Military Resources Research Articles

Regional Command Empowerment Strategy in Managing Natural Disasters to Assist Regional Governments in the Region (Case Study of Disasters in Makassar City)

Natural disasters have long been seen as force majore, that is, something that is beyond human control, occurring unexpectedly at what time, how it impacts and where it occurs. Natural disasters that occur will of course have an impact on large material losses, disrupt economic activities, damage infrastructure and the environment and threaten the safety of human lives and result in loss of life and property. Development programs are threatened and stopped due to the impact of natural disasters that hit areas. in Indonesia. Republic of Indonesia Law No. 34 of 2004 concerning the Main Duties of the TNI, namely Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP), including assisting in dealing with natural disasters at the emergency response, rehabilitation and reconstruction stages. Therefore, the role of the TNI AD, especially the Regional Command, in managing natural disasters is very important. Thus, this research aims to analyze the strategies implemented by the Military District Command (Kodim) 1408 in assisting the Makassar regional government in dealing with natural disasters. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data was collected through interviews, observation and document analysis. The research results show that Kodim 1408 plays a vital role in disaster management through effective coordination, preparedness and utilization of military resources. This study provides recommendations for increasing collaboration between Kodim and local governments and increasing disaster response capacity.

Overview of satellite nav spoofing and anti-spoofing techniques

In recent years, satellite navigation systems have witnessed widespread adoption across diverse fields, including military surveillance, precision agriculture, traffic monitoring, resource exploration, and disaster assessment. However, navigation signals are susceptible to interference, with deceptive interference posing the most significant threat to navigation systems. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of satellite navigation spoofing and anti-spoofing techniques. It reviews the current state of spoofing and anti-spoofing technologies, analyzing advancements in spoofing techniques and the evolution of countermeasures. Furthermore, the paper elaborates on the impact of spoofing interference on receiver performance, examining its effects on positioning, timing, and velocity estimations. A detailed analysis of various anti-spoofing methods is presented, categorizing them into detection, identification, suppression, and localization techniques. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the evolving landscape of satellite navigation spoofing and anti-spoofing technologies, fostering further research and development efforts to ensure the integrity and resilience of satellite navigation systems in the face of sophisticated threats.

France's Dilemmas in the Indo-Pacific: It’s Hard to Be the Third

Relying on its Indo-Pacific possessions, France under E. Macron seeks to form a “third way” regional coalition project in the Asia-Pacific/Indo-Pacific region, designed to counterbalance the influence of the USA and China in the region. Nevertheless, France faces serious obstacles on its way. The process of mental construction of the Asia-Pacific/Indo-Pacific space in the minds of the French authorities has not yet been completed. The existence of “fragments of the empire” and a network of partnerships with regional states help France to maintain a presence in the region, but the lack of clarity in understanding the goals and objectives of the emerging coalition and the insufficiency of economic, political, and military resources to French ambitions seriously complicates France’s policy in the Indo-Pacific. The crisis events of 2021–2022 are forcing to look for new options for solving the strategic enigma.

Calling out the Troops to Manage Environmental and Health Crises in Australia: Public Understandings of Domestic Armed Forces Operations

Domestic deployment of armed forces as part of state-led responses to environmental and health hazards is a common occurrence across liberal democracies. Yet we know little about how these domestic operations influence public attitudes. Using six focus groups, we examine Australians’ views on the performance and appropriate roles of the Australian Defense Force (ADF) in the context of two domestic operations: Bushfire Assist (2019–2020) and COVID-19 Assist (2020–2022). We find high trust in the ADF and the capabilities of its personnel in assisting the civil community in crisis response—but a trust often based in “blind faith.” Likewise, we find broad support for domestic deployments, but with a clear caveat: military personnel should not undertake any roles of coercion or enforcement. The findings suggest democratic governments must carefully balance the benefits of leveraging military resources against potentially weakening the public support sustaining military legitimacy and “social license” to operate.

