Military Goals Research Articles

Typology of Hypocrites’ Behaviors during the Expedition of Tabūk based on Sūrah al-Tawba

A significant event in the final years of the life of the Prophet Muḥammad was the Expedition of Tabūk. This has been reflected in the Holy Quran and historical texts by including its particular circumstances. In the Expedition of Tabūk, the behaviors and actions of the hypocrites ran counter to the sacrifices and persistence of Prophet’s companions. In response to this situation, the Quranic verses of Sūrah al-Tawba reveal the hypocrites’ intentions, expressing the actual reasons for their lack of cooperation. Given the influence of this group of people on the religious community, it is necessary to elucidate the behaviors and intentions of the hypocrites. This study presents the typology of hypocrites’ behaviors during the Expedition of Tabūk based on the verses of al-Tawba by using qualitative and quantitative methods, and analyzes the causes of these behaviors. The statistical reviews of 39 verses dealing with the hypocrites’ actions revealed that 84% of these actions were sociopolitical and religious, while the remaining 16% were economic. The particular focus of the verses of al-Tawba on the behavior of the companions of the Prophet in the Expedition of Tabūk and disregarding its military objectives elucidates the main goal of the Expedition of Tabūk. This Expedition did not pursue military goals; rather, it was a test of Muslims to reveal the intentions of the companions of the Prophet. It seems that the diversity in the hypocrites’ behaviors is rooted in their attitudes towards religious values and the conflict between the values of the Islamic society with their ideas and purposes.

Towards Trustworthy AI-based Military Cyber Operations

Within the dynamic realm of contemporary warfare, Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a transformative force that reshapes the ways and means used to strategize, execute, and assess military operations. In this journey, the use of AI spans functions and capabilities like intelligence analysis, target engagement decision-making support, weapon autonomy, and effects analytics. Concurrently, AI enhances, e.g., the effectiveness of military plans and capabilities having the potential to reducing risks to civilians, civilian objects, and military personnel. In this rapidly evolving arena, military Cyber Operations gained unprecedented prominence due to their intrinsic digital and cross-domain nature, speed, and became a clear option to achieving military goals, and a mature set of alternatives to conventional ones. Nonetheless, they need continuous assessment, deal with different uncertainty types produced by characteristics like anonymity and can imply psychological impact. Hence, such military operations demand meticulous planning, sophisticated execution, and a deep understanding of technical, military-legal, ethical, and strategic implications and consequences. This represents a direct call for building solutions that align the potential of AI with the responsible and safe conduct of military operations in the military cyber domain: building trustworthy AI-based military Cyber Operations. While incipient efforts to tackle important dimensions of such an approach exist in this domain, a direct and unified approach that unifies them as a commitment and artefact lacks. To tackle this knowledge gap, this research aims to build a bridge between the above-mentioned dimensions by proposing a working definition and framework for building trustworthy AI-based military Cyber Operations using the Design Science Research methodology.

Strengthening the role of local agri-food systems in overcoming the consequences of using food as a weapon in Ukraine

One of the vulnerabilities of Ukraine, which was highlighted by the use of food as a weapon in the Russian war against it, was its excessive raw material export orientation and weak internal rooting of the agri-food system, as well as the insufficient resilience of its local links. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the potential for strengthening local agri-food systems through the fuller involvement of small-scale agricultural producers with a focus on meeting the food needs of all segments of the population. The study employed the following methods: system analysis, grouping and classification, statistical analysis, formalisation, abstract and logical. The study covered the manifestations of Russia’s use of food to achieve political and military goals in Ukraine, as well as the role of small agricultural producers in mitigating their adverse consequences. It was found that the key to strengthening the sustainability of the agri-food system at both the local and national levels is to provide farm enterprises and household farms with diversified access to domestic markets by stimulating demand for their agricultural products. The study substantiated the forms of implementation of this task through the introduction of programmes of linked food subsidies for vulnerable groups of the population, public procurement from small producers for school meals, and promotion of solidarity food security at the community level. The study assessed the need for resources for these programmes and the potential of small farms to produce the necessary products, showing that the introduction of these programmes will facilitate the transition of agriculture to agroecology. The study also covered the possibility of financing measures to overcome the consequences of the use of food as a weapon while supporting small producers through the use of the National Bank’s targeted issue with partial involvement of budgetary funds within the framework of strengthening the national rootedness of the agri-food system, as well as donor support.The practical significance of the findings of this study lies in the possibility of their use in the implementation of food support measures for vulnerable groups and the preparation of a lawsuit to the International Criminal Court regarding the weaponisation of food by the Russian Federation in the war against Ukraine.

