Military Experience Research Articles

Armia Królestwa Bosporańskiego w wojnie lat 45–49

Opowieść Tacyta o przebiegu wojny bosforskiej w latach 45–49 n.e. to jedyne pisemne świadectwo o dziejach bosporańskiej armii w pierwszych wiekach naszej ery. Sojusz Kotysa i Rzymian z sarmackim plemieniem Aorsów tłumaczy się koniecznością użycia kawalerii, która mogłaby sprostać innym koczownikom pod względem liczebności i jakości broni. Kolumna marszowa armii sprzymierzonej składała się z kolumny piechoty z taborem oraz jazdy, która poruszała się w przedniej i tylnej straży. Ta praktyka wykształciła się wyniku doświadczeń wojskowych zdobytych w bitwach z Sarmatami.

Komendantka Oddziału Kuriersko-Wywiadowczego I Brygady Legionów. Aleksandra Szczerbińska i towarzyszki broni

Artykuł omawia powstanie i działalność Żeńskiego Oddziału Kuriersko-Wywiadowczego, na czele którego stała Aleksandra Szczerbińska. Po wycofaniu się z Kielc Oddziałów I Brygady 30 października 1914 r. Aleksandra Szczerbińska „Ola” objęła komendę nad oddziałem kobiecym z rąk Kazimierza Sawickiego. Dowodzony przez nią Żeński Oddział Wywiadowczy jako część Oddziału Wywiadowczego podlegał najpierw I Pułkowi Piechoty Legionów, a następnie I Brygadzie. W oddziale tym służyło 46 kobiet. Były to członkinie Związku i Drużyn Strzeleckich, które miały kilkuletnie wykształcenie wojskowe. W oddziale kuriersko-wywiadowczym służbę pełniły również kobiety należące do politycznych organizacji niepodległościowych. Postawa, odwaga, determinacja wywiadowczyń z Żeńskiego Oddziału Kuriersko-Wywiadowczego wielokrotnie znajdowała uznanie w opiniach Józefa Piłsudskiego.

Exploring the relations of psychopathic and narcissistic personality traits to military experiences in National Guard personnel

Life experiences and interpersonal relationships constitute risk or resilience factors in the development of psychopathology among National Guard (NG) personnel. Psychopathy and narcissism are related to these factors in civilians and may predispose NG personnel to certain experiences or influence their responses to these experiences. This study explored the relationship between psychopathic and narcissistic traits with pre-and post-deployment experiences, as well as military experiences on deployment among NG personnel (n = 504). All pathological traits were associated with poorer social support during and post-deployment and more negative relationships (e.g., bullying) within the military unit, while antisocial psychopathic traits were associated with experiencing stressful life events and having a greater number of combat experiences in a combat-exposed subsample (n = 254). Findings clarify the association of pathological traits to stress-related pathology and elucidate how psychopathy and narcissism relate to experiences of NG personnel.

Wound patterns in survivors of modern firearm related civilian Mass Casualty Incidents.

Civilian mass shooting events (CMSE) are occurring with increased frequency. Unfortunately, our knowledge of how to respond to these events is largely based on military experience and medical examiner data. While this translational knowledge has improved our basic response to such events, it is critical that we have a better under-standing of the wound patterns observed and the resources utilized in civilian mass shootings. This will allow us to better prepare our systems for future events. Patients from two consecutive CMSEs presented to the same level 1 trauma center in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The patients received by this center were studied for their wound patterns as well as the care they received while in the hospital. This included wound patterns and severity, subspecialty interventions, and hospitalization requirements. Both events produced a total of 19 victims who were brought to the center as trauma activations. The events had a combined fatality rate of 55 percent. Fifty-five percent of patients also had at least one wound to an extrem-ity, two with major vascular injuries who had field tourniquets applied. Sixty-three percent required an orthopedic interven-tion and 32 percent required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, half of these with prolonged ventilator support. Given the number of extremity wounds in these events, we should continue the efforts championed by the stop the bleed campaign. The variety and quantity of specialties involved in the care of these patients also highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to preparation and implementation of care in mass shooting events.

