Military Purposes Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING IOT FOR MILITARY PURPOSES

The most notable change in the era of modern warfare is that information has become the most effective weapon of all. Situational awareness, based on collected information, has become the core of every military operation. Information operations, an integrated network of sensors, weapon systems and platforms have become a force multiplier. New technologies, tools and processes have established the concept of network-centric warfare.
 The concept of the Internet of Things is one of the answers to these questions. Internet of Things is widely developed throughout the world, particularly in civilian and military applications.
 Objects and things can be recognized and used to make contextual decisions by aggregating information and sharing with other objects.
 Using Internet of Things technologies, the State can work more efficiently and effectively by integrating sensor systems, actuators and control systems with current military and civilian infrastructure.
 The purpose of the article is to analyzte the possibilities of using Internet of Things technologies for military purposes, as well as to identify related security challenges and potential countermeasures, focusing on devices and technologies used in the military sphere.

A Playstation Mentality to Killing? Adverse Psychological Consequences in Drone Pilots and the Stigmatization thereof in the Military

Since the start of the 21st century, drones are increasingly used for military purposes. There have been concerns that the work of drone pilots resembles a video game and it has been argued that drone pilots are less likely to develop mental health problems than other service members. Such an assumption could increase stigmatization but empirical research is lacking. For this explorative study, 11 respondents were interviewed. They were purposefully sampled from the United States, the Netherlands, and Israel because of their insight into the working environment of drone pilots. These respondents included scholars, a therapist, and military personnel. They suggested that drone pilots do face mental health problems because of their work and that due to their distance to the battlefield, stigmatization of these problems is more likely. These findings, however, are nuanced by differences across countries and units.

Analysis of the properties of bast raw materials as a component of fabric for military uniforms

The relevance of the present research is determined by the need to replace imported raw materials for manufacturing military clothing with Ukrainian raw materials of industrial hemp and oilseed flax. The aim was to analyse the quality properties of bast raw materials and determine their potential for use in military uniforms. In the course of solving the set goals, the methods of complex analysis, synthesis, observation, measurement, comparison and generalisation of the obtained results and information were applied, as well as standard methods generally accepted in the light industry were implemented. It is noted that hemp cottonin and oilseed flax fiber, in contrast to other natural fibers, are more durable, resistant to abrasion, decay, and are characterised by sanitary, antistatic, hypoallergenic and antibacterial properties. It has been revealed that fabrics made of these fibers are durable, have high resistance to ultraviolet radiation, hold colour well, do not fade, etc. The academic paper analyses scientific studies on the use of this raw material for various types of military clothing, protective body armour, and gunpowder production. By determining the main properties of the bast raw materials under study, the possibility of using this raw material in some types of military uniforms was established. The main feature of the structure and components of the research was the systematic and comprehensive study of the quality properties of bast raw materials at all stages of its processing. It was proposed to use oilseed flax fibers and hemp cottonin instead of cotton fibers in fabrics for military purposes. This will reduce the state’s material expenditures on the purchase of fabric for the defense sector and, at the same time, it will help bring the Ukrainian light industry to a new quality level and increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian manufactured goods in the global market. Knowledge of the properties of bast raw materials can help manufacturers improve the quality of fabrics for military purposes

Improved YOLOv7 model for underwater sonar image object detection

Underwater object detection technology for sonar images is widely employed and in high demand for civil and military purposes. However, due to the inhomogeneity of the seawater medium, which causes attenuation and distortion of the acoustic signal, achieving ideal performance for sonar object detection approaches is challenging. Furthermore, the process of acoustic wave transmission is further complicated by floating objects and particles, resulting in increased multipath effects. This study proposes an object detection method named YOLOv7C, which is based on deep learning to address these challenges. An attention mechanism is incorporated into the backbone network of the model to improve its ability to handle complex backgrounds in sonar images and effectively extract features. In addition, to facilitate high-order interaction between key features, the Neck part of the network integrates Multi-GnBlock blocks. Model redundancy pruning is used to substantially reduce the model size while maintaining high detection accuracy, thereby enhancing real-time performance. The proposed YOLOv7C achieves a 1.9% increase in the mean average precision, reduces the model memory by 47.50% after pruning, and enhances the detection speed by nearly 2.5 times compared with the YOLOv7C. These findings indicate that the success rate of multi-object detection is significantly enhanced by the attention mechanism and the new module. Additionally, the model can be controlled within a reasonable size by employing appropriate pruning methods.

