Military Metaphors Research Articles

'If it doesn't fit, you must acquit': metaphor and the O.J. Simpson criminal trial

This paper analyses the use of metaphor in the prosecution and defence closing arguments of the O.J. Simpson criminal trial as a conceptualizing device for both the trial and its participants. It studies the relative distribution of these representations, which include military, sporting and theatrical metaphors. Moreover it shows that these metaphorical constructs serve very different functions; in the prosecution closing argument as a structuring device, and in the defence equivalent as a dramatic highlighter of particular individuals and events. The paper continues with a detailed analysis of two specific metaphorical references: the criminal trial as the completion of a jigsaw puzzle and Simpson, the defendant, as an unpredictable time-bomb.

The Assault on Specialty Medicine and the Modern Surgeon

I would like to talk wth you about specialty medicine and the contemporary thoracic surgeon. I shall briefly trace the development of specialty medicine, of which thoracic surgery is a leading example, describe the challenges to the authority of the specialist, and finally suggest some responses called for in this new, rapidly changing, and embattled era. I believe that an assault on the specialist is adding to the burdens of the modern surgeon and calls for a response affirming what we stand for.

Agitation, Propaganda, and the 'Stalinization' of the Soviet Press, 1922-1930

Between 1925 and 1933 the layout and tone of the Soviet central press underwent a plainly discernible change. Issues of Pravda and Izvestiia from the period of the New Economic Policy or NEP ( 1921-1927) contain journalistic genres familiar to the American reader: the wire service report written in an "objective" style, the editorial commentary, the economic analysis, the shortsatirical piece about everyday life. The shrill declamation, exhortation, and didacticism of the same newspapers in the early 1930s, on the other hand, seem alien and bizarre. Exclamation marks, commands, military metaphors, and congratulations from Party leaders to factories for surpassing their production plans fill central Soviet papers from 1933. Sometimes the press castigates readers like a parent scolding naughty children, sometimes it lectures them like a teacher,sometimes it exhorts them to action, like a platoon leader urging his troops forward. Aggressive declamation about "Bolshevik tempo," "Bolshevik competition," "Fascist depravity," and "gargantuan victories of the proletariat" blares from the pages.

A descriptive study of stress management in a group of pediatric oncology nurses.

Pediatric oncology nursing is associated with highly stressful and emotional situations. This article describes and discusses major sources of occupational stress among a group of nurses participating in a stress management group. The stress sources for these nurses were preoccupation with death and dying, the professional image of the oncology nurse, the nurse as fighter in the war against disease and death, the nurses' perceived isolation from the medical staff, the nurses' perceived inferior professional status compared with that of physicians, emotional overinvolvement with patients and families, suppression of anger, and difficulties in balancing work and home demands. The following factors are suggested as major contributors to the nurses' stress and burnout: increased tendency for irrational-dysfunctional thinking styles (mainly "demandingness" and "awfulizing"), diffuse boundaries between nurses and patients, low professional self-efficacy, and wide prevalence of military metaphors.

‘The ants were duly visited’: making sense of John Lubbock, scientific naturalism and the senses of social insects

Much ink has been spilt in consideration of the once pervasive reliance on military metaphors to depict the relationships between science and religion in the nineteenth century. This has resulted in historically sensitive treatments of secularization; and the realization that the relationship between science and religion was not a bloody war between intellectual nation states, but a protracted divorce of former partners. Moreover, historians of science have been encouraged to throw off the yoke of the internalism–externalism debate, and to explore the cultural boundaries that impinged upon practitioners of a natural knowledge of the world. Within the historiography of nineteenth-century science, this has resulted in many new perspectives on science and natural knowledge in relation to cultural control and authority.