The use of prehospital blood products in the resuscitation of trauma patients: a review of prehospital transfusion practices and a description of our regional whole blood program in San Antonio, TX

BackgroundPrehospital management of the traumatically injured patient has evolved significantly since the organization of emergency medical services across the United States in the 1970s. Initially focusing on the utilization of crystalloid solutions to restore shed blood volume, robust military and civilian trauma experiences led to a modern day shift towards balanced blood component and ultimately whole blood use for immediate volume replacement. In addition, prehospital transfusion or remote damage control resuscitation (RDRC) has been widely adopted. This has led to point of injury resuscitation using blood products both in the United States and abroad.ObjectivesThis article will review the evolution of civilian and military prehospital resuscitation as well as the current practice of prehospital whole blood transfusion in the civilian trauma population in the United States. Additionally, we will provide an overview of our regional trauma system's use of whole blood with focus on the programme infrastructure, donor programme, product rotation schedule and logistical challenges. Finally, we provide three case report examples of the effective use of whole blood in our civilian emergency medical services (EMS) programs.

Understanding learning transfer of veterans in baccalaureate nursing programs: Their experience as student nurses

With the continued growth of the numbers of veterans in nursing programs, faculty need to be aware of how to best facilitate their learning and build on their diverse experiences and expertise. Understanding how veterans transfer learning from the military context to an academic context is crucial for nursing education. The findings of this qualitative descriptive study support that veterans transfer learning from their military experience to their nursing education. Eleven veterans comprised the sample. The themes were: Embracing and living core professional values, Learning from a team-based framework to achieve a common goal, Learning how and when to communicate with faculty and healthcare members, and Incorporating learned behaviors into everyday professional practice. One recommendation for faculty included gaining basic knowledge of military culture and how that influences veterans once they transition to civilian life. The study findings can help faculty to build on previously acquired knowledge and enrich the learning experience for students and faculty. Ultimately, this may help to recruit and retain veterans in nursing programs; thus, impacting the global workforce.

The Role of Social Support in Treatment Seeking Among Soldiers

Many military personnel experience mental health problems, but do not seek professional treatment for their symptoms. The present study examined how support for seeking treatment from family members and friends, unit members, and leaders relate to soldiers’ treatment attitudes and decisions. Active-duty soldiers (N = 1725) completed assessments of perceived social support for treatment-seeking, attitudes toward treatment-seeking, mental health symptoms, and treatment-seeking behaviors. Family and friends were rated as most supportive of seeking treatment and support from all sources was related to a more positive attitude toward treatment seeking. For those who were experiencing a current problem (N = 718), support from all sources was indirectly related to treatment-seeking behaviors through overall attitude toward treatment. Of those who had sought treatment, family and friends were rated as most influential to that decision, and an instrumentally supportive behavior was rated as the most influential out of several supportive leader behaviors. These results demonstrate that support may be an important facilitator of treatment; however, the source of support and specific behaviors may be important considerations in optimally supporting soldiers.

To fight another day: France between the fight against terrorism and future warfare

Abstract This article examines the ways in which recent military experiences have affected France's approach to the use of military power, the role of allies and its vision of future warfare. In its management of strategic challenges, we identify the persistence of many traits of France's historical habits and practices. France remains a distinct, outward looking, and militarily willing and able European power. However, the threats that France has sought to address and the operational and financial constraints it has faced in the past decade in particular, have led to significant changes in its approach to and conduct of warfare. In particular, the threat of Islamist terrorism has led to a reframing of French governments' priorities around more narrowly-defined national interests. It has translated into a ‘pragmatic’, or ‘realist’ turn in foreign policy, and a move from ‘wars of choice’ to ‘wars of necessity’. In this context, France's military alliances are being rethought around a core number of functional partnerships to compensate for capability gaps and military overstretch. Meanwhile, French armed forces are getting prepared to face the challenges posed by emerging technologies and the future of Great-Power competition. Overall, the multiple security challenges faced by successive French governments have confirmed, yet redefined, the contours of France's traditional dilemma between a desire for an autonomous defense policy and the reality of a necessary reliance on allies.