Cyberspace harms for children

The Internet was initially designed for military and academic purposes. However, with its growth and development, it gradually became available to more people and provided different levels of access to information, culture, communication, education, entertainment, etc. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges faced by children online, future harms, and their safety in cyberspace. The type of research is practical in terms of purpose, and the research method is qualitative and through interviews. In this study, the challenges of children online, future harm, and their safety in cyberspace were first identified through the analysis of data obtained from interviews with experts from sociology, psychology, and Law, and then these challenges were prioritized. The classification of these challenges was discussed. According to the results, these challenges have eight dimensions: easy access to unethical resources, induction of intellectual doubts, conflict of values, addiction to cyberspace, social isolation, time-waste, reduction of family communication, and generation gap. It was also found that the dimensions of addiction to cyberspace, easy access to unethical resources, and time-waste have the highest importance among the challenges, and the dimensions of reduction of family communication, social isolation, and generation gap are the next priority in terms of importance. Finally, the dimensions of induction of intellectual doubts and conflict of values are less important among the challenges.

Vee-Tail Preliminary Design Methodology for Class I mini- UAV

Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly popular and widely used in a variety of industries. They can be used for tasks such as agriculture, construction, delivery, surveillance, rescue operations, mapping, wildlife tracking and many more. With the advancements in technology, UAVs are becoming more autonomous and able to perform tasks with minimal human intervention, so are widely used for military and law enforcement purposes. V-tail configurations are commonly used on UAVs due to their advantages in control and stability performance, as well as their ability to reduce drag and improve overall efficiency. However, research on V-tail design and sizing is limited, particularly for Class I mini-UAVs. The objective of this paper is to identify a methodology for a V-tail sizing of a Class I Mini UAV (NATO classification), which refers to the Conceptual and Preliminary Design of the UAV. The methodology will follow the design of a V-tail from the characteristics of the conventional tail of the UAV. Once the characteristics of the conventional tail were extracted, V-tail geometric characteristics (reference area, aspect ratio, mean aerodynamic chord, tail span, dihedral angle), were computed. Therefore, the aerodynamic characteristics of the V-tail have to be extracted, first as an isolated tail, and then as an installed tail. The stability derivatives of the V-tail are then calculated. The methodology for the analytical aerodynamic characteristics and stability derivatives, is a combination of NACA Report No.823 and Marcello R. Napolitano methodologies. Paul E. Purser and John P. Campbell provide design methods for V-tail on a NACA report, which include some of the desired stability derivatives. The rest of them will be calculated with Napolitano’s method. Marcello R. Napolitano gives a methodology for conventional tail sizing; thus, the equations of its methodology have to convert for a V-tail configuration. Furthermore, the aerodynamic characteristics and stability derivatives of the designed V-tail will be verified by Low Fidelity Aerodynamics simulation (XFLR5 software), and then by High Fidelity Aerodynamics by means of CFD. The results between low fidelity analytical values and High-Fidelity Aerodynamics values indicate a relative error lower than 20%.

Experimental Study on Mechanical Characteristics of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Titanium Oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) Particles Processed by Stir Casting Method

Abstract: In recent trend Aluminium based metal matrix composites are most used in mechanical and automobile component design applications because of their excellent mechanical, Tribological and its physical properties. Also, Aluminium metal matrix composites are used for a variety of applications such as military, aerospace, electrical industries, and automotive purposes. The present work concentrates on the experimental study on the effects of TiO2 and Gr on aluminium alloy. During this investigation, Titanium oxide (TiO2) and Graphite (Gr) particles was reinforced with aluminium and it was prepared using stir casting technique with various weight percentage combinations of TiO2 particles 2% by wt., 4% by wt., and 6% by wt. and 3% of Gr constant for all trials. Mechanical parameters were estimated by selecting the standard test methods.

ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БЕЗПРОВІДНИХ СЕНСОРНИХ МЕРЕЖ У ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ЦІЛЯХ

The article analyzes wireless sensor networks and identifies their advantages and disadvantages when used for military purposes. It is proposed to consider the architecture of the network based on a four-level model, which consists of the level of sensors, data channels, data processing and applications for creating various types of services. This creates a versatile and effective set of instruments for solving various tasks of special purpose for military purposes. The structure of a wireless sensor network for military use is considered in detail, taking into account the variety of sensors and their purpose. It also emphasizes the importance of compact and efficient sensors for military purposes, which contain means of digital information processing, receiver and transmitter, including measurements of electromagnetic waves, light, pressure, sound. The possibility of creating sensor fields based on unmanned aerial vehicles and their use for security and information gathering is noted. Data link parameters are detailed, including signal strength and signal level at the receiving end. The importance of space scanning radars for ensuring the safety of unmanned aerial vehicles in the conditions of wind speed and obstacles is noted. The article points out the problems of energy and computing resources when using sensors, in particular, the limitation of energy consumption and the length of the information transmission channel. Methods of rationalizing energy consumption by aggregating data and using clustering protocols are proposed. The main idea of the article is that the use of wireless sensor networks for military purposes requires attention to architectural details, sensor selection and power consumption optimization to ensure effective and reliable use of this system for its intended purpose, which will lead to the successful completion of the task by the unit. Therefore, the main advantages include the simplicity and flexibility of deploying sensor fields and the prompt receipt of information directly from the contact line, which is the key to a quick response to the enemy's actions.

Legal instruments for deterring nuclear conflict in the current military and political geo-environment

The relevance of this study lies in the need to consider the legal instruments for deterring a nuclear conflict in connection with the crisis of nuclear safety and instability in the current military-political geo-environment. The purpose of this study was to examine international experience in the field of legal consolidation of prohibitive norms of deterrence necessary to prevent nuclear threats. The following general scientific and special methods were employed in the study: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, generalisation, as well as formal legal, legal hermeneutics, logical- legal, comparative legal, and historical-legal methods. The study examined the specialised international legal framework of regulatory documents in the field of nuclear safety, safe operation of nuclear facilities and nuclear deterrence, as well as nuclear deterrence strategies and their development depending on the geopolitical situation. Based on the results of the study, it is determined that the legal regulation of nuclear conflict containment is in the form of prohibitory orders consolidated in the relevant international treaties in the field of nuclear and radiation safety. The study highlighted the main international treaties positioned as legal means of nuclear deterrence. The interaction of “soft” and “hard” law in nuclear and radiation safety agreements was considered, as well as the specific features of consolidating such norms in municipal law. The study provided generalising conclusions in terms of nuclear deterrence strategies, specifically, a vision of a new concept in this area, based on technological superiority in non-nuclear means of repelling nuclear strikes and massive precision non-nuclear retaliatory strikes. It was also concluded that attention should be paid to the development of a new international treaty that would combine all the rules prohibiting the use of nuclear energy for military purposes, as well as the rules governing nuclear and radiation safety as integral components of global nuclear security. The practical significance of this study is that its materials can be used for further development of the concepts of non-nuclear or legal nuclear deterrence

고구려 토기를 통해 본 연천 은대리성의 활용 연대

This study was conducted to examine the construction period and nature of Eundaeri Fortress through the analysis of Koguryo pottery excavated from Eundaeri Fortress. The pottery with pots with bridge-shaped handles excavated from Eundaeri Fortress was locally produced during the process of Koguryo's expansion southward. Notable differences in form were observed when compared to contemporaneous (mid-late 5th century) pots with bridge-shaped handles, indicating variations in the pottery-making groups. Therefore, it is believed that the period in question can be dated from the late 4th century to the early 5th century. Eundaeri Fortress is closely associated with King Gwanggaeto's expansion southward. We examined the role of Eundaeri Fortress during King Gwanggaeto's southern expansion in 409. While Eundaeri Fortress has been mentioned as one of the six fortresses constructed by King Gwanggaeto in ‘Gukdong,’ archaeological evidence suggests that it is unrelated to the ‘Gukdong 6 fortresses.’ Additionally, when the border region of King Gwanggaeto's domain is defined as south of the Yesungang River and north of the Imjin River, the archaeological context of Eundaeri Fortress, as discovered in this study, aligns with this geographical demarcation. Therefore, it is inferred that King Gwanggaeto constructed Eundaeri Fortress for military purposes during the southern expansion, but it was abandoned without achieving its intended objectives at the time.