���в� � �������� ���������� ���ֲ������ �������ֲ���� �����ֲ� � ������ ��Ѳ�����-���������ί ²���

The article analyses the role and place of information wars in the modern world political process. The peculiarities of the russian-Ukrainian information warfare are studied. The algorithm of actions during special information operations is considered, where propaganda and psychological work is carried out to directly influence the consciousness and behaviour of any audience in order to achieve political or military goals.

"МЫ ВСЕГДА СЧИТАЛИ, ЧТО НАШ НАРОД СПОСОБЕН НА ВЕЛИКОЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЕ": ВОЕННЫЕ ПЛАНЫ ПАНГЕРМАНЦЕВ В 1914-1918 ГГ.

The basic understanding of the Pan-German League in historical literature is, as a rule, inextricably linked with the popular belief in the incitement of a military sentiment within the German society on the eve and during the First World War, as well as in the fact that Pan-Germans paved the way for the rooting of National Socialism during the Weimar Republic. If we limit ourselves to only studying the mass literature published by the Pan-German League in large editions, then, undoubtedly, this idea is true. The Pan-Germans really offered the Germans their vision of Germany’s military goals, persistently seeking their approval by the society and the ruling elite. However, outside the scope of the general research, there often remains an understanding of the reasons, motives and the conditions in which the Pan-German League carried out its agitation and propaganda work. The memoirs of its chairman, published in 1932 and 2022, significantly expand the knowledge of what was outside the Pan-German movement: the struggle for the resignation of the Chancellor, the establishment of a dictatorship, the widespread use of all types of weapons, German colonization. The purpose of the article is to show, on the basis of the previously unpublished memoirs of H. Claß, how the Pan-German League’s military objectives were prepared, how those objectives were justified; the paper also aims at revealing the internal contradictions and intentions that went beyond the scope of military plans. The conclusion is about the failed attempts of the Pan-Germans to establish a temporary dictatorship, pushing aside the civil administration, as well as about the failure of the project of military goals. However, despite the failures, the Pan-German agitation achieved its goal, causing a crisis of public confidence in the Chancellor’s personally, and their attempts to spread thoughts about dictatorship in society, inspired by H. Claß, allowed the future myth of the Fuhrer to crystallize.

Ісламський вектор релігійної політики німецької військової адміністрації на території окупованого Криму в 1941-1944 рр.

The purpose of the research is to trace the implementation of the religious policy of the German military administration towards the Muslims of Crimea, taking into account the differences in the approaches of the German elite. The research methods are based on the use of both general scientific research methods (analysis and synthesis, systemic analysis, concretization, analogy), and research methods of historical sciences (historical-genetic, historical-systemic, historical-comparative), principles of historicism, systematicity, scientificity and verification. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the identification and detailed study of the religious policy of the German military administration in Crimea regarding Islam, as well as the disclosure of the political conflict of interests of the military administration and the central leadership in Berlin regarding its implementation in Crimea. Conclusion. The German elite of the Third Reich was heterogeneous, so two approaches to the implementation of the occupation policy in the East arose among them - "Prussian" and "National". These two approaches were reflected in the Muslim vector of religious policy, namely: the followers of the "Prussian" approach appointed Russian collaborators to administrative positions, which periodically harmed religious policy; in general, representatives of the "national" approach saw the strengthening of the Crimean Muslims as an opportunity to expand German influence on the Muslims of the USSR. Germany's religious policy towards the Muslims of Crimea pursued military goals - providing human resources for German military formations and a reliable rear of the Wehrmacht. Nazi-Muslim relations in the Crimea were generally fruitful in terms of the restoration of religious rights and freedoms. But there were two problematic aspects of the entire Islamic vector of the religious policy of the German military administration — the restoration of the Crimean Muftiat and the establishment of the legal legitimacy of the waqf.