A Narrative Inquiry of Medical Students Experiences of Expulsion and Military Service

The aim of this study was to use narrative inquiry to explore the experiences of medical students who faced expulsion, military service, and readmission, and their journeys of identity formation. Three medical students were recruited via snowball sampling, and each participant was interviewed twice. According to the sequence of experiences, their stories were summarized as follows: the process of being expelled, the military service experience and readmission process, and the present. Before all three students were expelled, they lived dissolute lives free of concern from the entrance examination and failed to cope well with dropping out. They felt that military experience had helped them develop interpersonal skills in the clinical setting and the strength to withstand a difficult crisis. Two students were motivated to become doctors after military service, but the other was not. They had reflected deeply over their unique experiences. The scars imprinted from their experiences became a means of stimulation, and they ultimately acquired the resilience and ability to accommodate for and counteract their weaknesses. This appears to have been an important influence on their identity formation. The narrations of their rare experiences can help medical educators more fully understand and support medical students through difficulties, specifically with regard to academic failure or expulsion. These findings may prompt medical professors to think about the kind of guidance or motivation that could help students before expulsion, rather than assuming that they are simply lacking academic ability.

Military Students' Strengths and Challenges Based on Their Military Experiences: An Integrative Review.

Civilian nursing programs educate 100% of undergraduate military nursing students, yet many faculty are unaware of the challenges these students may encounter when they transition to the civilian classroom. The primary purpose of this integrative review was to ascertain the factors that challenge and/or facilitate a military student's transition to the civilian nursing classroom. A second purpose was to present recommendations so educators can become culturally competent to work with this unique student population. Whittemore's and Knafl's five-step integrative review method (e.g., problem identification, literature search, data evaluation, data analysis, and presentation) was used to critically analyze and synthesize the literature regarding military students. More than 70 articles were included in the final sample. They were framed by the interaction of the eight categories identified in Jeffreys' Nursing Universal Retention and Success model. Recommendations are offered based on the review of the literature. [J Nurs Educ. 2019;58(7):392-400.].

Substance Use, Military Experience, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Veterans in Community-Based Residential Treatment

This study examines the extent to which alcohol and drug use before military services is associated with post-service alcohol and drug use and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans in residential treatment. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with veterans in a major residential treatment center in New York City; 121 veteran patients participated in the study, with a 4% refusal rate. Premilitary service alcohol use tends to associate only with post-service alcohol use and preservice drug use only with postservice drug use; postservice use of alcohol is more closely correlated with PTSD symptoms than the use of drugs. Findings suggest that military culture of alcohol use should be taken into consideration when examining substance use and PTSD conditions among veterans and be included as part of the substance use disorder assessment.

Exploring the Content of Suicidality among Military Personnel and Veterans

Previous research and theorizing have long sought to describe reliable typologies of suicide risk, particularly regarding soldier and veteran military samples. In the present study, we examined suicidal content from two samples of outpatient suicidal military personnel—one a sample of active-duty infantry soldiers (n = 89) and the other a sample of veterans (n = 62), using the first page of the Suicide Status Form (SSF; Jobes, 2016). Descriptive statistics examined both the qualitative and quantitative SSF-based responses between these cohorts. Preliminary findings showed different psychological content profiles between these samples: active-duty soldiers reported being more “self-focused” and “escape-oriented” in responses related to suicide, whereas veterans reported being more “other-focused” in responses related to suicide. This study suggests that despite similarities resulting from military experience, active-duty soldiers and veterans likely experience suicide risk differently. The main goal of this study was to differentiate clinically relevant suicidal responses on the exact same stimulus tool, which can be useful in generating hypotheses to be tested in future research about similarities and differences in suicide risk presentations between active-duty soldiers and veterans.

Dental dam utilization by dentists in an intramural faculty practice.

ObjectivesFrom casual observation of our colleagues, only a few individuals use the dental dam for operative procedures in their faculty practice. The purpose of this study was to obtain faculty perceptions of the dental dam, quantify its utilization in their intramural faculty practice, and determine the factors that influence dental dam usage.Material and MethodsA survey containing 11 questions was sent to 19 faculty members who teach full time and maintain an intramural dental practice involving operative dentistry. Thirty electronic dental health records of the 19 providers were reviewed to gather the following information from restorative procedures they completed: isolation methods, tooth location and involved surfaces, and dental restorative material.ResultsOverall, dental dam was utilized for 30% of all restorative procedures and was used less than 20% of the time for placement of class II and class III composite resins. Dental dam utilization rate by general dentists was 37% and 17.6% for prosthodontists. Those general dentists with prior history of military dental practice had a utilization rate of 78.6% and nonmilitary dentists only 7.6%. Eight faculty members responded to the questionnaire for a 42% return rate. Those who practiced dentistry in the military strongly agreed that the dental dam is the standard of care, improves their quality of restorative work, and should be documented in the dental record.ConclusionsThere were significantly different dental dam utilization rates between general dentists and prosthodontists and between dentists with prior military experience and those without.

