poultry manure, and agricultural and forestry wastes degraded 93.7 % 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 79.5 % hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 92.0 % octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro −1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in 15 days. Correlation analysis of the energetic compounds showed that the TNT concentration and its reduction products changed conversely under anaerobic conditions, indicating a faster TNT reduction. Analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database revealed an increase in the abundance of genes (nemA &porA) associated with nitrotoluene reduction. This study demonstrated that bio-stimulants composed of a mixture of municipal sludge, manure, and soil conditioner (SLA) could improve the physicochemical properties of the biopiling system and the microbial community structure, promoting the growth of Firmicutes that respond for the degradation of energetic compounds, including the influence of functional genes for TNT degradation.

Classifying Aerial Objects Based on Risk: A Machine Learning Approach

The spy balloon that flew across the U.S. in February 2023 posed a serious security threat. US security officials have said this balloon tried to gather intelligence by monitoring sensitive military sites, and as a result, the U.S. government began more closely scrutinizing its airspace to better categorize aerial objects and detect threats. However, the airspace is filled with a myriad of aerial objects, making the problem of classifying and risk determination very challenging. We hypothesize that if we label aerial objects based on the risks they pose, then a Machine Learning algorithm can be made to learn and predict the risks of previously unknown or unseen aerial objects. Currently, there are no known single datasets that contain both old and newer aerial objects, such as drones, planes, etc., nor do datasets have labels to identify the risks associated with the objects. The goal of this research is twofold: 1) We create a new comprehensive dataset that contains traditional and newer aerial objects. We label the objects as high, medium, low, or no risk based on the threat markers on the aerial objects. 2) We use the MobileNetV2 CNN classification algorithm to validate the dataset and provide accurate results. Advancements in this space can potentially help intelligence agencies and security analysts quickly assess developing scenarios and provide a reliable risk assessment for observed aerial objects.

Pentagon Found Daily, Metagenomic Detection of Novel Bioaerosol Threats to Be Cost-Prohibitive: Can Virtualization and AI Make It Cost-Effective?

In 2022, the Pentagon Force Protection Agency found threat agnostic detection of novel bioaerosol threats to be "not feasible for daily operations" due to the cost of reagents used for metagenomics, cost of sequencing instruments, and cost of labor for subject matter experts to analyze bioinformatics. Similar operational difficulties might extend to many of the 280,000 buildings (totaling 2.3 billion square feet) at 5,000 secure US Department of Defense military sites, 250 Navy ships, as well as many civilian buildings. These economic barriers can still be addressed in a threat agnostic manner by dynamically pooling samples from dry filter units, called spike-triggered virtualization, whereby pooling and sequencing depth are automatically modulated based on novel biothreats in the sequencing output. By running at a high average pooling factor, the daily and annual cost per dry filter unit can be reduced by 10 to 100 times depending on the chosen trigger thresholds. Artificial intelligence can further enhance the sensitivity of spike-triggered virtualization. The risk of infection during the 12- to 24-hour window between a bioaerosol incident and its detection remains, but in some cases it can be reduced by 80% or more with high-speed indoor air cleaning exceeding 12 air changes per hour, which is similar to the rate of air cleaning in passenger airplanes in flight. That level of air changes per hour or higher is likely to be cost-prohibitive using central heating ventilation and air conditioning systems, but it can be achieved economically by using portable air filtration in rooms with typical ceiling heights (less than 10 feet) for a cost of approximately $0.50 to $1 per square foot for do-it-yourself units and $2 to $5 per square foot for high-efficiency particulate air filters.

Simulated bio-slurry reactor for bioremediation of highly contaminated soils by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)