The Incidence of Infection Following Open Tibia Fractures in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Open tibial fractures (OTFs) are common in low-income countries (LICs), primarily caused by road traffic collisions. High rates of infection in OTFs contribute to prolonged recovery, disability, and economic loss. Identifying infection rates and causative organisms is essential for improving outcomes and guiding antibiotic treatment in LICs. This systematic review aimed to determine the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) following OTF treatment in LICs and identify the most prevalent microorganisms involved. Methods: Following PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines, a systematic review was conducted using five databases. Eligible studies included randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series investigating OTFs in LICs. Studies with fewer than ten participants, military medical resources, or those from high-income countries were excluded. Data were extracted for infection rates, causative organisms, and treatment modalities, with a meta-analysis performed using a random effects model to calculate incidence in person-years. Results: Five studies, including two retrospective cohorts, two prospective cohorts, and one RCT, were analysed. The overall infection incidence was 23.21 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 9.19; 58.62). Subgroup analysis showed a slightly lower incidence of 21.88 per 100 person-years for surgical interventions. A high degree of heterogeneity (I² = 91%) was noted. Common causative organisms were not consistently reported. Conclusion: The incidence of SSIs following OTFs in LICs is high, particularly in severe fractures. Establishing a baseline infection rate is critical for future studies to evaluate treatment efficacy and improve outcomes in resource-limited settings. Further research should focus on standardising definitions and reporting of infections to reduce heterogeneity.

ТЕХНІЧНА КУЛЬТУРА МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ СТРАТЕГІЧНОГО ПЛАНУВАННЯ Й РОЗВИТКУ В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯХ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА МЕТОДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

Strategic planning involves defining the organization’s long-term goals and ways to achieve them through the development and implementation of strategies. In the military sphere, strategic planning managers play a key role in ensuring the efficient use of military resources, achieving national defense goals, and responding to possible threats. The article reveals that technical culture is a set of knowledge, skills, values and practices related to the effective use of technologies, technical means and methods in professional activities. It includes not only knowledge of technical aspects, but also the ability to apply them rationally, improve them, and integrate them into work processes. Technical culture reflects the level of technical awareness, innovation and ability to adapt to new technological challenges. The technical culture of strategic planning managers encompasses a set of knowledge, skills, and values that allow effective use of modern technologies and tools to make reasonable decisions in strategic management. Among the components of technical there is the ability to analyze data, innovate, and coordinate resources to achieve the goals of the organization. The aim of the article is to reveal the theoretical and methodological aspects of formation and development of technical culture of strategic planning managers, its essence and content. The methodology of the study is based on an integrated approach that combines several research methods for a comprehensive analysis. The main components of such a methodology involve the analysis of scientific and educational sources related to technical culture, strategic planning and management of organizations; obtaining information about the essence and content of technical culture; identifying traditional and innovative forms and methods of formation and development of technical culture; generalizing the data obtained, making conclusions about the impact of managers’ technical culture on strategic planning. Conclusions. Effective formation of the technical culture of strategic management managers in higher education institutions can be achieved through interactive forms of learning, such as simulation games, project-based learning, and gamification. The use of methods such as flipped learning, adaptive learning, and cross-disciplinary teams helps engage students and develop their analytical and technological skills. Such approaches provide the practical experience needed to successfully integrate technology into strategic management. Key words: technical culture, strategic management managers, higher education institutions, interactive forms of learning, innovative teaching methods, strategic planning.

Multi-Ethnic Colonial Forces in China: The Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps Field Ambulance, 1939–1945

Abstract This article examines the experiences of multi-ethnic colonial forces in China during the twentieth century, using the Field Ambulance unit of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps (HKVDC) as an example. Formed in the early 1900s, this medical company, comprising mainly expatriate medical professionals and local Chinese, played a crucial role in sustaining the garrison’s medical system during the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong in December 1941. Using various sources, this article looks at the wartime experience of its members and discusses the broader implications of their service, challenging simplifications about colonial distrust and showcasing how military necessity and resource constraints, rather than ethnic or cultural considerations, dictated recruitment and deployment. The study contributes to understanding the complex interplay of identity, loyalty, and colonial military structures in East Asia, offering insights into the adaptability of British colonial forces in accommodating diversity and complexity within their ranks.

Deterrence strategies for a small state: Analysis and survey

Abstract Classical deterrence theory has its origins in the era of the Cold War and the nuclear arms race between the USA and the Soviet Union. Therefore, deterrence is mainly studied from the perspective of the superpowers. This study approaches deterrence from the less explored perspective of a small country by analysing academic deterrence literature and further deepening this perspective by means of a survey. As a result, the study produced a new view of how a small state can be positioned in modern deterrence theories, by introducing national and international enabling and preventive factors. The main findings of the research suggest that national enabling factors, such as a strong national defence and the resilience of the society, are important for a small state in terms of compensating for the deficit in influence in relation to superpowers. Limited options for building deterrence can be augmented by means of international enabling factors, such as military and political alliances. Deficits in terms of available military resources and international status could translate into national preventive factors, such as weakness in the eyes of the aggressor. The aggressor’s political intentions and history could appear as international preventive factors if they influence decision-making in an undesirable manner.

