Military Operations Research Articles

Features of Criminal Liability of Persons Involved in a Special Military Operation

The conduct of a special military operation has led to changes in many spheres of life of Russian society. A natural consequence of these processes was the reform of certain branches and institutions of legislation, including the provisions of criminal law. The separate law providing for the specifics of criminal liability of participants in a special military operation has been replaced by relevant legal norms. Currently, special grounds for exemption from criminal liability and punishment are provided for this category of persons who have committed crimes. Due to the novelty of such legislative prescriptions, there is a need to conduct a legal analysis of the norms provided for in Articles 781 and 802 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These novelties of the Russian criminal legislation are subject to theoretical understanding, on the basis of which ways to increase the effectiveness of criminal law regulations on exemption from criminal liability and punishment of participants in a special military operation are to be developed. As a result of the conducted criminal law study of the norms establishing the grounds and conditions for exemption from criminal liability and punishment of participants in a special military operation, their socio-legal essence was determined, their relationship with related norms and institutions was revealed, recommendations and explanations on the application of these norms were formulated, as well as potential directions for improving criminal legislation were outlined in this area. In particular, the reasonableness of clarifying the analyzed norms among the persons to whom the application of the relevant provisions is permissible is justified.

Language of the SMO in its historical and cultural context

This article analyzes the language used in special military operations from a functional and semantic perspective. Nowadays, the language used by the military (the SVO as the special military operation in Ukraine) extends beyond the professional group and, thanks to media and social networks, has become understandable to most Russian speakers. The military jargon has a history dating back three hundred years, influenced by various military campaigns in which Russia and the USSR participated. The jargonisms from the early XX century, developed during the First World War, and the active development of military language in the twentieth century, are still present in modern military language. This is due to events such as the Great Patriotic War and the war in Afghanistan. Currently, there is a growing use of military terminology, alongside well-established slang terms that refer to aspects of military life, clothing, weapons, operations, orders, etc. New terms have emerged due to advancements in science and technology, as well as changes in the military-political situation. The lexemes and phrasemes used in the military sphere serve nominative, characterizing, emotional-evaluative, and gaming functions. These terms form thematic groups that make up the semantic field of military operations, based on the denotative meaning of slang words and their possible connotations. The language of the SVO reflects the historically formed and evolving military sociolect of the national language, primarily through Russian vocabulary and phraseological units, specialized terminology, and everyday slang. A small number of foreign terms, mainly related to weapons, have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of the Russian language. Overall, the language of the SMO used in military-political communication reflects the national and cultural characteristics of the military.

Foreign migrants in the Moscow agglomeration: spatial and temporal analysis based on data from mobile operators

The article analyzes the modern ethnic landscape of the Moscow agglomeration on the basis of data from mobile operators. The estimation of the number of foreign migrants and its monthly dynamics from October 2021 to October 2022 is made. The main areas of residence of foreigners have been identified, the ethnic diversity of municipalities has been assessed, and the main types of settlement pattern of national-ethnic communities have been identified. The study showed that the total number of foreign migrants in the agglomeration reaches 1.8 million people or 9% of the total population, remaining almost unchanged in spite of events of 2022, including the special military operation. The share of foreigners is minimal in ZATO (below 3%), it is also insignificant in the far suburbs of Moscow and in expensive districts of the capital city. At the same time, the threshold of 17% (the so-called “boiling point”, reflecting a sharp increase in the risks of interethnic conflicts and ghettoization of urban space) was overcome by 8 municipalities in the agglomeration. The two most noticeable areas of increased concentration of foreign migrants are identified in the south-east at the junction of Moscow and Moscow region (Lublino – Kotelniki) and in New Moscow (Mosrentgen – Sosenskoye). The calculation of the Ekkel ethnic mosaic index confirmed the presence of pronounced interethnic contact zones here. Increased index values were also noted in most central and southwest districts of Moscow, which, with a smaller proportion of foreigners living, are associated with a high density of offices, diplomatic institutions and universities. Three types of settlement patterns of national-ethnic groups of migrants, determined by the adaptive capabilities of ethnic communities, were revealed. Diffuse and relatively uniform settlement pattern is characteristic for both the most massive ethnic groups (citizens of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) and the most culturally close to the local population (citizens of Ukraine and Belarus). Concentric settlement pattern (in residential areas of Moscow and satellite cities) is typical for relatively large ethnic groups coming from post-Soviet countries (citizens of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia). The local settlement pattern is typical for small ethnic communities that gravitate to specific districts of the capital city.

