Military Reserve Research Articles

Breaking the spell: Have cell phones transformed reservists’ timeout?

Military reserve service in Israel and the use of cell phones seem to be mutually exclusive. As citizens drafted annually for a limited period, soldiers on reserve duty constitute a unique community on timeout from which family are excluded and during which social status is laid aside. This state of things, I argue, has been challenged by the invasion of the cell phone with its capacity to cross over physical and symbolic boundaries, thereby polluting the air with voices from the hinterland. In this article I introduce a model according to which the affordances of a new technology redefine the embedded traits and constraints of the ‘timeout’. Working in combination with the identity discourse of the participants and the cultural meanings of timeout, cell technology challenges the traditional understanding of reserve duty as a timeout period. I show how the cell phone has polluted the heretofore secluded space of reservist time by reintroducing differences in status, culture and nationality into the isolation, equality and fraternity of miluim (reserve duty), and how participants read this new situation, and sometimes contest it.

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Military reserves and social welfare

We consider the contribution of reserves to the efficient mobilization of military manpower. Our analysis suggests that offering recruits an option to serve as reservists enhances social welfare if there is a sufficiently strong relationship between recruit performance in the military and their expected civilian income.

WHAT HAPPENS TO THE EARNINGS OF MILITARY RESERVISTS WHEN THEY ARE ACTIVATED? EVIDENCE FROM ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

From 2001 through 2008, the US Department of Defense (DoD) has activated more than 700,000 military reservists. Activation imposes a variety of costs on reservists. Among those costs is potentially a decline in total earnings during the period of activation. In this paper, we use administrative data on military and civilian earnings to estimate how earnings change when reservists are activated and the causal effect of activation. Contrary to press accounts and DoD survey evidence, our estimates indicate that, on average, the earnings of activated reservists increase substantially when they are activated and that earnings losses are not common.

The French Military Reserve: Real or Abstract Force?

This article reports on the current status of the system of the French military reserve. By reviewing a brief history of France’s military, the author shows the existing ambivalence regarding the establishment of a permanent part-time force. In France, conscription was suspended in 1996, and a smaller professional military was created. This smaller force required a review of the needs and role of the French reserve force. Today, in France there are two reserve types: the operational and the ‘‘citizen’’ reserves. Each is examined in terms of its activities and the role, profiles, and motivations of its members. This analysis sheds light on the initial question of whether the French reserve is a real or an abstract force. The French military reserve plays not just a symbolic but also a purposive role, although essentially limited to the national territory.

Department of Defense and the local government's property management on ways to mutual research

In this study, group to set the military reserves has caused occasional friction. Therefore, for the protection of military bases and military facilities around the County win-win was to provide real estate management plan. As a result, when the first government actively involved in the planning and real estate expert, should be used to configure the advisory group. Using the second military real estate assets for future urban development should be. Third for the military Reserves shall continue to study. Finally, management and development of border areas to establish a plan to propose measures to be implemented.

The Deployment of Reserve Units and Formations on the Territory of Siberia During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)1

This article surveys the subject generating military reserves for the Soviet Union's Red Army in the Siberian Military District during the first two years of the Soviet-German War (1941–45). A subsequent article will address the transfer of regular army formations and units to the Western theater of military operations during the same period of the war.

Use Them or Lose Them? Australia’s Defence Force Reserves

This article reviews the history of military reserves in Australia with particular reference to the Army Reserve. It shows how the importance of reserves in Australia has waxed and waned across the past two centuries, from an early situation of primacy in the colonial period. The importance of reserves has reemerged in the post–Cold War era, with new forms of reserve organization evolving alongside ‘‘conventional’’ reserve forces. The authors discuss the extent to which these developments need to be accompanied by attention to cultural and personnel management issues and to enhanced reserves–regular integration. Despite the challenge of juggling civilian employment with reserve commitments, most reservists appear to welcome a greater, rather than a token, obligation to serve. There is a viable and meaningful role for the reserves provided that the Australian Defence Force and the government are prepared to devote sufficient effort to them and to assign them appropriate tasks.

Hitler's hysterical blindness: fact or fiction?

