Military GPS Research Articles

Einflussfaktoren auf die Patientenkompetenz und die Versorgung einsatzgeschädigter, psychisch erkrankter Soldat*innen der Bundeswehr: eine Interviewstudie mit Betroffenen

BackgroundThe number of service members of the German armed forces suffering from deployment-related mental health problems is steadily rising. Preliminary studies have shown that less than 50 % seek professional help. There is little knowledge about the factors influencing the development of an adequate level of patient competence to cope with the complexity of the clinical picture and the care of people with operational disabilities in the interprofessional network. MethodsThe article presents data gathered by semi-structured, guided interviews from 14 affected individuals analyzing salient beliefs about the perceived factors influencing their patient competence and care through the interprofessional network of supporters inside and outside the German armed forces. Data evaluation was carried out by means of content-structuring, qualitative content analysis using the method of deductive-inductive category formation. FindingsBased on the interviews conducted, we identified four groups of salient beliefs having an influence on patient competence: identify changes and limitations, recognize illness, redirect one’s life, help shape one‘s life again, and four groups of salient beliefs having an influence on care: intangible / material support, medical supplies, psychosocial support, third-party support. All main topics could be assigned to three levels of influence (individual, individual-contextual, contextual) and stored with a total of 70 topics (codes). InterpretationThe development of an effective “social structure” was named by those affected as an important influencing factor. Family members, comrades, superiors, and military GPs appear to have a significant impact on patient competence and care. The respondents' opinions about the importance of internal factors such as the soldier's self-image and fear of stigmatization are consistent with previous findings. Structural factors like supply procedures were mentioned as specific German armed forces phenomena.

Geomorphology from Earth orbit 1957–2000

Abstract This chapter examines the technical capabilities of orbital earth observation sensors and considers associated geomorphic user requirements between 1957 and 2000. Early photography from space provides much promise, which is followed by successive dedicated satellite missions. These produce data at ever-greater spatial and spectral resolution, as well as frequency, starting with Landsat 1 in 1972. Users especially in the arid and polar community are drawing on this new technology. However, the wider uptake of data derived from passive systems such as Landsat and other such sensors by geomorphologists is sporadic due to the mismatch between data requirements and systems specifications. Limitations to most geomorphologists would have included data cost, given that even Landsat data were not always freely available, as well as data volume and processing capabilities, which favoured governmental scientists. Active radar data on some levels fulfilled the geomorphic requirements such as retrieval of form and texture, as well as height. Unfortunately, the processing of such image data required significant technical capabilities and was not easy to interpret, given the numerous variables associated with the backscatter of the microwave signal. Early Earth observation missions were deployed at a time when the full extent of global change, driven by anthropogenic activity, had not been fully comprehended. However, older legacy data are now of profound value, since they provide a comparative baseline against which change can be quantified. The study period also saw the gradual transfer of military GPS capabilities to the civilian sector, which facilitated field activities and geometric correction of imagery.

Divagations on the Appropriate Satellite System from GNSS for Aviation

Abstract American military satellite GPS system is an element of the global GNSS. It emits two codes: the precise and civil one. As late as in 2000, intentional interference that decreased precision of localization was introduced, allowing navigation accuracy of 20 m. GPS was made available to civil users, however, at their own responsibility. So, if we use GPS for our own goals, we must consider the errors that occur and their consequences. Nonetheless, commercial and operational needs determine the necessity of permanent access to satellite signal with appropriate consistency, accessibility, reliability and precision. Hence, natural and intentional errors are compensated for, using appropriate methods, based on a given activity.

Design of Inset Feed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Different Dielectric Substrates

Microstrip antennas find wide applications in high-speed vehicles, and missiles, tanks, satellite communications, mobile communications and wireless communications etc. The main advantage of these antennas over conventional microwave antenna is light weight, low volume, low cost, planar structure and compatibility with integrated circuits. The present paper deals with the design and simulation of an inset feed rectangular microstrip patch antenna using different dielectric substrate materials such as Arlon AD320, FR4 (Epoxy glass) and Vaccum (Air) and having dielectric constant ( )= 3.2, 4.4 and 1.0 respectively and also comparing their performance characteristics. The resonant frequency of the proposed antenna is designed at frequency of 1.9 GHz, which is lying in the L-band region. The antenna software such as High Frequency Structure Simulator is used for designing of proposed antenna. The simulation results shows the maximum bandwidth is 40MHz and minimum gain is 2dB is obtained using FR4 (Epoxy-glass) substrate whose dielectric constant ( ) = 4.4, at which return loss is -35.67dB. Maximum gain is 9.72dB and bandwidth is 39MHz obtained using Vaccum (Air), whose dielectric constant ( ) = 1.0. However, 6 dB gain and 25MHz bandwidth is obtained using Arlon AD 320A substrate, whose dielectric constant ( ) = 2.2 at which return loss is obtained -24.57dB. The proposed antenna can be used for military telemetry, GPS, mobile phone (GSM) and amateur radio applications.