Navigating uncharted waters: Legal challenges and the future of unmanned underwater vehicles in maritime military cyber operations

The evolving landscape of maritime security is increasingly shaped by the integration of cyber technologies into naval operations, posing complex legal challenges under international maritime law. This paper examines the 2016 Bowditch incident, in which a U.S. Navy Unmanned Underwater Vehicle was detained by the Chinese navy, as a case study for comprehending the legal implications of maritime military cyber operations. The research delves into the ambiguous legal standing of unmanned underwater vehicles and their activities, particularly within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Through a detailed analysis of the incident, this study identifies significant gaps in existing legal frameworks and advocates for the urgent need to augment international law to adequately address the emergence of cyber technologies in maritime military operations. The findings underscore the crucial role of international consensus in defining the legal status of unmanned maritime systems and the norms governing maritime military cyber operations, essential for upholding global maritime security and stability.

The Asymmetries Generated by New Weapon Systems and Their Role in Achieving Success on the Battlefield. The Impact of HIMARS on the Conflict in Ukraine

The advent of new weapon systems, which integrate the latest technologies, is transforming the battlefield and redefining the character of contemporary modern warfare. The recent armed conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Ukraine, by their complexity, serve to illustrate the diversification of threats and the adaptation of military capabilities to counter them. Regardless of the type of conflict, success on the battlefield depends on the ability to gain an advantage over the enemy and exploit it. Such an advantage may be derived from the realization of asymmetries on the battlefield, which may be generated at all levels of military operations. The equipping of the Ukrainian forces with the HIMARS system in the summer of 2022 has given them a significant position of advantage, creating a number of tactical and operational asymmetries. In this context, the objective of this research is to identify the asymmetries generated by the HIMARS system and to determine how they contributed to the battlefield success. The key findings are of significant value due to the fact that most NATO member states, including Romania, are making efforts to strengthen their HIMARS capabilities.

Seasonality in Sonoran pronghorn survival and movement within a managed rangeland

AbstractThe endangered Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) has a large portion of its range within a military operations area in southwestern Arizona, USA. Sonoran pronghorn have been actively managed in this region for more than 20 years. Recovery efforts have included release of captive‐born pronghorn into areas both currently and historically occupied by wild pronghorn. These areas provide habitat for federally endangered essential and experimental non‐essential, referred to as 10(j), pronghorn populations. More than 20 years of monitoring efforts have resulted in a large dataset on their spatial occurrence and movement within these areas. To synthesize long‐term trends and seasonality in Sonoran pronghorn movement and mortality, we employed a suite of quantitative analyses that characterized the pronghorns' 1) individual and population‐level home ranges, 2) occurrence near active military targets, 3) trends in seasonal group sizes and composition, 4) sex‐ and group‐specific survivorship, and 5) changes in movement‐based behavior following release from captivity. We found strong seasonal trends throughout, including sex‐specific differences in seasonal movement rates, home ranges, survival, and group composition. Further, captive‐born pronghorn released into the endangered population exhibited markedly higher survival compared to those released in 10(j) areas. Captive‐born pronghorn exhibited significant seasonal use of active military target areas. These analyses, which represent the most comprehensive analysis of Sonoran pronghorn movement and survival to date, have important implications for the future conservation and management of this endangered species. Our results indicate that active management of endangered Sonoran pronghorn has successfully increased survival, and we recommend maintaining or increasing current recovery efforts, such as captive breeding and placement of supplemental resources throughout their range (e.g., freestanding water and supplemental forage), to further boost the survivorship of both wild‐ and captive‐born pronghorn. Moreover, future management efforts could use our seasonality results to create dynamic prediction models of when and where pronghorn are likely to overlap with military activities to best manage interactions. Our methods have added application to other mobile species of conservation interest occurring in disturbed and resource‐limited landscapes.