The widespread use of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in military sites causes serious soil contamination problems. In this study, various additions of glucose, glycerol, and activated sludge were tested under laboratory conditions in a simulated bio-slurry reactor for bioremediation of soil from highly TNT-contaminated sites. The results showed that the addition of both glucose and glycerol as electron donors could efficiently promote microbial degradation of TNT. The co-addition of glycerol and sludge resulted in 65.2% total removal of TNT in the soil (2.76 × 102 mg/kg) and 79.8% total removal of TNT in the soil (1.35 × 102 mg/kg), respectively. After 39 days of incubation with glucose and sludge, the removal of TNT reached 86.3% in the most seriously polluted soil (2.83 × 103 mg/kg). 16S rRNA sequencing for bacteria showed that the addition of glucose and glycerol significantly stimulated the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas populations, respectively, which dominated the post-degradation soil microbial community. The bioavailability concentration of TNT extracted with (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) rapidly decreased to very low levels during remediation seems to provide an explanation for complete degradation of TNT could not be achieved even in soils with relatively lower contamination. In addition, adequate electron donors are necessary to ensure the sustainable bioremediation of TNT-contaminated soil with high concentrations compared to surfactant. This work suggests that co-addition of glycerol (or glucose) and sludge is a desirable strategy for aerobic bioremediation of sites contaminated with high concentrations of TNT.

미활용 군 부동산 관련 민-군 갈등관리 방안에 관한 연구

1. CONTENTS
 (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 The purpose of this study is to contribute to national defense policies by analyzing the status of conflicts over unused military sites and deriving effective measures to manage such conflicts and utilize unused military sites.
 (2) RESEARCH METHOD
 For the study method, the status of conflicts over unused military sites in the border area since 2020 was analyzes, and the methods including literature review and advice from experts were used.
 (3) RESEARCH FINDINGS
 Conflicts can be effectively managed if the existing civil-local government-military cooperation system is operated in a timely and appropriate manner. it is suggested that the military continue to review practical utilization plans for unused military sites in the border area and make efforts to strengthen ties with local communities.
 2. RESULTS
 As a result of the study, there was a need to expand the sites for common use to ensure the benefits for both the private and the military in addition to legal and institutional supplementation for the use of unused military sites.

Waste Frontiers/War Enclosures: Decolonial Geosocial Analysis of Contaminated Military Land Conversions

Military-industrial practices have left widespread contamination affecting land, water, air, and human and nonhuman bodies. This article uses decolonial analysis to examine the racial-colonial foundations that underlie contemporary efforts to reuse former U.S. military land for development projects. Interrelating scholarship on security and development with that of militarization and political ecology, I use “geosocial spectacle” to probe the material and pedagogical governance, frontier logics, and colonial aesthetics that emerge through land remediation and redevelopment. Featuring two military sites within U.S. base closure and realignment—the U.S. Front Range area of Colorado and former U.S. unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone—the article delineates and expounds on two types of U.S. military land conversions: brownfields and biodiversity recreation. The article interrelates the conversion of contaminated land in both cases as waste frontier that facilitates ongoing cycles of land repossession as a form of dispossession and containment or denial of war. The article concludes by advocating for decolonial studies of the global color line entrenched by the U.S. Pentagon’s ongoing climate colonialism, to subvert the compartmentalized harms of war and capitalist extraction, and to galvanize explicitly anticolonial, antiracist land reuse and governance.

Механізм формування воєнного туризму в Україні

Background. Military tourism in Ukraine is a relatively new direction that emerged after the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war in 2014. According to experts' estimates, around 100,000 tourists interested in the war visited Ukraine in 2023. This figure is 30 % higher than in 2022. International support for Ukraine contributes to increasing awareness of our country and its history. Respect for memory and dignity is a fundamental principle in the ethics of research and interaction with the historical and sensitive topic of military tourism. Methods. General scientific and specialized research methods were employed, including analysis and synthesis, logical structuring, in formulating the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study – the essence of military tourism, aspects of studying military tourism. Expeditionary and remote methods were utilized in gathering initial information – surveying the territories of cities such as Irpin, Hostomel, and Bucha. Geospatial analysis methods were employed in processing the initial information and subsequent analysis – exploring the possibilities of creating thematic routes, which would allow for structuring visits and promoting historical and heritage sites. Geospatial modeling and cartographic methods were employed in analyzing the impact of military aggression on Ukraine on international tourism and in presenting the research results. Results. Military tourism was considered by us as a type of tourism in which tourists visit places and objects associated with armed conflicts, military history, and military events. This type of tourism can encompass various aspects, from visiting military museums and monuments to specialized tours where tourists can participate in military action simulations, visit military sites, and locations of combat. A proposed model for forming the typological structure of military tourism. Conclusions. Tourism based on history and cultural heritage can be more authentic and appealing to tourists. In the academic context, there is emerging research aimed at monitoring, evaluating, and optimizing military tourism routes. One aspect that has contributed to the success of military routes is the coordination of efforts to build a shared identity. It has been found that military tourism can contribute to raising awareness of war, promoting tolerance and understanding among people of different cultures, and fostering the development of Ukraine's economy, including international support for military tourism in Ukraine.