This article deals with a little known episode that occurred near the end of the Great War in a military reserve hospital located in the small town of Pasewalk, part of the distant region of Pomerania in northern Poland. The story is centered around the transient visual loss of a 29-year-old Austrian messenger of the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment. His name: Adolf Hitler.

Reserve military service during postgraduate year 1 residency training

Q : What factors should a residency program director consider when a post-graduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy resident is serving in the military reserve? A : ASHP has adopted the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) policy on duty hours for medical residents to govern pharmacy

Defining spatial genetic structure and management units for vulnerable koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations in the Sydney region, Australia

Context. Mammal populations around the world are increasingly threatened with population fragmentation because of loss of habitat or barriers to gene flow. The investigation of koala populations in the Sydney region not only provides valuable information about this vulnerable species, but also serves as a model for other species that have suffered major rapid declines in population size, and are now recovering in fragmented habitat. The peri-urban study region allows investigation of the impact of landscape features such as major roads and housing developments on koala gene flow. Aims. Animals originating from four geographic sampling areas around Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, were examined to determine population structure and gene flow and to identify barriers to gene flow and management units. Methods. The present study examined 12 microsatellite loci and used Bayesian assignment methods and genic frequency analysis methods to identify demographically separate populations and barriers to gene flow between those populations. Key results. Three discrete populations were resolved, with all displaying moderate to high levels of genetic differentiation among them (θ = 0.141–0.224). The allelic richness and heterozygosity of the Blue Mountains population (A = 6.46, HO = 0.66) is comparable to the highest diversity found in any koala population previously investigated. However, considerably lower genetic diversity was found in the Campbelltown population (A = 3.17, HO = 0.49), which also displayed evidence of a recent population bottleneck (effective population size estimated at 16–21). Conclusions. Animals separated by a military reserve were identified as one population, suggesting that the reserve maintains gene flow within this population. By contrast, strong differentiation of two geographically close populations separated by several potential barriers to gene flow suggested these land-use features pose barriers to gene flow. Implications. Implications of these findings for management of koala populations in the Greater Sydney region are discussed. In particular, the need to carefully consider the future of a military reserve is highlighted, along with possible solutions to allow gene flow across the proposed barrier regions. Because these are demographically separate populations, specific management plans tailored to the needs of each population will need to be formulated.

Citizens More Than Soldiers: The Kentucky Militia and Society in the Early Republic , and: Middle Tennessee, 1775–1825: Progress and Popular Democracy on the Southwestern Frontier , and: The Ramseys at Swan Pond: The Archaeology and History of an East Tennessee Farm (review)

Citizens Than Soldiers: The Kentucky Militia and Society in Early Republic. By Harry S. Laver. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. Pp. 216. Cloth, $45.00.)Middle Tennessee, 1775-1825: Progress and Popular Democracy on Southwestern Frontier. By Kristofer Ray. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2007. Pp. 236. Illustrations. Maps. Cloth, $41.00.)The Ramsey s at Swan Pond: The Archaeology and History of an East Tennessee Farm. By Charles H. Faulkner. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2008. Pp. 168. Illustrations. Cloth, $39.95.)Reviewed by Bruce E. StewartWhen touring United States in 1830s, French historian and philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville witnessed a society in flux. Since end of American Revolution in 1783, country had confronted several changes and challenges, many of which remained unresolved. Population growth, advancements in transportation, and expansion of market economy had, among other phenomena, transformed traditional notions of masculinity, deepened class tensions, and given rise to creation of a national two-party system. As de Tocqueville discovered, however, even as country was becoming more divided along political, class, racial, and gender lines, many Americans (especially white males) be- lieved that democracy had expanded over past half century. The three books under review broaden historical understandings of this tur- bulent period. Harry S. Laver 's Citizens Than Soldiers and Kris- tofer Ray's Middle Tennessee, 1775-1825 explain reasons for class conflict and rise of democracy on American frontier, while Charles H. Faulkner's The Ramsey s at Swan Pond examines daily life and social history of settlers living in Appalachian Tennessee during early nineteenth century.In Citizens Than Soldiers, Laver sheds new light on impor- tant role that militia played in shaping American society during early nineteenth century. Focusing on Kentucky, Laver argues that militia there was not a peripheral and fleeting organization composed of drunken buffoons who stumbled into a crooked line, poked each other with cornstalk weapons, and inevitably shot their commander in backside with a rusty, antiquated musket (1). Instead, he insists that militia helped Kentuckians (especially white males) adapt to changing socioeconomic conditions and aided in democratization of elec- torate. More than a dysfunctional military reserve, Laver writes, the militia established community identities and social structure, participated in politics, kept public peace, encouraged economic activity, and defined what it meant to be a man (8).Laver first chronicles impact that militia had on commu- nity. Using mostly newspapers, he posits that militia musters were popu- lar events that allowed Kentucky denizens opportunity to strengthen communal bonds. Perhaps more importantly, these militia rallies, espe- cially those held on Fourth of July and commemorations of George Washington's Birthday, helped to cultivate a national identity among participants and onlookers. These militia celebrations, however, also re- inforced class, racial, and gender hierarchies. White men, for instance, were only members of community who could directly participate in them, thereby pushing women and African Americans further away from public sphere. Meanwhile, militia officers, most of whom came from prominent families, often led processions and reminded lower class militiamen of their place in social hierarchy. The rank and file, Col. William Russell explained to his men in 1808, were to be orderly and obedient (40).Laver then delves into militia's role in creation of a two-party system in Kentucky politics during 1830s. He ultimately posits that militia served as a proto-political organization. Militia officers, many of whom would parlay their militia record into a political career, often used their position to promote partisan activities. …

Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Military Reserve Component

In this research, the authors use data from the 2004 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Reserve Component Members to test whether the presence of environmental harassment is equally predictive for the U.S. military reserve component as it has been for the active duty military. They also investigate the impact of deployment on reporting harassment. Women and those deployed outside the United States are more likely to report harassment experiences. Results support earlier findings showing that when there are very few reports of environmental harassment, there are proportionately few reports of individualized forms of harassment. When there are sizeable percentages of environmental harassment reported, there are notable percentages reporting individualized harassment experiences.

Satellite image texture and a vegetation index predict avian biodiversity in the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico

Predicting broad‐scale patterns of biodiversity is challenging, particularly in ecosystems where traditional methods of quantifying habitat structure fail to capture subtle but potentially important variation within habitat types. With the unprecedented rate at which global biodiversity is declining, there is a strong need for improvement in methods for discerning broad‐scale differences in habitat quality. Here, we test the importance of habitat structure (i.e. fine‐scale spatial variability in plant growth forms) and plant productivity (i.e. amount of green biomass) for predicting avian biodiversity. We used image texture (i.e. a surrogate for habitat structure) and vegetation indices (i.e., surrogates for plant productivity) derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for predicting bird species richness patterns in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico. Bird species richness was summarized for forty‐two 108 ha plots in the McGregor Range of Fort Bliss Military Reserve between 1996 and 1998. Six Landsat TM bands and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to calculate first‐order and second‐order image textures measures. The relationship between bird species richness versus image texture and productivity (mean NDVI) was assessed using Bayesian model averaging. The predictive ability of the models was evaluated using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. Texture of NDVI predicted bird species richness better than texture of individual Landsat TM bands and accounted for up to 82.3% of the variability in species richness. Combining habitat structure and productivity measures accounted for up to 87.4% of the variability in bird species richness. Our results highlight that texture measures from Landsat TM imagery were useful for predicting patterns of bird species richness in semi‐arid ecosystems and that image texture is a promising tool when assessing broad‐scale patterns of biodiversity using remotely sensed data.

Bone Stress Injuries Are Common in Female Military Trainees: A Preliminary Study

Although bone stress injuries are common in male military trainees, it is not known how common they are in female trainees. It also is unclear whether asymptomatic bone stress injuries heal if intensive training is continued. We prospectively followed 10 female trainees of a military Reserve Officer Course. The subjects underwent clinical and MRI examinations of the pelvis, thighs, and lower legs at the beginning, once during, and at the end of their 3-month course. We identified two to five injuries in every female trainee, all of whom already had the injuries at the beginning of the officer course. None of these injuries increased their severity despite vigorous training. Two-thirds were asymptomatic and low grade. Femoral and tibial shafts were the most common locations. Higher-grade injuries were more likely symptomatic, but regardless of the MRI findings, female trainees expressed only mild to moderate symptoms. Asymptomatic, low-grade bone stress injuries of the femoral and tibial shaft are common in female recruits undergoing heavy physical training. Because these injuries seem to remain constant or even disappear despite continued heavy physical activity, we do not recommend routine screening of asymptomatic trainees. As some bone stress fractures may have severe consequences (eg, in the femoral neck), symptomatic bone stress injuries should be examined and treated.