International commercial arbitration in Ukraine under martial law

It is indicated that International Commercial Arbitration is one of the most effective ways of resolving disputes between participants in international trade, ensuring speed, flexibility and neutrality of the process. However, the activity of arbitration in Ukraine faces a number of new challenges due to the introduction of martial law as a result of large-scale aggression. The hostilities led to significant disruptions to normal economic activity, including making it difficult to enforce contracts, access to justice, and enforce arbitral awards. This raises questions about the ability of arbitration to function effectively in such extraordinary circumstances. The topic is extremely relevant in today’s environment, where Ukraine faces large-scale military aggression that significantly affects all spheres of economic life, including international trade and legal relations between business entities. The article examines the legal and practical aspects of international commercial arbitration during martial law, particularly the impact of military operations on arbitration procedures, the possibility of enforcing arbitral awards, and the problems of their enforcement in a limited legal and economic environment. The main focus is on how arbitration institutions in Ukraine, in particular the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, are adapting to the new realities. The author also considers the issue of enforceability of arbitral awards in the light of military operations, sanctions, economic restrictions, and challenges for the Ukrainian legal system. The challenges related to the organization of the arbitration process, such as logistical difficulties, limited access to resources and documents, as well as the application of sanctions against the parties to the dispute, are explored. Special emphasis is placed on the possibilities of conducting arbitration hearings in a remote format and the use of modern technologies to ensure the continuity of the process under martial law. The article also examines the prospects for adapting arbitration to the new realities, including the possibility of filing claims for compensation for damages caused by military operations. The study analyses the prospects for the development of international arbitration in Ukraine, including the use of digital technologies, online hearings, and adaptation of the arbitration process to the challenges of wartime. Particular attention is paid to the opportunities for Ukrainian entrepreneurs to protect their rights through arbitration in international disputes, including the issue of compensation for damages caused by military actions.

The right to education under the conditions of martial state

The right to education is one of the fundamental human rights approved in the Constitution of Ukraine. However, the war conditions taking place on the territory of Ukraine create significant challenges for ensuring this right. In this article, we analyze the problems that arise in the context of ensuring the provisions of Article 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine in conditions of war and offer ways to solve them. This article highlights the importance of ensuring the right to education under martial law in Ukraine and suggests practical measures to achieve this goal. The study of this topic contributes to the development of effective strategies for managing educational processes in wartime conditions. Ensuring the right to education in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine becomes a particularly acute problem due to active hostilities and occupation of territories. Military operations are accompanied by violations of human rights, including the right to education, which is contrary to international standards. Military aggression forces the evacuation of schools, universities and other educational institutions, which disrupts the educational process and creates difficulties for obtaining an education. The results of military operations have serious psychological consequences for children, youth and teaching staff, which negatively affects their learning and work capacity. The article analyzes the problem of ensuring the right to education under martial law. The challenges faced by Ukraine in providing educational opportunities during the war are investigated. Special attention is paid to strategies for protecting the right to education, including the role of international law, humanitarian aid programs and innovative approaches to education. Based on this analysis, recommendations are provided to improve the situation with the right to education in the conditions of military conflict. The problems of education during the legal regime of martial law are analyzed, the need to continue measures to guarantee the constitutional right to education is emphasized, since education is considered extremely important for the progress of society, the future of the country directly depends on the level of education, talents, culture and consciousness of the young generation.