INFLUENCE OF THE SLOVAK FACTOR ON THE EVENTS OF AUGUST 1968 IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The article highlights the influence of the Slovak factor on the events of August 1968 in Czechoslovakia, when the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries were introduced to the country in order to curtail the democratic reforms of the "Prague Spring". The lower chronological limit of the study is dictated by the beginning of the invasion of the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia on the night of August 20–21, 1968. The lower chronological limit of the study is dictated by the beginning of the invasion of the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia on the night of August 20–21, 1968. The upper chronological limit of the article is determined by the completion of the work of the Congress of the Communist Party of Slovakia, which, not recognizing the results of the Extraordinary XIV Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, destroyed Czechoslovak unity in the political confrontation with the Soviet Union and laid the foundations for the "normalization" regime. The research methodology in this article is based on the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematics. The author used such special-historical methods as historical-comparative, problem-chronological, historiographical analysis, etc. The article found that the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries in August 1968 stopped the process of federalization of the country. The USSR, having achieved its military goals in Czechoslovakia, suffered a political defeat because it failed to achieve the transfer of power in the country to the hands of pro-Kremlin politicians. This was evidenced by the reaction of the authorities and society to the presence of foreign troops in the Czechoslovak SSR and the results of the work of the Extraordinary General Assembly of the Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine. The author found out that in order to "normalize" the situation in the Czechoslovak SSR, during the Moscow negotiations with representatives of the Czechoslovak authorities in August 1968, the USSR used the desire of Slovaks for equality in its own interests and promised support in the issue of the future state-legal system. As a result, the "father of the federation" G. Husak, who was present at the negotiations, pragmatically changed course and became a supporter of L. Brezhnev, thus destroying the unity of the Czechoslovak authorities in their views on the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the troops of the Warsaw Pact countries and its consequences. In the interests of the USSR, G. Husak prevented Slovak communists from supporting the decisions of the Extraordinary Central Committee of the Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine at the Bratislava congress and, as the head of the party, actively participated in the "normalization" of the situation in Czechoslovakia in the fall of 1968. As a result, the process of federalization of Czechoslovakia, despite the gradual collapse of democratic reforms of the "Prague Spring", as expected, was quickly restored.

Measurement validity of the six-factor model of psychological well-being in a military sample: Implications for measuring well-being in service members.

Subjective well-being is a positive psychological construct that has important implications for the U.S. Military's goal to develop service members' strengths and support their overall thriving and downstream resilience. Despite this, the concept of well-being has not been well studied in military populations who have unique work demands, stressors, and autonomy/agency in daily life compared to civilians. To address this shortcoming in the literature, the present study assessed Ryff's measures of psychological well-being (PWB) in 1,333 U.S. service members prior to the deployments in the Middle East. Various methods attempting to validate the theoretical model purported by Ryff were unsuccessful, and exploratory factor analyses did not result in a novel model for this population. Future research should continue to evaluate proposed models of soldier well-being and propose novel theories, as well as measures, to assess this important construct. Implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Rebel and the Politician: Developing a Typology of Insurgent Civil–Military Relations

The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have brought returned focus to civil–military relations in complex, fluid, and “asymmetric” environments. The close integration of politics and violence has led to renewed calls for more careful civilian control and involvement in strategy-making and operational design. While scholars and practitioners have struggled with this pressing task, so have the insurgent organizations that the United States and others have been fighting against. And, in some ways, rebels have been more successful in harmonizing military and political efforts. Yet, there is little research into the form and implications of their civil–military balance. This article constructs a typology of rebel civil–military relations that maps the overlap of an intensive form of civilian control, political integration, and the degree of military professionalization. The typology is developed by categorizing a range of prominent organizations operative in contemporary and past civil wars and considering how these patterns might influence insurgents’ pursuit of intricately intertwined political and military goals. This theory development exercise—intended for hypothesis generation to inform future avenues of research—has implications for how we understand insurgency and state-based civil–military relations in unstable environments.