Historical Development of Military Sites and Their Impact on Urban and Rural Land Use in the European Context

This study explores the historical development of military sites and their impact on land use in the European context. Reflecting broader social, political, and technological changes, the impact of military sites on urban and rural areas has undergone a notable transformation. By employing qualitative research methods, this study investigates demilitarisation challenges, transformations, and the integration of military sites into urban environments. It reveals societal perceptions, regulatory complexities, and spatial dynamics, thereby illuminating the potential of repurposing military sites for sustainable urban development. It uncovers the interplay between the military and civilian spheres through nuanced analysis, offering valuable insights into modern city development strategies. As this research unveils historical dynamics, it also provides crucial knowledge that can be employed in planning the future development of cities, considering the evolving relationship between military and urban spaces.

Securing Autonomy of Military Barracks Through Renewable Energy Solutions

Abstract This article presents a concept of establishing a network of energy self-sufficient nodes in Slovenia and the EU, within the Defence RESilience Hub Network in Europe project initiated by the Ministry of Defence of Slovenia (MORS). The goal is to reduce the energy dependence of military facilities on external suppliers. A mathematical model of a military site’s micro-grid incorporates multiple energy vectors and their conversion and storage, with a focus on hydrogen technologies. A case study of a military site in Belgium shows that an energy system with solar and wind power can provide sufficient hydrogen for transportation needs and operate the site autonomously for up to 30 days. Additionally, the carbon footprint of the military base as an energy system was calculated, indicating potential reductions in environmental impacts.

Reintegrating Cold War landscapes? The former Trieste Barracks in Casarsa della Delizia

This paper engages with a specific feature of former military landscapes, the Cold War barracks, located in a specific territory, the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region in north-eastern Italy, at the former border between the Western and Eastern blocs. Based on several academic activities, such as an international workshop and didactical experiences, this work focuses on the Trieste Barracks in Casarsa della Delizia (in the province of Pordenone) as a laboratory for new landscape solutions to reintegrate a derelict military site into civil society. The main outputs of the research are: 1) updating the international scientific literature and the relative research gaps in the discourse of Cold War post-military landscapes; and 2) an innovative landscape-oriented approach to a former military landscape founded on locally based long-term solutions in terms of resilience and sustainable development. Our research aims to demonstrate that Cold War landscapes have primarily been neglected in the academic field, but academic work in collaboration with local actors can result in feasible solutions to export to other cases.

Hunting the missing fluorine in aqueous film-forming foams containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

Since aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are major sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), understanding the quantity and type of PFAS present in AFFFs is crucial for assessing environmental risk and remediation. We characterized 25 foams from Canada and Europe, including two non-AFFFs and two fluorine-free AFFFs. We used liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify novel PFAS, as well as total oxidizable precursor assays (TOP) and total organofluorine (TOF) measurements for comparison. LC-HRMS showed that the two non-AFFF foams and two PFAS-free AFFFs contained little or no PFAS, confirmed by TOF measurement using combustion ion chromatography (CIC). The PFAS-containing AFFFs, however, spanned a wide concentration range of TOF (2200–45,000 mg F/L) and contained 22 new classes of polyfluoroalkyl substances not previously reported. As a result of identifying new compounds, LC-HRMS was fully able to capture the oxidizable precursors determined by TOP assay in all tested fluorotelomer (FT) AFFFs, while unknown compounds still constituted a significant fraction (19–53 mol%) in most electrochemical fluorination (ECF) AFFFs. A fluorine mass balance was achieved by comparing the amounts of compounds identified by LC-HRMS with those detected by CIC, although LC-HRMS overestimated TOF with a recovery of 127 ± 36%.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ТА ВИКЛИКИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МІЛІТАРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ В УКРАЇНІ В ТУРИСТИЧНОМУ СЕКТОРІ