International humanitarian law as a result of challenges of armed conflicts

The study is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of international humanitarian law in the context of the protection of human rights and freedoms during armed conflicts. The historical development of legal norms is considered, starting from the early attempts to regulate military operations to the formation of the modern system of international law. Special attention is paid to three key areas of development of international humanitarian law: Geneva, Hague and New York. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and additional protocols to them, which became the foundation for the protection of war victims, are analyzed in detail. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which established the rules of warfare and the principles of peaceful resolution of conflicts, are considered. The role of the UN in the development of international law is highlighted, in particular through the adoption of resolutions and the holding of international conferences. The work emphasizes the importance of creating universal standards for the protection of human rights and their consolidation at the level of international law. Key international documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenants on Human Rights and European Conventions are analyzed. The study reveals the process of integration of various aspects of humanitarian law, which led to the formation of a comprehensive approach to the regulation of armed conflicts. There is a growing understanding of the relationship between human rights, the rules of war and the protection of civilians. Particular attention is paid to modern challenges in the field of human rights protection during armed conflicts, in particular in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. Ukraine’s efforts to adapt national legislation to the conditions of armed conflict and the implementation of international norms are considered. The study emphasizes the need for continuous improvement of mechanisms for the protection of human rights in the conditions of armed conflicts and adaptation of international law to the new realities of warfare. The work is important for understanding the current state of international humanitarian law and the prospects for its development.

Competitiveness of domestic educational services on the international market

It is indicated that Ukraine, as a country that has a large number of effective educational institutions that educate leading specialists in their field, who are currently using their knowledge in projects around the world, should be in the top list of countries for exporting educational services in the world. With the beginning of the anti-terrorist operation in 2014, as well as with the beginning of full-scale military operations in 2022, the development of the export of educational services in Ukraine decreased, and therefore the place of Ukrainian educational services in the international market of educational services decreased as well. The corresponding state of affairs implies the need to develop mechanisms and ways to increase the level of competitiveness of Ukraine in the international market of educational services, which is relevant and requires research. It was noted that on the way to European integration, Ukraine adheres to a number of international standards, actively develops its economy, in particular, in the field of education. The scientific article is devoted to the study of issues of competitiveness of domestic educational services on the international market. The place of domestic educational services in the international market and the dynamics of the development of domestic educational services in the international market are determined. The particularities of the obstacles that currently do not allow the proper development of Ukrainian educational services on the international market of educational services are given. The reasons that stimulate the development of domestic educational services and stimulate the strengthening of the position of domestic educational services on the international market are determined. Features, general characteristics and risks of competitiveness of domestic services and factors influencing the competitiveness of services are determined. The features of the competitiveness of domestic educational services are given, as well as the dynamics of the corresponding competitiveness before and during the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine. The impact of martial law on the development of the competitiveness of domestic educational services is determined; the negative impact of martial law on the competitiveness of domestic educational services and ways to improve the situation are highlighted.

Key features and applications of military drones: a case study from the Portuguese military ground forces

PurposeThe rapid advancement of new technologies necessitates the adaptation of existing resources to address the evolving demands of contemporary conflicts among nations. As exemplified by the emergence of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), these technologies have become indispensable components of military drone operations. This study investigates the role of innovation models in driving Portuguese Innovation and Development, focusing specifically on military drones.Design/methodology/approachThrough an examination of existing scientific and doctrinal literature, this research establishes a connection between theoretical concepts and the practical deployment of drones within the Portuguese ground forces. Employing a qualitative approach, this study follows a case study, with data collection following the principle of triangulation.FindingsThe findings of this research reveal several attributes crucial to drone utilization, such as optronic capability and drone range. These attributes are vital for ensuring high-quality, real-time imagery transmission and operational effectiveness in military activities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of the implications of drone attributes for the Command, Control, Communications and Information Systems (C3IS) capabilities of the Portuguese ground forces. It highlights the importance of continued emphasis on drone development and innovation as a key priority for the Portuguese Army.