Analysis of the GPS Spoofing Vulnerability in the Drone 3DR Solo

At present, the boom in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has been increasing in recent years, placing them in an important way in the commercial market. The use of UAV in the daily tasks of industry, commerce or as entertainment for children and adults becomes more recurrent. Each of the UAVs has a specific task, depending on the technologies that are provided, in addition to their basic functions with which they were manufactured. However, in most cases the security of these UAVs is not usually taken into account since some of them are inexpensive and do not have a robust security system that protects the data they send or receive for their operation, that can cause its communication system or the operating system that controls its basic functions of flight, landing, among others, to be compromised. These computer attacks could cause physical or moral harm to people around the same operator of the UAV because they could steal information related to the locations they have visited, or intercept images or videos taken by the UAV. This paper shows the exploitation of GPS vulnerability in the commercial drone of the company 3D Robotics, this vulnerability can cause a malicious user to have control of their autonomy, and carry out illicit activities, such as overflying in spaces not allowed as an airport and private areas. The exploitation of this vulnerability is important to make known that the UAVs should have a more robust security system and also give importance to the security of GPS since the only one that has security is the military GPS.

Military GP Training – the future

There is clearly a significant step from being a well-supported GP Registrar to being a fully independent GP in the NHS and this is even more apparent for a newly qualified Military GP There are many additional duties and responsibilities placed upon a Military GP that the current training curriculum and exams do not cover and which must be learnt post-CCT, whilst undertaking independent practice for the first time. Having a Military First 5 initiative for support during this time would no doubt be of some use, but having a dedicated period of training to re-militarise newly qualified Military GPs would provide an opportunity to improve and make more efficient the initial transition from training to independent practice. In the long term, incorporating as much as possible of this proposed period of post-CCT Military training into a 4th year of GP training would be the ideal. However, discussions between Surgeon General, the Defence Deanery and the RCGP would be required to define which training elements would be acceptable to be incorporated and there will no doubt be some aspects (e.g. weapons handling) that might be deemed unacceptable by the RCGP, and thus a period of post-CCT Military training may still be a key component of a longer term solution. The options for enhancing Military GP training warrant thorough exploration as they have the potential to provide significant benefit not only for future trainees but also for the military in general.

Velocity Aiding-Based Anti-Jamming Method for GPS Adaptor Kits

Global positioning satellite/inertial navigation system (GPS/INS) integrated navigation systems are widely used for many military applications due to their complementary features. It is normally assumed that the military GPS receiver will be used in a signal-jamming environment. Various anti-jamming techniques have been studied from the point of hardware and/or software. The velocity aiding method is a well-known software-based anti-jamming technique used for GPS/INS integrated navigation systems. The dynamics of the GPS receiver can be measured by an INS and then fed into tracking loops to reduce the tracking loop bandwidth to promote jamming resistance. The Korean government has been developing a GPS adapter kit (GAK) that can change a conventional bomb into a high-precision GPS guided bomb (GGB). In this paper, we introduce a GPS/INS integrated navigation system in a GAK, a velocity aiding method applied to the navigation system, anti-jamming test procedures and the results for a GGB. The test results show that the GPS/INS integrated navigation system using velocity aiding method can provide enhanced anti-jamming capability by efficiently reducing the tracking loop bandwidth.

Analysis and Recommendation for Reuse of the L1 and L2 GPS Spectrum

This paper documents a year-long (July 1997-1998) scoring process led by the GPS Joint Program Office (JPO) and Space Warfare Center (SWC) to identify the best signal structure for the next 30 years of military and civilian GPS applications. The focus of this analysis was on waveform design for the reuse of the existing L1 and L2 GPS frequency allocations. The requirements for a new signal structure are explained, and the candidate waveform options are introduced. The scoring criteria and decision analysis are developed. The resulting waveform scores are presented by overall ranking and in terms of their scores by major criteria category. Civilian and military user preferences are also addressed. Finally, a waveform recommendation for reuse of both the L1 and L2 GPS frequencies is presented.

GPS Receiver RF Interference Monitoring, Mitigation, and Analysis Techniques

There have been numerous papers published on GPS integrity monitoring from the perspective of detecting and mitigating the effects of space segment failures. Another important aspect of GPS signal integrity that has received less attention is the monitoring and mitigation of radio frequency (RF) interference, which can result in degraded accuracy performance or complete loss of receiver tracking. This paper describes RF interference monitoring and mitigation techniques that have been developed for military GPS receiver applications where intentional jamming must be anticipated. RF interference analysis techniques are also presented. These techniques should be considered if RF interference becomes a source of GPS signal integrity problems for civil avionics applications.