ВИКЛАДАЧІ СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН ВВНЗ: СТАН ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ ТА НАПРЯМИ ЇЇ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ

Introduction: There is a task before the national higher military educational institutions – to prepare the scientific pedagogical specialists, who could unite the deep fundamental military professional knowledge, practical experience and pedagogical excellence with constantly increasing challenges of modern society to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and military higher education system in their military activities. The pedagogical qualification system improvement stipulates the research of military teachers readiness for the pedagogical work modern state. The purpose is to highlight the actual state, problematic issues and directions of improvement of higher military educational institutions special subjects lecturers preparedness. Methods : theoreical: analysis of the theoretical: scientific researches and normative and legal documents, which determines the demands to the higher military school lecturers preparedness; views and facts comparison concerning the investigated topic in historical context with modern state ; prognosis to determine the conditions and directions of effective implementation of the system of principles, rules, demands, which directs lecturers cognitive activities. Empirical: questionnaires, conversation, direct and indirect observation, experts assessment method, self-assessment, testing – were used with the aim of determining the level of higher military educational institutions special subjects lecturers professional competence formedness. Results: The statistical data, obtained as a result of the research, permitted to determine the priority directions to improve the scientific pedagogical personnel postgraduate education system. These are: lecturers familiarization with modern education conceptions, theories, approaches, scientific investigation preparation and pedagogical diagnosing. Originality: The complex investigation of the higher military educational institutions special subjects lecturers preparedness allowed to determine some drawbacks in their preparation, also as some suggestions concerning the directions of pedagogical qualification improvement and the problems in proper organization and pedagogical conditions provision of pedagogical activities in higher military educational institutions. Conclusion : The problem of professional development of higher military educational institutions lecturers, the solving of which is seen in the professional development in the postgraduate education system by involving the teachers to the pedagogical qualification development courses and distance learning.

ЦІННІСНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛІДЕРСЬКОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ У ВВНЗ

Introduction. The article gives a substantiation of the positions of one of the modern theories of leadership – value concept. It is based on the postulate that people are ready to follow those who have something to learn (leadership and outlook, effective interaction with others, etc.). Purpose. To analyze the position of the value concept of leadership and to substantiate them as to the formation of leadership competencies of future officers in the system of their professional training. Methods. Methods, induction, deduction, classification, systematization and comparative analysis of theoretical sources on the problem of professional training of military specialists. Results. It is determined that the values of a military leadership are requirements, samples, potential, motives for his behavior and culture in society and in the military environment and characterizing the integrity and harmony of his personality, his activity in achieving self-improvement, spiritual and creative self-development and make it possible to assess the reality and focus it. Originality. Given current experience, it is substantiated that the leader's competence of an officer is a component of the professional competence of an officer, integral characteristic of his professional ability and readiness to conduct qualified leadership in accordance with professional qualifications on the basis of the system of military professional knowledge, skills and experience of leadership behavior, emotional intelligence formed leadership values, motives, standards, attitudes, qualities and corporate culture. Conclusion. It is proved that the leader's competence of the unit commander should be based on the moral and ethical values and qualities that are formed in high military educational institutions, tested in military practice, improved at primary positions in the troops and implemented in the system of training military specialists in high military educational institutions.

Помогая фронту: помощь местного населения в битве под Курском. Часть 1

The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that in the face of threats and challenges, the Russian Federation and its Armed Forces face the task of ensuring the national security of the country, educating the young generation and society as a whole in the spirit of patriotism. One of the tools to achieve this strategic goal is the historical military experience of our Great country. Military history and the history of wars and military art indicate that the Battle of Kursk, in its results and the significance of the victory of the Soviet troops near Moscow and Stalingrad, became a powerful stage on the way to the victory of the Soviet Union over fascist Germany. If the Battle of Stalingrad foreshadowed the decline of the German fascist army, the battle of Kursk put it before a catastrophe. A great role in achieving victory was played by the unity of the front and rear, all-round assistance of the local population. In this article, extensive archival and documentary materials, memoirs of participants in the battle, newspaper materials reveal comprehensive assistance to the population of the front-line areas of the army in the field. The author emphasizes in the Battle of Kursk organizational activity, the role and place of government, military administration.