Transhumanism, managerism and the special military operation in Ukraine

The article analyzes two ideologies that are the most important for the modern Transhumanism and managerialism as two ideologies most significant for the modern Western world have been analyzed. The study of these issues was carried out in the context of identifying the relationship between the Western elites’ support for Ukraine and the transformation processes that are taking place in the European Union and North America. The purpose of the study is to determine what social changes in the West lead to forming barriers to the peaceful resolution of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The work applied general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the comparative method of scientific cognition. Document analysis was used as an applied method of collecting empirical information (the study of information portals, state authorities’ and non-governmental organizations’ websites). As the study result, the following conclusions have been made. The transhumanism ideology in the countries of the European Union and North America is focused on creating a “society of the chosen”. The transhumanism and managerialism application leads to a significant increase in society manageability by accelerating traditional social ties disintegration. Western society transformation increases its vulnerability due to incomplete change of social values and internal resistance to transhumanism and managerialism. The special military operation on the territory of Ukraine is used to strengthen integration processes in the West.

Comprehensive approach to clinical decision-making strategy, illustrated by the Gulf War.

Throughout the history of medicine, clinical decision-making strategies have largely been dependent on the implementation of novel technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI) has not only made a leap into a new dimension of medical measures & decisions' shaping but has also served as a strategic backup of medical practice. Due to its nature, and military technologies in use, the Gulf War (1990-1991) is considered to be the verge of the contemporary warfare era. Soldiers had been engaged into a highly complex military operation theatre contaminated with both chemical and radiological noxious agents, and burdened with side-effects of prophylactic measurements. The aim of this review is to present a comprehensive approach to clinical decision-making strategy using theGulf War veterans' syndrome as an example. The model is based on the processing of all data coming from the military operation theatre and their unification with medical data, so as to obtain the final product, i.e.,the decision needed for a personalised therapeutic approach. Due to the complexity and a huge amount of data gathered at a given location in a given time, the functioning of this model unanimously calls for the interlace between military system AI and that of the medical sector.

The State and Trends of Crime in the Territory of the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2023

Introduction. The article provides an analysis of the state of crime in the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2023. The analysis is based on statistical data on the state of crime in the Commonwealth over the past five years.After Russia launched a special military operation in 2022 to denazify and demilitarize Ukraine, a situation is developing in the world in which the countries of the collective West are trying to damage our country through economic sanctions, as well as actually waging a proxy war against Russia. Unfriendly countries, led by the United States, are trying to use the member states of the Commonwealth as a tool in the fight against Russia, through unequal cooperation to introduce differences in the CIS, and use information security technologies for their own purposes.To determine the degree of influence of current world events on the criminal situation in the post-Soviet space, an analysis of the state of crime in the CIS countries was carried out.The given statistical data on crime in the Commonwealth countries demonstrate the dynamics of the criminal situation in the countries under consideration, depending primarily on internal criminogenic factors. Such factors exist and develop under the influence of criminal elements and the existing criminal environment.The analysis of the dynamics of the criminal situation for 2019-2023 was aimed at determining the trends of its development in the light of the impact of external and internal processes that have arisen in recent years, to identify the causes affecting the dynamics of certain types of crime and to make a forecast of the possible development of the criminal situation for the next 1-2 years.To predict the dynamics of the criminal situation in the CIS countries, the expotential smoothing method was used, which is illustrated by the graphs given in the article.Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the conclusions and achievements of criminology, scientific research on crime as a social phenomenon. The reasons and events influencing the dynamics of crime are taken into account. General scientific and private scientific research methods (synthesis, deduction, analysis, generalization, observation, etc.) were used in the work. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach, comparative and problem-based approaches.The results of the study. As a result of the analysis of the criminal situation at the transport facilities of the Russian Federation, it was found that, starting in 2020, new factors influenced the quantitative indicators of crime in transport. The introduction of restrictive measures related to the spread of coronavirus infection, their subsequent cancellation, the beginning of the geopolitical crisis in the world, provoked by the imposition of sanctions by Western countries against Russia, restrictions on international communications. closure of airports, borders, etc. they affected the directions of preventive activities of the internal affairs bodies in transport. The conclusions and forecasts made in the article determine the trends in the development of the criminal situation in transport in 2023 and allow us to determine the most important vectors of the direction of preventive activities of internal affairs bodies.Discussion and conclusion. The article identifies and substantiates the priority areas of activity of the internal affairs bodies of Russia in transport for the most effective organization of preventive activities and combating crime.