The Tang legacy on the Silk Road during the Uighur era: urbanisation in the eastern Tianshan region during the ninth to thirteenth centuries

AbstractTang expansion in the early seventh century brought about a series of changes to the eastern Tianshan region, including the incorporation of the region into the imperial postal relay and defence system. Important structures, including cities for the soldiers and other immigrants from Tang territory, along with fortresses and relay posts, were established along the major routes in the region, especially on the northern slopes of the Tianshan range. However, the era after the decline of the Tang is not as well known, due to a lack of contemporary sources. This article, based on a comprehensive analysis of documentary and unearthed materials, discusses a previously unacknowledged process of urbanisation in the region during the Uighur era. Uighur immigrants, originally nomads on the Mongolian steppe, occupied not only the cities, but also the garrisons and other infrastructure established by the Tang. As a result, urban settlements were established at sites that had previously served military purposes. Clusters of new cities emerged in the region, especially on the northern slopes of the Tianshan, which had long been part of the nomadic cultural zone. The sedentary and mercantile culture of the Uighurs played an important role in this process, serving as an impetus for economic prosperity along the eastern section of the Silk Road between the Tang and Mongol–Yuan eras.

Improvement of PbSn Solder Reliability with Ge Microalloying-Induced Optimization of Intermetallic Compounds Growth.

PbSn solders are used in semiconductor devices for aerospace or military purposes with high levels of reliability requirements. Microalloying has been widely adopted to improve the reliability for Pb-free solders, but its application in PbSn solders is scarce. In this article, the optimization of PbSn solder reliability with Ge microalloying was investigated using both experimental and calculation methods. Intermetallic compounds (IMC) growth and morphologies evolution during reliability tests were considered to be the main factors of device failure. Through first-principle calculation, the growth mechanism of interfacial Ni3Sn4 was discussed, including the formation of vacancies, the Ni-vacancies exchange diffusion and the dominant Ni diffusion along the [1 0 0] direction. The doping of Ge in the cell increased the exchange energy barrier and thus inhibited the IMC development and coarsening trend. In three reliability tests, only 0.013 wt% Ge microalloying in Pb60Sn40 was able to reduce IMC thickness by an increment of 22.6~38.7%. The proposed Ge microalloying method in traditional PbSn solder could yield a prospective candidate for highly reliable applications.

Degradation Effect of Moisture on Mechanical Properties of Kevlar/PVB Composites with TiO2 Nanoparticles

Kevlar fibers are widely used for industrial and military purposes due to their remarkable mechanical properties, such as their high tenacity and high strength-to-weight ratio. In this study, two-layered Kevlar composite specimens were impregnated with 10 wt.% poly (vinyl butyral)/ethanol solution which contained TiO2 nanoparticles as reinforcement. The concentrations of the nanoparticles were 1 wt.% or 2 wt.% with respect to the poly (vinyl butyral), PVB. The single-axial tensile test and three-point bending test of the Kevlar/PVB composites have been performed according to the ASTM D 3039 and ASTM D 790-03 standards, respectively. The tensile and bending properties of the dry and wet Kevlar/PVB composite specimens after a 56-day immersion are examined in this work. Upon the addition of the 2 wt.% TiO2 nanoparticles, the tensile strength and modulus of the dry specimens without reinforcement were increased by 39.8% and 24.3%, respectively. All the submerged specimens’ tensile and flexural property values were lower than those of the dry specimens. After comparing the wet composite specimens to their dry counterparts, the percentage decrease in tensile strength was approximately 20%. The wet Kevlar/PVB specimens with no TiO2 reinforcement showed the greatest reduction in bending strength, 61.4% less than for the dry Kevlar/PVB specimens, due to the degradation of the PVB matrix. In addition, a numerical simulation of the three-point bending test was carried out in Abaqus.