Imagined Masculinity: Body, Sexuality, and Family among Israeli Military Reserves

This article explores how middle‐class Jewish men on reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces form a “proper” masculinity through humor and jokes. Reserve service creates a fruitful territory for researching four issues that have not been extensively studied in the literature on masculinities: the relation between gender and age, the periodic reaffirmation of masculinity along the life course, how women are perceived as sexual objects and how informal social pressure is placed on singles to marry and begin families, and how men not only are motivated by homophobia but use images of women and homosexuals to map and interpret power relations and competition between men.

Positive Group Context, Work Attitudes, and Organizational Misbehavior: The Case of Withholding Job Effort

Considering the organization’s ethical context as a framework to investigate workplace phenomena, this field study of military reserve personnel examines the relationships among perceptions of psychosocial group variables, such as cohesiveness, helping behavior and peer leadership, employee job attitudes, and the likelihood of individuals’ withholding on-the-job effort, a form of organizational misbehavior. Hypotheses were tested with a sample of 290 individuals using structural equation modeling, and support for negative relationships between perceptions of positive group context and withholding effort by individual employees was found. In addition, individual effort-performance expectancy and individual job satisfaction were negatively related to withholding effort. The findings provide evidence that individual perceptions of positive group context play a key role in the presence of misbehavior at work. The results indicate that positive group context might be an important element of ethical climate that should be managed to temper occurrence of such adverse work behavior.

The New French Military Reserve and the Test of Overseas Operations

This article describes the policy regarding French military service and its armed force reserves. The law specifies a 100,000 person reserve force, which has prompted strategies to increase recruitment. Higher education programs and financial incentives are some of the tactics. The results of a survey that examined the motivations of French reservists is presented

Ambiguous absence, ambiguous presence: A qualitative study of military reserve families in wartime.

The "Global War on Terrorism" has resulted in reservists being deployed at an ever-increasing rate. However, because reservists and their families are unaccustomed to deployments, many families may experience boundary ambiguity, a state in which family members are uncertain in their perception about who is in or out of the family and who is performing which roles and tasks within the family. This qualitative description study examined boundary ambiguity in military reserve families over time. A sample of 34 reservists, spouses, and parents was interviewed 7 times within the 1st year of the reservists' return from Iraq. During deployment, all family members experienced boundary ambiguity. Gathering information and attending a family support group provided some relief for families. After the reservists returned, couples as well as those who had experienced additional life events or losses experienced the highest levels of boundary ambiguity. However, this boundary ambiguity dissipated over time, as families tended to restabilize once the reservists had returned to work and a routine had been established.

The Use of Sulfathiazole in the Treatment of Subacute and Chronic Osteomyelitis*

Frank Drake Dickson was born in 1882, in Pittsburgh, PA. His paternal grandfather had opened the first soft coal mine in the western part of Pennsylvania and was one of the builders of the Pennsylvania Railroad [4]. He obtained an undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1902, and his MD degree in 1905. He then studied abroad for a year and a half, and subsequently took an internship in Philadelphia. He became a Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania in 1912. In 1916, Dr. Dickson was offered a position at the new Christian Church Hospital in Kansas City. He stated, “My intention was to spend about two years in Kansas City, then return to Philadelphia” [4]. He was, however, a captain in the military reserve and when the United States entered WW I, he resigned his position at the hospital and his professorship at the University of Kansas Medical School, and went to England with the unit that Dr. Joel Goldthwait (Boston) had organized. He was transferred to France in late 1917. After the war he decided to return to Kansas City to resume his work at the University of Kansas and the Christian Church Hospital where he met Dr. Rex Diveley (who became the 15th President of the AAOS). The two later (1927) established the Dickson-Diveley Clinic and the following year moved their practice to the new St. Luke’s Hospital. He continued limited practice and served as a consultant at the Clinic up until the time of his death.