Рискогенные факторы избирательного процесса в современной России

Relevance of the research topic is based on the change of the focus of development of electoral law and procedure towards creation of reliable guarantees of security of electoral rights of citizens in the conditions of the special military operation, informational and ideological war and sanctions pressure of the West on the Russian Federation. The article reviews risk-posing factors of the electoral procedure, suggests ways to minimize them, to create a legal mechanism to regulate them and to manage such risks with the help of cutting-edge scientific research results. Realities of the elections of the President of the Russian Federation in March 2024 gave birth to new legal regimes for holding thereof: regime of high alert to a situation of emergency and even the state of martial law. However, the applicable laws fail to transform in due time to keep pace with the rapidly changing circumstances, so legal gaps are filled in by election commissions. Arising problems in the border territories were solved quickly thanks in large part to the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, election commissions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, supreme officials of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Book Review: Dariusz Grala, "The Security of Military Supply Chains" [“Bezpieczeństwo wojskowych łańcuchów dostaw”], Academy of War Studies Publishing House, Warsaw 2024, ISBN 978-83-8263-503-4, pp. 326.

A new monograph titled "The Security of Military Supply Chains" has emerged in the publishing market, released in 2024 by the Academy of War Studies Publishing House (ISBN 978-83-8263-503-4). This publication spans 326 pages and represents a significant contribution to Polish scientific literature, as the subject matter has not been analysed in such a comprehensive manner until now. The Author of the book is Dariusz Grala, a Colonel in the Polish Army, a Doctor of Engineering, and the current Dean of the Faculty of Management and Command at the Academy of War Studies. The monograph introduces the reader to an extensive, erudite discourse at the intersection of political science research, security studies, and management and quality. The Author meticulously and logically discusses areas related to the security of military supply chains, which have previously been underexplored in the literature. The term "security" is understood here in various contexts, encompassing both states and processes that influence military supply chains. The Author highlights their role as a set of cooperating structures aimed at delivering goods essential for the execution of military training operations, operational activities, and combat missions. The literature often encounters the term "defence sector supply chains"; however, in the military context, the perspective on the functioning of these supply chains has a broader and often sensitive significance. This "sensitive" nature of the security of military supply chains —understood from the intentions expressed in the Introduction — has become the subject of the Author's research, which integrates theories and practices from military logistics and supply chain management. The considerations focus on the processes occurring within these chains under various conditions. This approach is particularly important in the realm of security and defence, as civil supply chain publications often overlook, assuming it to be self-evident, the specific security considerations related to military needs. This publication, in a sense, bridges these two worlds.