Integration of Teaching Resources for English Majors under Local Autonomy: Collaboration and Development

In the process of local social governance, educational resources are the basic conditions for social governance, so the integration of English education resources has become the main research aspect of local governments and educational institutions. The integration of key educational resources needs to be supported by local education policies, education systems and education laws, and the corresponding regulations and laws should be improved, and the English cognitive level of the public and the environmental governance of education need to be intervened by local governments, as well as the extensive participation of the public. Laws and regulations should be improved under the guidance of the government to provide support for the integration of English education resources, and the public should widely participate in the integration of educational resources of English majors under the publicity of educational resources, so as to form a good interactive relationship to provide support for local education governance. Therefore, the necessary conditions for the integration of local governments, legal institutions, education departments and the general public, military and local English education resources play a role in promoting the development level of English and the creation of a social environment.

THE DINOTHERIUM AND THE ACROPOLIS: ALBERT GAUDRY’S RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EXTINCT FAUNA OF ATTICA AND THE MAKING OF GREECE INTO A EUROPEAN STATE (1850s–1860s)

ABSTRACT Between 1862 and 1867, Albert Gaudry (1824–1908) published Animaux fossiles et géologie de l’Attique, a seminal work describing and depicting the rich collection of mammalian fossils that he assembled during his scientific expeditions in Attica, Greece. This paper will focus on how Gaudry’s collection and reconstruction of the extinct fauna of Attica articulated itself with geopolitical, cultural, and economic concerns regarding the newly independent Greek state and its place within Europe. Since the Greek War of independence against the Ottomans between the 1820s and 1830s, European nations sought to secure a series of strategic advantages in the region. France for example invested a lot of capital, military, and cultural resources in the newly independent Greek state in hope of cementing France’s influence in the Mediterranean. Between 1853 and 1854, Gaudry was sent on a mission by the French government to evaluate the agricultural production of countries of the ‘Orient’, including Greece. Gaudry was tasked with gathering information intended to facilitate the advancement of agriculture in France’s colonies as well as the planning of future investments in the Eastern Mediterranean. In his report published in 1855, Gaudry explicitly defined the restoration of Greece’s agricultural industry as a sine qua non condition for Greece’s establishment as a European state. It was during this official mission that Gaudry learned about the existence of exceptionally rich fossil sites in Attica. He returned on multiple occasions to collect thousands of fossil specimens from these sites. In Animaux fossiles et géologie de l’Attique and in his subsequent publications on the same fossils, Gaudry regularly articulated the reconstruction of extinct mammals and their environment with inspired descriptions of the ruins of Athens. In his writings, the reconstruction of a Greek geological past inhabited by a grandiose and harmonious megafauna echoed the celebration of Ancient Greece as the cradle of Western civilization. This paper will comment on the complex interplay between three temporalities which informed Gaudry’s work on the mammalian fossils of Attica: (1) the reconstructed paleontological past, (2) the idealized Ancient Greece, and (3) the present geopolitical context.

The system of training military university teachersto use resources educational technopark

The system of training military university teachersto use resources educational technopark

Defining performance and competency requirements for army responders to domestic flood response operations