Literature and medicine: narratives of physical illness

Literature and medicine: narratives of physical illness

Media at War: Radio’s Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939 by Gwenyth L. Jackaway

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 525 city”(of course he would play up the New York angle), the story of Steinway is really an American story. Its readers will indeed be thoroughly engaged by the story of this great piano-building family, but they will additionally come away with an enhanced understand­ ing of the history of American business and industry, society and culture. Emily Thompson Dr. Thompson teaches the history of technology at the University of Pennsylvania. Before becoming a historian, she worked as a sound engineer and producer at the Eastman School of Music and atWQED-FM in Pittsburgh. She is the author of “Ma­ chines, Music and the Quest for Fidelity: Marketing the Edison Phonograph in America, 1877-1925,” Musical Quarterly 79 (Spring 1995). Media at War: Radio’s Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939. By Gwenyth L. Jackaway. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995. Pp. xi+168; notes, bibliography, index. $49.95 (hardcover). In enlisting the military metaphor of war in her title and in her historical trajectory, GwenythJackaway invites us to view the advent of new technology as an agent of insurgency, arriving on the scene bristling with aggression toward entrenched interests and forcing them into a stance of self-defense, “threatening” and disrupting es­ tablished ways ofthinking, communicating, and doing business. The entrenched interest, in this case print journalism, reacts by at­ tempting to “stem the tide of progress . . . maintain the familiar roles” and by “taking economic, political and legal action against the disrupting force—the new competition.” (p. 113) This is a famil­ iar scenario, often used as a framework to explain shifts in media technologies and institutions, as the author points out. Moreover, this battle is not confined to the economic realm. By looking through what she describes as “a communication lens”—namely, radio’s “threat to the institutional identity of the press” as well as to its institutional structure and institutional function (to use the headings of the three main chapters)—Jackaway argues that new technologies challenge not only institutions but “the very way in which we define social reality” (p. 3). This is an approach thatworks to defy the certitudes oftechnologi­ cal determinism and, drawing on Carolyn Marvin’s work in particu­ lar, the book sets out to show that the “resistance” ofthe newspaper industry to the upstart medium of radio was based on far more than simple technological grounds. AsJackaway explains, the core of the story concerns “the struggle for control over the channels of news gathering and dissemination, and for the power that comes with that control. . . . The print journalists of the 1930s, fighting to protect their institution from the threats of radio, issued warnings that the journalistic ideals of objectivity, the capitalist ideals of protecting in­ 526 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE tellectual property, and the political ideals of democracy would be compromised by the emergence ofbroadcastjournalism” (pp. 15455 ). Even as many newspapersjumped with both feet into exploita­ tion of the new technology—a side of the interaction that this work rules out of consideration almost from the beginning—its official voices, largely the American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA) and the trade publication Editor and Publisher, continued to deploy the defensive tactics of strategic rhetoric and legal and regulatory intervention, culminating in the Biltmore Agreement of 1933. Yet if this formulation avoids technological determinism, it leans heavily toward the equally dangerous trap of institutional determin­ ism. By taking a descriptive approach that accepts without question some of the essential elements of newspaper industry discourse, Me­ dia at War ends up duplicating and reinforcing notions of “newspa­ pers” and of “radio” propagated by the most self-interested ele­ ments of the press. In doing so, it sets aside elements that would challenge and contradict those constructions. Part of this is a meth­ odological problem: by focusing her research on Editor and Publisher and other print-linked sources—and by accepting their contention that “news coverage” was the primary activity under dispute—Jackaway frames her argument in their terms even as she critiques them. For instance, the basic self-definition of newspapers as primarily concerned with “news” (and the culturally weighted meaning of that term) could have used a more critical...

Military perspectives of organizations

As the most common metaphor in organizational literature, the military perspective has greatly influenced business thought and practice. Delineates the various forms taken by the military metaphor in business, and discusses potential explanations for its increasing popularity. Considers the ethical and structural effects of military thinking on the organization.

The scientific voice

Tracing the language of science through time and across cultures, Scott Montgomery examines its character, evolution, and cultural origins, and shows the profound influence language has had on scientific thought, discovery, and progress. Drawing on examples from a range of sciences, he shows how the choice of language and metaphors leads to different scientific insights. This process is illustrated through discussions of military metaphors in biomedical writings, a comparison between Japanese and English science, and a fascinating examination of the English translation of Freud's work and how it compares to the original German edition.