BLOCKCHAIN AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DEFENCE SECTOR

The digital transformation of the economy affects many sectors, including the defence sector, which is sensitive from both a national and international perspective. The digitalisation of the economy is based on technologies such as robotics, autonomy, additive manufacturing technologies (3D printing), augmented reality, big data, quantum computers, artificial intelligence and blockchains. In this article, we will take a closer look at the latter, namely blockchain technology. We will briefly outline its main properties and advantages, which make it particularly attractive for use in the defence sector, and dwell on its application to implement such a tool as smart contracts. One of the key advantages of blockchain in the context of military operations is ensuring transparency and traceability of supplies. In today's realities, logistical problems can cost lives, but blockchain helps prevent fraud and improve coordination between interacting communication nodes. Thanks to the use of blockchain technologies, each unit of supply can be recorded in an immutable register, which allows you to track its path from sender to recipient. This reduces the risk of loss or theft, and simplifies the process of monitoring and verifying the accuracy of information about deliveries. In addition, the decentralised nature of the blockchain enhances the security of military communications, protecting them from interception and attack. Each message is encrypted in such a way that it can only be read by the addressee. This ensures a high level of confidentiality and data protection, as information transmitted through the blockchain is distributed among numerous network nodes, making it difficult for attackers to access. By using cryptographic methods, the blockchain ensures that even in the event of a successful attack, attackers will not be able to alter or falsify information. Creating a tamper-proof ID system will help fight counterfeiting and improve the process of identifying wounded or fallen soldiers. By assigning unique and unchangeable authenticators to personnel, equipment or weapons, one hundred per cent identification of military entities can be ensured. This allows for accurate tracking of the movement and status of each soldier and equipment, which contributes to more efficient resource management. This system also increases the level of trust in the information provided, as it is recorded in the blockchain and cannot be changed or deleted. The introduction of blockchain technology in the defence sector can bring significant benefits, including increased security, transparency and efficiency. However, this process is accompanied by numerous challenges and risks that need to be considered and overcome for successful integration.

Integration of Belarus and Russia in the context of a Special military operation

Integration of Belarus and Russia in the context of a Special military operation

Military Practices and Experiences and their Effects on the Environment

International humanitarian law provides the guidelines to meet environmental standards during military operations. Thus, we explore the effect of military spending on CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia by using data from 1971-2022 and the cointegration technique. Moreover, the effect of fossil fuels on CO2 emissions is also tested along with testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the model. The EKC is corroborated by the effect of economic progress on CO2 emissions in the long and short runs. Moreover, military spending raises CO2 emissions. A 1% increasing military spending raises 0.0414% of CO2 emissions. Thus, military operations and activities are responsible for environmental problems. The effect of fossil fuels is also positive and a 1% increasing fossil fuels raises 1.0984% of CO2 emissions. The short-run results substantiate the long-run conclusions with different elasticity parameters. The study suggests reducing military spending and operations to protect the environment. Moreover, fossil fuel consumption should also be reduced by shifting energy needs toward clean sources.

Conservation of degraded and technologically contaminated lands of Ukraine damaged as a result of military aggression of the Russia: problems of legal regulation

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of legal regulation of conservation of degraded and technogenically polluted lands of Ukraine, which were damaged as a result of Russian hostilities. The article states that the military aggression of the Russian Federation has transformed the territory of Ukraine since 2014 into a military-technologically tense region of Europe. These events caused catastrophic consequences for the state of land resources and soils of the state. It was found that the constant use of military means of destruction is a powerful polluter of the soil cover and poses a direct threat to the population. It has been proven that one of the important factors that will contribute to the restoration of the condition of lands and soils in Ukraine after the end of hostilities is the use of land conservation, which is a powerful measure of land and soil protection, will contribute to the restoration of soil fertility and their further use. It is noted that to date there are certain deficiencies in the legislation of Ukraine in the field of conservation of technogenically polluted and degraded lands that have been violated as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The article establishes the expediency of supplementing the provisions of the Land Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On Land Protection” with the concept of technogenically polluted and degraded lands damaged as a result of military operations. It is noted that it seems appropriate to introduce a special legal regime for man-made and degraded lands subject to conservation as a result of hostilities and emergency situations. Conclusions were made about the necessity of conservation of technologically polluted and degraded lands that were damaged as a result of hostilities. The expediency of adding provisions to the land legislation of Ukraine regarding the protection and rational use of this type of land has been proven.