Purpose The a priori identification and development of army personnel competencies are necessary to enable effective and efficient responses to rapidly changing climate conditions. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the performance requirements of a military flood responder and the competencies (knowledge, skills and abilities) required to perform it. Design/methodology/approach Using an abductive approach, the authors conducted both secondary and primary research to generate a validated framework of performance criteria and competencies for army personnel responding to floods. This literature review integrated both the peer-reviewed academic literature and public sector grey literature. Using the critical incident technique, the authors then conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 members of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) who had previously been tasked with flood response operations. Participants were asked about the tasks required while conducting flood response operations. Interview transcripts were then content analysed to identify themes regarding those tasks, and the competencies needed to perform those tasks were then extracted and contrasted with the literature review findings. Inter-rater reliability for the analysis was established via iterative discussion between the two co-authors. Findings The primary data reinforced and expanded the list of performance expectations that the authors deductively identified from the integrated literature review, adding granularity to each. It also identified competencies (including both hard and soft skills) and highlighted previously neglected contextual antecedents of military flood response effectiveness. Research limitations/implications though knowledge saturation was achieved from the 15 interviews conducted, further research with larger samples could more deeply ground the evidence discovered in this study. Nevertheless, the competencies identified in this paper could serve as a starting guide to staffing and/or training interventions targeted at improving these competencies for personnel responding to flood scenarios. Practical implications The theoretical findings also have immediate practical relevance to training for flood response operations. In particular, the subtle challenges in competency crossover from military operations to flood response operations may facilitate not only more efficient, targeted training (that could improve the effectiveness of army personnel involved in humanitarian roles), but could be applied to the selection of army personnel as well. This study may also help provincial/municipal operators and emergency planners by better communicating the strengths and limitations of army personnel in addressing civilian military cooperation for humanitarian operations. Thus, the findings of this research study represent an important first step in prompting attention to the strategic human resource planning studies required to make all responders more efficient and effective in their respective division of labour within the humanitarian domain. Social implications Peering a little beyond these research findings, human-induced climate change is expected to continue increasing the frequency of such events (IPCC, 2021), and a timely, national force is likely to be increasingly required for Canadians impacted by major disasters stemming from natural hazards when local resources become overwhelmed. Yet, there is some concern from the CAF that increasing responsiveness to disaster operations will affect their military readiness (Leuprecht and Kasurak, 2020). One can indeed envision a paradox whereby the CAF is both a “force of last resort” while increasingly becoming a “first choice for domestic disaster and emergency assistance”. The practical implications from this research also suggest that military personnel, while fully capable of successfully conducting flood response operations, may become overburdened and less able to adopt yet greater capacity and training for other additional humanitarian work. Nevertheless, the competencies highlighted by participants can help inform the next flood response operation in Canada. Originality/value Most literature in the field of emergency response focuses on cooperation between civilian and military resources and other strategic-level themes. The findings address critical granularity missing at the operational and tactical levels of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief research. The authors also draw implications beyond the military context, including for local/regional governmental players (operators and emergency planners) as well as for volunteers in flood response roles.

Implementation of Military Incident Management System in Disaster Management in Indonesia

Indonesia’s success in disaster management cannot be separated from the military’s role. The military plays a strategic role by mobilizing military resources on a massive scale through the military command system. However, the ability of Indonesian Army (TNI AD) soldiers and organizations, in general, is considered to have limited capabilities specifically for personnel handling natural disasters. This research aims to map the disaster management implemented by the Indonesian Army in disaster response through the Incident Management System. Data collection was conducted interactively through qualitative methods with in-depth interviews with the Indonesian Army’s Supply and Transportation Unit (Pusbekangad). The research results show that the Indonesian Army (TNI AD) has competent resources in disaster response, involving the Indonesian Army’s Supply and Transportation Unit, which has primary skills and capabilities in logistics and transportation. These capabilities are facilitated by the Incident Management System, which is structured, systematic, and well-organized. The Incident Management System built by the Indonesian Army involves an incident commander, operation section, planning section, logistics section, finance/administration section, driver section, and the cooking team as a trained, capable, experienced, and ready-to-deploy ad-hoc organization in all operational areas. Indonesian Army uses the Incident Management System to respond to disasters such as earthquakes in Cianjur, South Kalimantan floods, and West Sulawesi floods. The Incident Management System serves

Australia’s jurisdiction and law enforcement in combating IUU fishing in the Southern Ocean

Australia used to be an active law enforcer in the Southern Ocean in the 2000s and manifested its fulfillment of multiple roles and duties in exercising jurisdictions effectively to deter the Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing in this region. This paper provides an updated review of Australia’s maritime enforcement against IUU fishing. Australia’s approach to combating IUU fishing in the Southern waters has been reflected in its legislation, institutional arrangements, as well as judicial cases. This paper examines international and national laws relevant to Australia’s jurisdictions in the Southern Ocean, as well as critically reviews Australia’s institutional arrangements and availability of military resources in maritime enforcement. A analysis of enforcement programs and judicial practices is also provided by this paper.

국방위기에 대비한 군무원 인력관리 발전방향 - 육군 군무원 이직의도 분석을 중심으로

Military service resources are falling sharply due to the population decline. The decrease in military service resources is a great threat to national security, and preemptive preparation is urgent. The Ministry of National Defense has increased the number of civilian personnel on a large scale since 2019. The role of defense civilian personnel is expanding, and manpower management of civilian personnel is becoming an important agenda. This study attempted to examine why the turnover of civilian personnel occurs and how it can be reduced. To this end, a survey was conducted on 621 expert interviews and civilian personnel. As a result of the study, the greater the dissatisfaction with the working conditions and the more severe the discrimination, the higher the turnover intention. And the better the relationship with the active duty, the lower the turnover intention. On the other hand, discrimination affects turnover intention, but the personnel system does not alleviate the negative impact, while trust relations have alleviated the negative impact.