Experimental analysis of intrusion detection systems using machine learning algorithms and artificial neural networks

Since the invention of the internet for military and academic research purposes, it has evolved to meet the demands of the increasing number of users on the network, who have their scope beyond military and academics. As the scope of the network expanded maintaining its security became a matter of increasing importance. With various users and interconnections of more diversified networks, the internet needs to be maintained as securely as possible for the transmission of sensitive information to be one hundred per cent safe; several anomalies may intrude on private networks. Several research works have been released around network security and this research seeks to add to the already existing body of knowledge by expounding on these attacks, proffering efficient measures to detect network intrusions, and introducing an ensemble classifier: a combination of 3 different machine learning algorithms. An ensemble classifier is used for detecting remote to local (R2L) attacks, which showed the lowest level of accuracy when the network dataset is tested using single machine learning models but the ensemble classifier gives an overall efficiency of 99.8%.

ENERGY SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY DURING THE WAR: BARRIERS AND PROSPECTS FOR OVERCOMING

The article unveils the stages of evolution of the concept of energy security from the early ХХ century to the present realities, taking into account the full-scale aggression on the territory of Ukraine. The authors emphasize that in the past, energy security was primarily associated with ensuring the supply and delivery of oil and gas, but now it has become complicated with the supply of fuel for military purposes. It is noted that the Russian aggression against Ukraine has underscored the importance of the energy security policies of the United States and European countries. The article analyzes research results revealing security threats associated with the energy sector in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of decision-making covering technical, political, and programmatic aspects. New strategies for the energy market, including alternative energy sources and high-efficiency technologies, are discussed. The article examines the link between international conflicts and energy security, including the Persian Gulf crisis of 1991 and the Iraq war of 2003. The results of political debates regarding the confrontation between Russia, the United States, and Europe are presented, highlighting the need for the development of alternative energy sources and energy efficiency. It is determined that the future of energy policy should consider global trends and international relations, not just economic and geopolitical aspects. Current trends in the energy sector and their impact on energy security in conflict conditions are discussed. The importance of transitioning to renewable and alternative energy sources is emphasized amid declining reserves of traditional fuels and rising prices. Problems associated with continued dependence on fossil fuels, such as resource depletion, global warming, environmental issues, and geopolitical conflicts, are mentioned. The article underscores the necessity of cooperation between energy-consuming countries' governments to reorient their energy sectors. The growing threat of global warming and other issues necessitates immediate action to transition to less polluting energy sources. The article analyzes the impact of the war in Ukraine on the region's energy security and demonstrates the necessity of developing alternative energy sources to ensure energy supply stability. It is noted that energy security is a crucial element of a country's economic stability and plays a key role in international relations. Efforts by EU member countries to reduce dependence on gas supplies from Russia and effective steps towards developing alternative energy sources are highlighted. However, difficulties in achieving this goal due to inadequate coordination and increasing gas prices in Europe are noted. The necessity of swift and effective measures to ensure energy security amid modern challenges and conflicts is underscored.

Doctrinal Aspects of the US, NATO and EU Policies in Military Space

Exploration of an outer-space initially and currently is closely related to militarization. All spacecraft, in one way or another, have a dual purpose and can be used for both peaceful and military purposes – from the use of launchers for orbital and suborbital flights to telecommunication systems. In the doctrinal documents of the USA, NATO and the European Union space is considered, among other functions, as a source of “space threats” and as an environment for potential military operations. Military space forces and Commands are structurally separated into a special category within the Armed Forces of Western countries. Comparative analysis of NATO and EU space strategies shows significant differences. NATO places an emphasis on the use of already existing space resources of its member states to implement its traditional goals and objectives, without concentrating on the formation of collective structures advancing space technologies. EU, in contrast, actively integrates technological inputs of its member states with powerful economic potential, initiates and develops collective inter-state projects and structures for space exploration. EU in recent times pays special attention to attempts to ensure European strategic autonomy from the USA and third countries in the space sector. The increasingly intensive entry of private enterprises into the outer space sector has been a characteristic feature at the beginning of the 21st century, their role is expanding, and cooperation of businesses with the state is strengthening on a commercial basis in the form of public-private partnerships.