The paper delves into the multifaceted aspects of incorporating military heritage into Ukraine’s thriving tourism sector. It opens with an exploration of the intrinsic value of military cultural heritage as a means of preserving historical memory and inculcating respect for the sacrifices made by soldiers throughout Ukraine’s turbulent history, particularly in light of the ongoing conflict with Russia. The article examines Ukraine’s rich military history, spanning eras such as the Cossack period, World Wars, and contemporary conflicts, highlighting the need for nuanced interpretation and attention to less-represented historical events. Purpose of the paper. The paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of the prospects and challenges of using Ukraine’s military heritage in the tourism sector. It examines the historical context, the current state of military heritage sites, and the possibilities of using them to develop the tourism industry. It also examines aspects of the preservation and popularization of military sites. Design/methodology/approach. This article is based on a comprehensive literature review of recent research and publications on team management and cultural heritage studies methodology.Research sources used include scientific journals, books, and online resources. Findings. A critical assessment of the present state of military heritage sites in Ukraine is provided, distinguishing between well-maintained attractions and those adversely impacted by recent hostilities. Notably, the paper underscores the importance of community engagement in preserving and interpreting these sites, reflecting a “living heritage” approach. It acknowledges the challenges of emotionally charged proximity to recent events and the need for balanced, sensitive handling. The article also explores the promising prospects of leveraging military heritage for tourism development in Ukraine, including the potential for infrastructure development, thematic museums, guided tours, and even extreme tourism opportunities. Cultural exchange and international appeal are identified as additional benefits, contributing to the country’s income and global recognition. However, it does not shy away from acknowledging the significant challenges that must be addressed. These encompass community involvement, professionalism, security, financing, and cooperation with both authorities and the public. The financial aspect is particularly emphasized, with the restoration and maintenance of military sites demanding substantial resources. The paper advocates for cooperation between government agencies, public initiatives, and the private sector, emphasizing the importance of investor engagement to ensure the preservation and development of military heritage. Public participation is also championed, encouraging volunteer activities and educational events. In conclusion, the article underscores the paramount importance of responsibly managing Ukraine’s military heritage to convey an accurate historical narrative and nurture respect, understanding, and acceptance of the past among present and future generations. It underscores that the utilization of military heritage in tourism holds great potential. Still, its realization necessitates a concerted, multi-faceted effort that takes into account the interests and sensitivities of all stakeholders. This article serves as a valuable resource for policymakers, heritage professionals, and indi- viduals invested in Ukraine’s cultural and historical prosperity. Originality/value. The original focus on the interaction of military heritage and tourism, the emphasis on community engagement, and the work’s applicability to current events in Ukraine are what distinguish this work as innovative. It is a significant resource for scholars, politicians, heritage workers, and anyone interested in the complex dynamics of heritage preservation, tourism, and historical memory in a contemporary setting because it not only highlights issues but also offers actionable ideas. Practical implications. The paper provides a number of useful takeaways that can help various stakeholders, such as policymakers, heritage specialists, and local communities, in utilizing military legacy for tourism growth and historical memory preservation. By putting these practical suggestions into practice, Ukraine can preserve and promote its historical memory while also utilizing the potential of its military history for tourism growth. These activities can promote the nation’s cultural and economic development while encouraging a deeper understanding of its past among both home and foreign audiences.

Investigating correlations between physical properties and fire suppression performance of fluorinated and fluorine-free foams using a novel firefighting foam database

Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) contain fluorinated surfactants, a class of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) which have been shown to cause damage to the environment and human health. This has necessitated their replacement on military sites by the year 2024. But to date, no fluorine-free replacement firefighting formulation has showed comparable performance to AFFF. Fire extinction performance is measured in tandem with formulation physical properties, but whether various physical properties and fire suppression are correlated is poorly understood. Herein, we present the curation of a large amount of physical property and fire suppression data collected in-house. Chemometric regression was used to ascertain correlations between the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of both individual surfactant solutions and multi-component formulations and their corresponding (1) solution surface tension, (2) interfacial tension with heptane, and (3) fuel-induced foam degradation using heptane and (4) gasoline. After evaluating several algorithms, promising correlations are found between CMC and foam degradation on heptane and gasoline using locally weighted regression (LWR), as indicated by a large R2 of cross-validation (R2CV) from ∼0.6–0.9. Solutions with CMCs from ∼0.01–0.1 wt percent (%) exhibit the longest degradation times, whereas solutions with CMCs outside of this range had considerably faster degradation. This correlation is new but explains only 90% or less of the variation in the data partly because foam degradation is induced by fuel, which the CMC does not consider. However, this work will serve as a basis for future machine learning endeavors to predict fire suppression performance based on chemical structure.