Guarding Against Catastrophic Biological Risks: Preventing State Biological Weapon Development and Use by Shaping Intentions.

Guarding Against Catastrophic Biological Risks: Preventing State Biological Weapon Development and Use by Shaping Intentions.

Cyber Security and Data Collection

Every country that seeks to protect its national interests and security in the information age faces the problem of adequately protecting the national information sphere. As a confirmation of this thesis, modern security studies talk about cybersecurity and its importance for national security. Therefore, we can say that cybersecurity protects the vital interests of individuals, society and the state in the information sphere from external and internal dangers and risks. The main threat in the sphere of international cybersecurity is the use of information and communication technology as an information weapon for the achievement of political and military goals that conflict with international law, for violating public order, inciting inter-ethnic, inter-religious and inter-denominational hatred, as well as for carrying out criminal and intelligence - subversive activities. The paper's subject is a comprehensive overview of cyber security and its impact on national security.

Between Russia, Sweden, and Finland: The Åland Question Since 1809

This contribution addresses the strategical, political, and cultural significance of the Åland Islands between Russia, Sweden, and Finland from 1809 to the present day. During the first half of the 19th century, Russia fulfilled, with the conquest of the Åland Islands, one of its military goals which had been in place since the Petrine period, namely, to push forward the country’s military control as far as to the Western border of Finland in order to secure Russia’s capital St. Petersburg, and to threaten the capital of the kingdom of Sweden, Stockholm, in order to prevent a Swedish act of revenge for the loss of Sweden’s control of the Eastern Baltic during the Great Northern War. At the same time, the islands were, in a political and cultural sense, an important ingredient of the upcoming Swedish and Finnish national movements. After the loss of Finland, the countries had tried to find solace in national culture and past glories. In this respect, the question of why Sweden, during the Finnish Civil War, sent troops to the Åland Islands can be interpreted as part of Sweden’s anti-Russian military agenda as well as being part of its cultural mission to protect the islands against Finnish and Russian attempts to make the island part of Finnish or Russian culture, and to subdue the overwhelmingly-Swedishspeaking population in the context of a Finnish national state. This Swedish-Finnish opposition, though, turned, during the interwar period, into a secret collaboration against Russian military interests in the Eastern Baltic region, whereby the control of the Åland Islands played a central role. Despite minor yet critical situations, the islands have enjoyed relative calm ever since. However, the outbreak of Russia’s Ukrainian War threatens to cast doubt once again on the islands’ status.

Moral and ethical aspects of the activities of military personnel during the war

The article includes an analysis of the moral and ethical aspects of the activities of Ukrainian military personnel, which differ not only in their conscious and unwavering readiness to give and carry out orders in the context of military goals. The specifics of the moral and ethical dimension of the modern response to Russian aggression is that these orders and military goals coincide with the spiritual call of every Ukrainian soldier. Unlike military aggressors who obey orders that are illegal or obviously immoral, the Ukrainian military is guided by both an understanding of the ethical obligations of servicemen and a stable moral conviction in the justice of their actions. Military personnel who mindlessly obey all orders or support their fellow servicemen regardless of their behavior are not just dishonest – they undermine the military's ethical obligations to the laws of war and high moral principles. The development of the skills of rational reflection and deliberation is extremely important for moral behavior. It is not simply about imitating the behavior of others or adhering to a list of values or virtues. In order to embody the military virtues, military personnel must develop reasoning skills, the ability to recognize and learn to determine when traits such as loyalty and discipline are imperative, and when their display may even be immoral. It is about the fact that ethical military behavior must be ensured at every level of training and activity of military personnel.