INTENTIONALITY AND FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF ENGINEERING THINKING IN THE CONDITIONS OF MODERN MILITARY CHALLENGES

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The works of S. Winchester, E. Meyers, K. Mitch, K. Smythe, A. Ustundag, E. Chevikkan, E. Schatzberg, and others are devoted to the study of the role of technology and engineering in the human life space. Axiological and cultural-anthropological aspects of engineering thinking are considered in the works of Ukrainian researchers. First of all, this is the research of V. Voronkova, I. Goliad, I. Markus, and O. Shulga. Discussions about the responsible use of technology in the context of military operations and the creation and development of more peaceful innovations are of particular importance. The statement of basic materials. Philosophy of technology is an important area of study because it examines the impact of technology on human existence, society, and the future of humanity. Technologies have a significant impact on human life and international relations, creating new challenges and fundamental questions about the ethics of their use, the responsibility of developers and users, as well as possible consequences for the future world. Issues related to establishing a balance between technological capabilities and general values of society require special attention. The question of the genesis of the definition of engineering success requires special attention, which can conditionally occur depending on the context where the project is carried out. In peacetime, the success of this project is evaluated according to the criteria of efficiency, economy and innovation, since the task is to improve technologies, optimize processes and ensure sustainable development. Engineering thinking in the conditions of a globalized world and longterm geopolitical claims must be ready for such challenges. First of all, it is about responsibility in ensuring the ethical and safe use of their developments. It is about supporting international efforts to control and regulate the export of military equipment, developing principles and standards for the ethical development and use of technologies for military purposes. In addition, engineers can play an active role in the development of technologies aimed at peaceful purposes and limiting the possibility of using technology in military conflicts. The functional potential of engineering thinking in the creation of state-of-the-art technologies in the conditions of war is specified through the ability to develop, implement and adapt technical solutions capable of responding to complex military challenges. This covers the following aspects: innovativeness, adaptability, cooperation.

Impact Testing of Different Materials on Wheels Used in Throwable Unmanned Ground Vehicles

Throwable Unmanned Ground Vehicles are light weight, small size, easily deployable and impact resistive vehicles mainly used in domestic as well as in military purposes where human life is compromised such as inspection of sewage pipes, and search and rescue operations etc. Main challenge while considering a Throwable UGV is its impact absorption capability which is seen through its material properties. Wheels of Throwable UGV absorb most of the impact without harming the internal structure. To solve this problem a honeycomb structured wheel is designed and simulated in ANSYS Workbench. Vulcanized rubber and Plastic composite PCTPE material wheels were impact tested using explicit dynamic analysis tool in ANSYS workbench. Total deformation, equivalent stress and strain results are tested in ANSYS under impact testing of wheel which is dropped from 10 meter height with velocity of 14m/s in a concrete surface. A plastic composite material PCTPE was 3D-printed and was used in Throwable Unmanned Ground Vehicle.

Features of aviation equipment state tests for military and special purposes in modern conditions

The article is devoted to assessing the combat effectiveness and operational qualities of aviation equipment patterns for military purposes (AEMP) in the context of a reduction in the volume of flight tests, due to the need to reduce time and material-technical costs for their conduct. Methods for assessing the characteristics of AEMP patterns based on statistical analysis of small samples are considered. A procedure for estimating the distribution density of the characteristics of an AEMP pattern by using the method of rectangular contributions is presented. Keywords military aviation equipment, testing, test conditions, small sample, probability density

Экономика космоса: глобальный контекст и опыт Франции

Various approaches to the space economy are considered, its components are highlighted. Space and the knowledge about it, being the bedrock of the space economy, are considered as a public good. The space economy as a factor of geopolitics and realization of sustainable development goals is an area of competition and cooperation for global actors. On the one hand, the leading role of the State and its expenditures now and next in space exploration and development is emphasized, on the other hand, the growing role of public and private companies’ partnership is gaining momentum, including commercial projects for launching people into space not only for research, but also for recreational purposes by reusable launch vehicles. The gap between the USA as a leader of the space economy and its competitors exploring and using space for civil and military purposes has been statistically proven. The traditional disparity between spending on civilian and military projects in space is shrinking, and the parity may be set by 2030. The key role of France – the leading country of the EU and of the countries of the ESA – in the genesis and development of the space economy in the West European part of the continent is revealed. Such an important role of France is largely due to the attention that has historically been paid to this sphere of the national economy, based on the use of nuclear technologies by the only nuclear power in the EU. The dynamics of the space economy is not in favor of France and Europe, largely due to insufficient financing (both public and private), with a great difference between European space budget and that of the USA and China. The conclusion is made that it is unlikely for France (and the EU) to bridge the gap with these leaders in the foreseeable future, despite the planned increase in investments for this innovative sector of the economy.