Fragments of the Iron Curtain – The Polveriera of Romans d’Isonzo: A Methodological Experiment between Architecture and Landscape

The article accounts the results of an applicative research carried out by researchers from the University of Trieste for the recovery, conversion and, architectural, landscape, environmental and infrastructural reuse of a large military area, abandoned for over twenty years, located in the territory of Gorizia, in Friuli Venezia Giulia. The area was a former powder magazine dating back to the Cold War period. A garrison at the service of the former border called “Iron Curtain” that passed right near the Municipality of Romans d’Isonzo, on the Gorizia and Trieste Carso. The area was abandoned for decades and has been invaded by lush vegetation and meadows of important ecological value. Today, in addition to its considerable localization and extension potential, it has a significant strategic value for the vast area on which it stands: the low Isonzo plain. The study experimented with a methodology for the construction of the transformation forecast, working extensively on the use and applicability of simulation tools (indicators, scenarios, visions) and then on the processes of evaluating the impacts and consequences of the transformations at different scales and for different territorial areas (internal and external). The study adds to the discussion, not only the intrinsic results, the effectiveness or not of the reconversion project of this discussed military area, but also the development of a working scientific method (analysis, design and evaluation), and therefore, the construction of an operational model that can be exported to other case studies (on other military sites in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region

Sedimentary records of contaminant inputs in Frobisher Bay, Nunavut

Contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), primarily reach the Arctic through long-range atmospheric and oceanic transport. However, local sources within the Arctic also contribute to the levels observed in the environment, including legacy sources and new sources that arise from activities associated with increasing commercial and industrial development. The City of Iqaluit in Frobisher Bay, Nunavut (Canada), has seen rapid population growth and associated development during recent decades yet remains a site of interest for ocean protection, where Inuit continue to harvest country food. In the present study, seven dated marine sediment cores collected in Koojesse Inlet near Iqaluit, and from sites in inner and outer Frobisher Bay, respectively, were analyzed for total mercury (THg), major and trace elements, PAHs, PCBs, and PFASs. The sedimentary record in Koojesse Inlet shows a period of Aroclor 1260-like PCB input concurrent with military site presence in the 1950–60s, followed by decades of input of pyrogenic PAHs, averaging about ten times background levels. Near-surface sediments in Koojesse Inlet also show evidence of transient local-source inputs of THg and PFASs, and recycling or continued slow release of PCBs from legacy land-based sources. Differences in PFAS congener composition clearly distinguish the local sources from long-range transport. Outside Koojesse Inlet but still in inner Frobisher Bay, 9.2 km from Iqaluit, sediments showed evidence of both local source (PCB) and long-range transport. In outer Frobisher Bay, an up-core increase in THg and PFASs in sediments may be explained by ongoing inputs of these contaminants from long-range transport. The context for ocean protection and country food harvesting in this region of the Arctic clearly involves both local sources and long-range transport, with past human activities leaving a long legacy insofar as levels of persistent organic pollutants are concerned.

Enslavement to Enlistment: Refiguring Opportunity for African Americans in the Military

ABSTRACT What does “opportunity” look like for African Americans in the United States military? While the military has been viewed as a vehicle for protecting freedom, it has done so in conditions of racial capitalism and settler colonialism. Through these analytical lenses, opportunity is generally idealized as property, but we propose that Black individuals associated with the military may have seen opportunity as relationality through land and place. We discuss Black constructions of opportunity at the military site of Fort Snelling in Minnesota during the nineteenth century, from enslaved individuals to enlisted Black Regulars garrisoned in the 1880s. Changing expectations of labor and social landscape shaped these opportunities, configured within structures of racism which were themselves adapting to the efforts of African Americans to seek opportunity. We offer archaeological materials and historical documents for potential use in public interpretation that attends to both oppression and creative pursuits of opportunity.