Feudal political economy

AbstractHow is order achieved in a realm in which every elite commands both economic and military resources, and no stable institutions of power exist? We depict coalition formation in the feudal world as a series of non-binding agreements between elites who can move in and out of the coalition, through peaceful and violent means. We derive conditions under which the realm unites under one rule — a grand coalition, or remains fragmented. We motivate our analysis with key historical episodes in medieval Europe, from the Frankish Kingdom in the 5th to 10th centuries and England in the 11th to 15th centuries.

Interactional Impact of Defence Expenditure and Political Instability on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Revisited

ABSTRACT Over the last decade empirical research has increasingly recognized the significance of understanding how defence spending and political stability jointly influence economic growth in developing nations. This paper revisits the complex interplay between defence expenditure, political instability, and economic growth in the context of Nigeria, and for the period 1960-2021. Leveraging the robust Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) model proposed by Granger and Terasvirta, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic relationships among these critical factors. Our investigation employs the STAR model to capture potential nonlinearities and regime shifts in these interactions (confirmed by the diagnostic tests), shedding light on how political instability may impact the effectiveness of defence spending on economic growth. The findings further reveal how military spending can influence political stability and governance, particularly in contexts where military resources wield significant power and influence. They also show that low military spending negatively impacts economic growth due to inadequate resources for security and stability maintenance. These findings hold vital implications for policymakers striving to enhance economic development amidst the backdrop of geopolitical uncertainty and security challenges.

From Nagorno-Karabakh to Taiwan: measuring patron-client relations of de facto states

ABSTRACT Seeking to add a comparative element to the study of patron-client relations, this article introduces a multidimensional measurement tool for analysing de facto-patron state relations. The tool is used to measure military, political, societal and cultural resource exchange sustaining de facto state patron-client relationships, focusing on the client side of this dyadic relationship as this is where the defining features of patron-client relationships are most evident due to the asymmetry of resources. The study uses original data on Abkhazia, Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, Northern Cyprus, Taiwan, Transnistria and their respective patron states. Comparing their degrees of dependence and differences based on the type of patronage, the article also discusses the merits and shortcomings of the tool, inviting further development.

Из истории насильственного выселения чеченцев и ингушей: к 80-летию депортации (1944–2024 гг.)

During the years of the Stalinist regime, the authorities used destructive measures to influence both individual groups of people and entire nations. The Chechen and Ingush peoples turned out to be victims of lawlessness and arbitrariness, which became part of the official policy of the totalitarian regime. The study of Stalin’s deportation policy during the ongoing war, with the diversion of a significant number of military, transport, and material resources, allows a more critical approach to understanding the course of the historical process in the USSR. Based on concrete historical facts, the presented article examines the nature of the deportation of Chechens and Ingush, carried out in the winter of 1944, and its consequences. Identifying the causes of the deportation of peoples during the Great Patriotic War and debunking the myth of their collaboration remains one of the urgent scientific tasks. According to many researchers, the deportation policy was carried out by the Soviet government as a preventive measure, as punishment for cooperation with the Germans, to solve demographic problems. However, upon serious analysis, the listed reasons turn out to be untenable and the true goals of mass repression have not been revealed to date.

The imagined island: Colonialism and constructed remoteness on Diego Garcia

AbstractColonial powers have long used islands and island forms for imperial projects, including military bases, weapons testing, resource mining and migrant detention. In order to pursue these interests, colonial powers have often sought geographically remote sites, but they further rely on the construction of remoteness. This article reflects on the colonial construction of remoteness by analysing the case study of Diego Garcia. The militarised atoll of Diego Garcia is one in a chain of islands that make up the British Indian Ocean Territory, the last colony created by the British government. While Diego Garcia is now under British sovereign control, the island was brutally cleared of its Indigenous inhabitants to make way for a joint British‐American military base. By detailing the ways in which ‘remoteness’ has affected the Indigenous Chagossians, ‘war on terror’ detainees, asylum‐seekers and migrant workers, this article demonstrates how colonial powers deploy remoteness as a way of distancing groups deemed ‘other’ from rights. Additionally, colonial powers use ‘remoteness’ to paradoxically protect their own proximity to colonial interests, including geopolitically significant sites for military installations.