La Reine Boit!: Print, Performance, and Theater Publics in France, 1724-1725

La Reine Boit! Print, Performance, and Theater Publics in France, 1724–1725 Jeffrey S. Ravel (bio) Introduction French playwrights at the outset of the reign of Louis XV encountered more militant theater audiences than their classical predecessors had in the early years of the reign of Louis XIV. Take the testimony of the Abbé Pellegrin, whose play The Divorce of Love and Reason failed on the stage of the Comédie-Française after five performances in September 1723. 1 In a preface to the print version of his play entitled “Discourse on the Manner in Which One Judges Theatrical Works,” Pellegrin, in the guise of an anonymous writer disavowing any authorial ambitions of his own, attacked the spectators in the parterre, or pit, who rejected his play. Dividing the parterre into three categories, the “troublemakers,” the “cafe halfwits,” and the minuscule number of knowledgeable auditors, Pellegrin’s defender castigated “these insects of Parnassus, whose pernicious winds had often stifled” promising authors. 2 In recent years, the writer continued, authors and actors had sustained “a general assault” each time a new play premiered; the parterre seemed to have proudly conquered the “battlefield,” insolently asserting to all authors, “We will judge you.” 3 The preface’s condescending references to the audience, its military metaphors for the playhouse, and its unwillingness to submit to the parterre’s judgment reflected a writer’s perspective on the increasingly interventionist audiences frequenting the public playhouses of the French capital. [End Page 391] Half a year later the most controversial playwright of the period, Voltaire, saw Mariamne, his third tragedy, fall spectacularly in a single evening. 4 On 6 March 1724, Parisian theater-goers anxiously awaited the premiere of a new offering by the notorious author of the epic poem La Ligue; according to the Mercure de France, demand for tickets was so great that the loges were rented far in advance and the actors were able to charge double the normal admission price. 5 The huge audience, 1257 people in all, listened attentively during the first three acts and a part of the fourth as the actors recited the Voltairean verse in the declamatory style adopted during the seventeenth century. 6 By the fifth act, however, the actors had difficulty making themselves heard over the tumultuous reactions of the spectators. Finally, at the play’s climactic moment, as the doomed heroine Mariamne raised a cup of poison to her lips, a spectator yelled out, “La Reine boit!” (The Queen is drinking!). This cry paraphrased the traditional shout “Le Roi boit!” (The King is drinking!) associated with Epiphany celebrations. Despite the disruption the players finished the tragedy, but Voltaire withdrew his work from the repertory. 7 The play did not reappear until 10 April 1725, when it opened the Comédie-Française’s new season. Far from being jeered off the stage, Herod and Mariamne, as the playwright had retitled his tragedy, enjoyed a successful first run of sixteen performances in April and May of that year, and a total of twenty-eight performances during the 1725–1726 season. 8 Voltaire’s official version of the play appeared in print in August 1725; the performance of his tragedy at Court the next month during the festivities surrounding the wedding of Louis XV lent further legitimacy to his theatrical enterprise. (See Table 1.) Table 1. A 1724–1725 Mariamne Chronology 6 March 1724 Voltaire’s first version of Mariamne at the Comédie-Française. March 1724 Carolet’s Inès and Mariamne on the Elysian Fields, a parody for marionnettes, at the St-Germain fair. 1 April 1724 Fuzelier’s Theater’s Holiday at the St-Germain fair. 1724 Publication of a new edition of Tristan l’Hermite’s seventeenth-century Mariamne. 3 February 1725 Piron’s Chimeras at the St-Germain fair. 15 February 1725 Nadal’s Mariamne at the Comédie-Française. 1 March 1725 Fuzelier’s Four Mariamnes at the Opéra-Comique. 10 April 1725 Voltaire’s Herod and Mariamne at the Comédie-Française. 20 April 1725 Piron’s Eight Mariannes at the Comédie-Italienne. 19 May 1725 Dominique and Legrand’s The Unhappy Marriage at the...

Under assault: the experience of work-related anger in female registered nurses.

This article is Part I of a three part article. Part I describes work-related experiences of anger of female registered professional nurses (N = 9) who participated in phenomenological interviews. Participants ranged in age from 29 to 56 and had practiced nursing for a period of 7 to 34 years. Nurses described being "under assault" in a hostile environment. Military metaphors and similes permeated all the interviews. Subtheme of "under assault" included scapegoating, disrespectful treatment, and lack of support. Anger was a weapon used by the nurse to defend or advocate for patients or self, as well as to attack doctors, peers, patients, and self. Factors within the self such as control versus powerlessness influenced nurses' anger experience and expression. Infighting within the profession prevents mobilization of resources to confront the larger issues of healthcare reform. Nurses must reframe anger as a constructive means of empowerment, rather than a weapon to defend against assault. Part II addresses anger experiences of male registered nurses, and Part III provides recommendations for channeling anger constructively.