At the Crossroads of Anti-Colonialism, Axis Propaganda and International Communism

The bi-lingual (English/German) periodical Azad Hind/Freies Indien (‘Free India’) was published in Berlin from 1942 till at least 1944. It was the mouthpiece of the Free India Centre, established in Berlin by the Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose with the help of the German Foreign Ministry, to conduct diasporic anti-colonial politics. Based mainly on unutilized archival material, this article focusses on the following facets of this magazine: (i) its role in synthesizing Indian anti-colonialism with Nazi propaganda and Axis military goals. (ii) intersections between the knowledge production for the magazine and the dynamic political trajectories of the Indians who produced such knowledge, particularly the expression of certain leftist visions and ideals in the magazine by a number of Marxist anti-colonialist Indians. Notably, the Nazis displayed remarkable pragmatism in suspending their ideological antagonism to all forms of leftist politics as far as Azad Hind was concerned.

The Art of an Ecosystem

Abstract Anyone interested in the ecosystems of the Pacific Islands knows that at the most practical level, the “actual reality of things” is not ideal. In Hawai‘i, as elsewhere in the Pacific Islands, water is a central case in point. Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that the upcoming centennial of the Ala Wai canal in Waikīkī, Oʻahu is taking on new significance. Built in 1921, the canal was designed not only to help control flooding, but also to drain the area that would become Waikīkī; controlling water was then a military goal, but also a real estate project. Artist, architect, and urban planner Sean Connelly is one critic of this logic, arguing for the recovery of a more traditional approach to water management—and life—as figured by the Indigenous ahupua‘a system.

De vraag naar eigenheid

Military Chaplaincy in the Dutch armed forces play an important and estimated role in the care-giving systems of the military. What guarantees its independence from military goals? Protestant chaplains also are ordained ministers, being sent to the military by their churches. What can and should be their own role in supporting and inspiring those chaplains? The author asks for a stronger involvement of protestant theology and of the sending Churches into Chaplaincy and the chaplains, and into issues related to war and peace and to the impact of military deployments on the personnel.

Imperial Science: Cable Telegraphy and Electrical Physics in the Victorian British Empire by Bruce J. Hunt

Reviewed by: Imperial Science: Cable Telegraphy and Electrical Physics in the Victorian British Empire by Bruce J. Hunt Andrea Giuntini (bio) Imperial Science: Cable Telegraphy and Electrical Physics in the Victorian British Empire By Bruce J. Hunt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. 320. The development of telegraphy through submarine cables in the second half of the nineteenth century was a major episode in economic history, in terms of imperial power, invested capital, financial risk, technological challenges, and the involvement of public opinion. Submarine cables served political and military goals and stimulated the integration of economic and entrepreneurial activities of traders, bankers, insurance brokers, and those engaged in shipping. This winning combination of science and technology on the one hand, and entrepreneurial initiative on the other, fully reflects the leadership of the Western world at the time of imperialism. The first submarine cable was laid on the bottom of the sea between Dover and Calais in 1851; it was the outcome of extensive study and experimentation. It led scholars and entrepreneurs to envisage a cable across the ocean aimed at the American continent, which was accomplished in 1866. Once the oceanic depth was conquered, cable technology reached a level of standardization allowing a worldwide diffusion of the submarine network. Between 1850 and 1870, submarine telegraphy progressed significantly and reached technological maturity. Installation of the cables entailed extensive and difficult work. Design and construction were not the only complex stages of submarine connection: it was also necessary to transport the cables, weighing several tons, and lay them on an as-flat-as-possible deep sea floor by submerging them with the utmost care using pulleys. The transmission of electric impulses, subsequently converted into signals, through a cable submerged in deep water, posed an enormous technical and scientific challenge. Experiments in submarine telegraphy boosted research in the field of electrical measurement. These were led by a new class of engineers, working with great passion and commitment, who made electrical technologies part of the Victorian culture. Electrical standards were established in response to several failures. The core of this scientific development lay in studies on the conductivity of copper wires—their resistance differed considerably and they defined the quality of the signals. British scientist William Thomson (Baron Kelvin) understood that it was more relevant to focus on reception than transmission. From this observation in 1857, he determined the need to understand electrical measurement as a means of quality control. The identification of standards completely changed the perspective in this field, both for the manufacturers of cables and the technicians laying them. Experimentation in the submarine telegraph [End Page 576] sector contributed significantly to the maturity of a new generation of engineers, decisive for the subsequent expansion of a scientific engineering concept that became the soul of the second industrial revolution. In those years, the best engineers in the electricity sector passed through the world of telegraphy, producing many studies, and stimulating the standardization of a technology considered completely futuristic only a few years earlier. A new international community of specialists emerged, who by the nature of their expertise connected continents. A feverish circulation of ideas in places dedicated to scientific debate—books, newspapers and journals, conferences—is evidence of the intense collaborative activity aimed at the feasibility of laying a cable under the Atlantic. Hunt's book contributes to a historiography which already consists of excellent works. The book is based on a variety of sources, including archival material, official documents, popular magazines, leading newspapers, and the extensive existing literature. He tackles the subject from the point of view of the history of science and technology, underlining the contribution of key figures, mostly British. He has a profound technical knowledge of the subject and provides a clear overview of the physicists and electrical engineers involved, the role of scientific associations, and the narrow ties that linked the cable industry to electrical physics. The added value of the book is in providing evidence, as no other authors have done so far, of the technological steps leading to the great telegraph connection across the Atlantic and later around the world. Hunt also makes the various themes understandable to non-experts, building a compelling and well...