Frustrated Ambition: General Vicente Lim and the Philippine Military Experience, 1910–1944

Richard B. Meixsel wanted to write a biography of Brig. Gen. Vicente Lim for a number of reasons. Primarily, it was because Lim was the first Filipino graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Army Command and Staff College, and the U.S. Army War College. In addition, Lim was considered the most capable Filipino officer, who possessed a unique vision for establishing the military of a newly sovereign nation, and he has been largely forgotten—as are almost all of the Filipino soldiers—in American-centric military histories of the Philippines. Since these soldiers constituted the bulk of the forces that fought there in the 1941–1942 period, however, Meixsel desires to provide the history of the Filipino forces to paint a more realistic portrait of the Philippines during the American period of occupation as well as during and immediately after the war. In particular, Meixsel wants to illustrate the agency of the Filipinos; but the problem with this goal is first illustrated in the chapter on U.S. military defense planning for the Philippines in the 1920s. Lim and other Filipino leaders are barely seen since they were not included in any of the defense planning. Perhaps it is not possible to illustrate Filipino agency if they was no agency, at least at that level? Again, when Douglas MacArthur was hired as military adviser, Lim was in the background and not really seen. President Manuel Quezon and other Filipino political elites wanted MacArthur as the military adviser to build a Philippine army because of his stature, a stature that no Filipino officer could match. Filipino agency was thus demonstrated, but not at Lim's level. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the situation was similar. During the defense planning for the war, Filipino military officers were hardly present; ultimately, neither were Filipino officials. Agency was still in the hands of American policy makers in Washington, D.C., then the U.S. Army, then MacArthur and the U.S. Military Mission, and finally Quezon, not the small number of highly qualified officers who could have been tapped for their talent.

Alone and Sometimes Unafraid: Military Perspective on Forward Damage Control Resuscitation on the Modern Battlefield

The objective of this review is to describe the military experience and utilization of damage control resuscitation as well as explore future developments to push the best medicine far forward in the austere environment. The Global War on Terror has transitioned from mature combat theaters staged with rapid medical evacuation and robust medical facilities to more austere environments. Due to this transition, the military medical force has adopted the practice of sending providers and surgeons into forward deployed environments to provide Damage Control Resuscitation closer to the point of injury. This review focuses on the key tenets of Damage Control Resuscitation and its development. It also describes how various military units have adopted damage control resuscitation principles.

Gender Differences in Emotional Reactions to the First 2016 Presidential Debate

The first presidential debate of 2016 was historic along a number of dimensions, including the first woman general election candidate and the first general election candidate in history with no political or military experience. Given the presence of the first woman nominee of a major party, along with dramatic gender differences in support for the candidates, we focus on the role of gender in shaping people’s emotional responses to candidate messaging during the debate. Through the use of a controlled experiment, we measure changes in attitudes after exposure to the debate. In addition, we utilize facial expression software to explore real-time reaction to the candidates during the debate. Leveraging data generated during the debate by the facial expression software and as well as responses to pretest and post-test questionnaires, we find that men and women respond differently to candidates’ messaging during the debate and these emotional responses influence post-debate evaluations.

Military Service and Legislative Agendas: A Study of Legislators in Four States

Candidates often highlight military experience on the campaign trail. Do they also govern differently? This study examines whether and how military experience is associated with state lawmaking. We examine legislative productivity, success rates, and the substantive content of legislation with a large original data set. The data include over 60,000 bills introduced in four state legislatures over a 10-year time span, coded for their substantive focus. It also includes information on characteristics of over 4,000 legislators. Our analysis of these data indicates that veterans do not differ in overall levels of productivity but do have common legislative agendas. Veterans’ shared legislative agendas are not narrowly confined to defense or security issues but vary depending on state context. This is, to our knowledge, the most extensive empirical analysis of the legislative behavior of veterans in a single study.