Reframing the Debate on Health Care Reform by Replacing Our Metaphors

Metaphors matter, as our sterile debate on the fi-nancing of health insurance demonstrates so well. In that debate the traditional metaphor of American medicine, the military metaphor, was displaced by the market metaphor in public discourse. Metaphors, which entice us to understand and experience “one kind of thing in terms of another . . . play a central role in the construction of social and political reality.”1 The market metaphor proved virtually irresistible in the public arena and led Congress to defer to market forces to “reform” the financing of health insurance in the United States.We live in a . . .

Agony in education: the importance of struggle in the process of learning

Acknowledgments Introduction Tyranny of Technology Struggle and Civility The Agon Motif Agonism in Education Transcendence and Technology Ciphering the Schools A Note about Narcissism Agon and Motivation Imagery of Agony Agon and Creativity Agon and Athletic Imagery Agon and Military Metaphors Experiential Education A Modest Proposal: Agonic Curriculum Bibliography Index

Strategic information systems in the banking sector: holy grail or poison chalice

The literature of the 1980s was full of exhortations to companies to use information technology (IT) strategically. On the whole. thn meant using IT to gain competitice advantage of one .sort or another. By the end of the decode and into the 1990s, the claims for IT were less bullish and, in some sectors, IT began to be seen as a strategic necessity rather than as a means to gaining competitive advantage. There were suggestions that the high level of IT investment in certain sectors was becoming a competitioe burden. For example, research into the strategic use of IT in the banking sector-a heavy incestor in IT in the past and recently subject to changes which have increased competition pressures—proivides evidence to support such contentions. Attempts to move from one technological technological trajectory which supported the old competitive environment to a trajectory more in line with the new customer-oriented environment have been hampered by a number of factors. It is as the banks have become caught up in the IT equivalent of the arms race Further stretching the military metaphor, we suggest that some banks have been trying to apply tactical solutions to strategic problems and might benefit from a reappraisal of their IT strategy in the changed competitive circumstances.

Defended Fortresses or Moving Targets? Another Model of Inducible Defenses Inspired by Military Metaphors

We use a common framework to compare three models of plant strategies to confront herbivory: constitutive defense, optimal inducible defense, and the target. Plants with constitutive defenses retain a fixed defensive phenotype. Plants with optimal inducible defenses respond to attack by increasing defenses. Plants following the moving target strategy respond to attack by altering phenotype. The constitutive and optimal inducible defense models, unlike the moving target model, require that plant phenotypes can be arrayed along an axis representing the trade-off between cost and defense. We argue that the evidence for such an axis is not yet convincing. Our models indicate that constitutive defenses are favored when herbivory is relatively constant or when multiple herbivores attack and costs of defense or defensive machinery are high. Optimal inducible defenses are favored when herbivory rates vary, costs are not too high, and plant phenotypes can be arrayed along a defense axis. The moving target...

Improving Business Ethics with the Sapir-Whorf-Korzybski Hypothesis in Business Communication Classes

Abstract There has been an apparently notable decline of ethics in the business world and, accompanying that decline, an increase in the acceptability of words that connote violence. These words are those commonly associated with corporate warfare terminology and military metaphors. Though such words may not directly cause violent behavior, the antisocial climate thus created can readily stimulate unethical behavior in the business community. Furthermore, evidence will be presented that suggests that the use of specific language can influence the way people think. In this article, I propose that business communication instructors give greater attention to discouraging words that connote violence and include general semantics training to sensitize students to the importance of appropriate and precise wording. Additionally, research should be conducted to determine if that attention and training will improve business ethics.

Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945

Elizabeth Faue traces the transformation of the American labor movement from community forms of solidarity to bureaucratic unionism. Arguing that gender is central to understanding this shift, Faue explores women's involvement in labor and political organizations and the role of gender and family ideology in shaping unionism in the twentieth century. Her study of Minneapolis, the site of the important 1934 trucking strike, has broad implications for labor history as a whole. Initially the labor movement rooted itself in community organizations and networks in which women were active, both as members and as leaders. This community orientation reclaimed family, relief, and education as political ground for a labor movement seeking to re-establish itself after the losses of the 1920s. But as the depression deepened, women -- perceived as threats to men seeking work -- lost their places in union leadership, in working-class culture, and on labor's political agenda. When unions exchanged a community orientation for a focus on the workplace and on national politics, they lost the power to recruit and involve women members, even after World War II prompted large numbers of women to enter the work force. In a pathbreaking analysis, Faue explores how the iconography and language of labor reflected ideas about gender. The depiction of work and the worker as male; the reliance on sport, military, and familial metaphors for solidarity; and the ideas of women's place -- these all reinforced the representation of labor solidarity as masculine during a time of increasing female participation in the labor force. Although the language of labor as male was not new in the depression, the crisis of wage-earning -- as a crisis of masculinity -- helped to give psychological power to male dominance in the labor culture. By the end of the war, women no longer occupied a central position in organized labor but a peripheral one.

Reflections on the Relationships among Art, Life, and Research

There is one major idea that underlies this paper: want to try to illustrate relationship between one's research and one's life. wish to echo Foucault who said, in an interview about his book, Archeology of Knowledge, I believe someone ... who is a writer is not simply doing his work in his books, but that his major work is, in end, himself in process of writing his books. He went on to say the work includes whole life as well as text (Ryan, 1993, p. 14). Although an active research life is composed of many parts, in end, a researcher would like to see his or her own interests, values, and assumptions about life and human purpose interwoven with themes and topics of one's inquiry so that their tapestry has a vivid pattern of meaning-for researcher and readers of research. Although we research what we are, what we think, value, and feel, others may not see patterns and connections to our lives that we, researchers, do. Then again, it is possible we have only imaged patterns. wish to take a retrospective look at my research as it relates to a larger life in art and to point to patterns that think are there. To make my points, I'll present a diagram and tell some brief stories about some of people, ideas, times, and places that have given form my research. wish, at end of paper, to point to educational research would like to see as we approach 21st century. Art Educational Campaigns have a long-standing aversion to military metaphors, and yet wish to refer to a disastrous campaign that resulted in what is perhaps most elegant visual display of information ever drawn. In 1861 Charles Joseph Minard drew a diagram that in one four inch by seven inch rectangle captures with brutal eloquence (Tufte, 1983, p. 40) Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812. Tufte (1983) suggests diagram may well be best statistical graphic ever drawn and describes it in this way: Minard's graphic tells a rich, coherent story with its multivariate data, far more enlightening than just a single number bouncing along over time. Six variables are plotted: size of army, its location on a two-dimensional surface, direction of army's movement, and temperature on various dates during retreat from Moscow. (p. 40) On receiving invitation to present Studies Lecture began to envision a graphic that would capture multivariate relationships among components of my research and inquiry in art and art education. However, wanted my diagram to be reverse of what Minard showed in his. He visualized a thick band that represented Napoleon's army of 422,000 men as it invaded Russia in June of 1812. By September, when it reached sacked and deserted Moscow, army had declined to 100,000 men. An increasingly narrower black band shows tragic loss of human life as army retreated to its starting point-arriving at Polish/Russian

Case progression decision support system improves drug and criminal investigator effectiveness

Law enforcement agencies have entered an era of budgetary accountability along with limited budgetary increases. By reevaluating their agencies, better utilization of scarce resources can be managed and the need for additional resources documented. We were asked to study the Nebraska State Patrol (NSP) Investigative Services Division (ISM) and to advise the NSP administration on their use of personnel, equipment and money. We developed a case progression decision support system (CPDSS) to aid investigative supervisors at the Nebraska State Patrol in making key managerial decisions about drug and criminal cases. Our results show that a centralized DSS would be more effective than a decentralized DSS in this instance of an organization combining a military metaphor with investigators acting as autonomous professionals. We propose that trial implementation of both centralized and decentralized DSS might be a beneficial strategy for practitioners. The comparison of two different approaches could be a strong selling point for the superior alternative.

Battles in the Heavens: Military Metaphors and “Fronts” in the Early Eighteenth Century

Battles in the Heavens: Military Metaphors and “Fronts” in the Early Eighteenth Century