" An introduction to understand the roles of small states "

The roles played by states vary according to the elements of power on which they are based، which determines the position of this state among those، and in the era of the increasing importance of the economic factor as a pillar of state power، this paved the way for prominent roles for many small powers today، and there are many criteria and indicators that We can refer to it in describing a country as small، and thus many studies have been issued that attempt to establish the basic rules for this term. In addition، there are many economic، political، and military goals that small countries are trying to achieve، and these roles may conflict with the policies and goals of actors in the system. States are stronger than small countries، and this is what necessitates us to review the most prominent obstacles to the foreign policy of these countries.

میدان جنگ میں افواہ پھیلانے کی بابت شرعی نقطہ نظر: تحقیقی مطالعہ

Rumor is spreading of a fabricated story that has no basis in reality, or exaggerating a story or giving no weight to a story that is related to reality. It aims to influence the psyche of the common people of a region or province, in addition to achieving political, collective, economic and military goals in one country or in many countries or globally happens. The main purpose of spreading some rumors is to create hatred, envy and hatred in the hearts of human beings. You have to trample on and humiliate people. In view of the different forms of rumor, the Shari'ah prescribes different punishments for them. Rumors spread on the battlefield are an exception. Such rumors are usually spread to thwart the enemy. Another name for this is psychological warfare which is actually a defensive war. In Islam, it is counted in the context of Jihād for the sake of Allah.Psychological warfare is one of the basic principles of the call of the prophets. Every prophet has fought a psychological war against his opponents. The Holy Prophet also fought a psychological war against his enemy in different ways. In this research paper, where the forms of rumors and their Shariah rules are discussed, the prophetic strategy regarding psychological warfare is also explained in detail so that in its perspective, one can get proper guidance for the modern da'wah requirements.

Application of the Anchoring Effect in Military Decision Making

The anchoring effect, as a typical cognitive bias, has been widely used in judgment and decision making research in different fields, and as the anchoring effect has been verified in many fields, more and more attention has been paid to the methods and approaches to reduce the anchoring effect. As the basis and core of military decision making to achieve certain military goals and missions, correct and reasonable military decision making is the key to the success of military operations. In order to effectively reduce or even avoid the cognitive bias caused by the anchoring effect on commanders and improve the correctness and rationality of military decisions, this paper systematically analyzes the theoretical explanations of the anchoring effect in different periods, summarizes the psychological mechanism of the anchoring effect, and on this basis gives several typical examples of battles at home and abroad in which the anchoring effect affected the correct decisions of commanders and eventually led to the failure of military operations. The harm of anchoring effect in military command decision making is analyzed in conjunction with the CECA decision model, and the paper proposes effective strategies to cope with anchoring effect in military decision making, which can serve as useful references for military decision makers at different levels.