Military Equipment Research Articles

Failure behavior of tantalum electrolytic capacitors under extreme dynamic impact: Mechanical–electrical model and microscale characterization

Tantalum electrolytic capacitors have performance advantages of long life, high temperature stability, and high energy storage capacity and are essential micro-energy storage devices in many pieces of military mechatronic equipment, including penetration weapons. The latter are high-value ammunition used to strike strategic targets, and precision in their blast point is ensured through the use of penetration fuzes as control systems. However, the extreme dynamic impact that occurs during penetration causes a surge in the leakage current of tantalum capacitors, resulting in a loss of ignition energy, which can lead to ammunition half-burst or even sometimes misfire. To address the urgent need for a reliable design of tantalum capacitor for penetration fuzes, in this study, the maximum acceptable leakage current of a tantalum capacitor during impact is calculated, and two different types of tantalum capacitors are tested using a machete hammer. It is found that the leakage current of tantalum capacitors increases sharply under extreme impact, causing functional failure. Considering the piezoresistive effect of the tantalum capacitor dielectric and the changes in the contact area between the dielectric and the negative electrode under pressure, a force–electric simulation model at the microscale is established in COMSOL software. The simulation results align favorably with the experimental results, and it is anticipated that the leakage current of a tantalum capacitor will experience exponential growth with increasing pressure, ultimately culminating in complete failure according to this model. Finally, the morphological changes in tantalum capacitor sintered cells both without pressure and under pressure are characterized by electron microscopy. Broken particles of Ta–Ta2O5 sintered molecular clusters are observed under pressure, together with cracks in the MnO2 negative base, proving that large stresses and strains are generated at the micrometer scale.

Perspektif Mahasiswa Terhadap Peningkatan Ketahanan Nasional Melalui Pembelian Alusista Bekas

State resilience has become a topic that is widely discussed and the state continues to try to maintain it through many strategic steps, regulations that strengthen its position and the procurement of new and used military equipment that further strengthens the state's defense position. Purchasing used defense equipment has become an increasingly attractive strategy for the Ministry of Defense to strengthen its military strength by taking advantage of its limited budget. This research aims to analyze the process of purchasing used defense equipment by the Ministry of Defense, as well as the factors that influence purchasing decisions. A case study approach is used by exploring data from various sources. The research results show that factors such as the condition of used defense equipment, reliability, military operational needs, as well as financial and information security aspects play an important role in the procurement process. Apart from that, transparency, accountability and compliance with regulations are also a focus in this process. The implication of this research is the importance of targeted policies to increase effectiveness and efficiency.

A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF CHINESE MILITARY TECHNICAL TERMS

The study of military technical terms is essential for understanding the evolution of military science and technology. Chinese military terminology has a long and complex history that reflects the development of Chinese military strategy, tactics, and technology. This article explores the historical evolution of Chinese military technical terms, tracing their origins, development, and impact on modern military lexicon. By examining ancient texts, historical records, and contemporary usage, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the linguistic and cultural significance of Chinese military technical terms.

Prospects for the creation and development of radio electronic devices diagnostic systems with built-in software.

In the article, the issues of the current state of military-political relations of Ukraine (stable direction towards integration with NATO standards and real combat operations in the east of the country) are connected with the creation of an effective system of monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment (foreign manufacturers of different countries and years of manufacture) in places of their direct application. Changes in military and political relations that are taking place in the world lead to changes both at the global level and in the middle of Ukraine. The level of the enemy's equipment with modern weapons, as well as the rapid development of scientific and technical progress, prompts a review of views on the forms and methods of conducting hostilities, the form of logistical support, the state and organization of an effective system of technical support and repair of military equipment and weapons. By an effective system for monitoring the technical condition (diagnosis) of radio-electronic weapons, we mean a set of hardware and software tools (based on computer-measurement systems) that are designed to solve the problems of technical diagnosis and ensure an increase in the reliability and efficiency of the weapon with an optimal cost-effectiveness ratio on the system - the effect of application. At the moment, with the increasing complexity of modern radio-electronic weapons, the increase in the number of controlled parameters, the miniaturization of the size of elements, as well as the low level of equipment with systems that perform the functions of forecasting and diagnosis, the tasks of predicting failures, reducing recovery time, saving resources of forces and means are urgent necessary for solving diagnostic problems, especially at the sites of operation of radio-electronic weapons.

Recent developments and diverse applications of high melting point materials

High melting point materials are essential to many different industries because of their unique qualities, rendering them invaluable for various uses. This paper investigates the unique features of high melting point materials, summarizes current advancements in the field, and outlines the vast range of applications that these materials have in domains like materials science, aerospace, energy, and electronics. The discourse covers various materials, such as carbon-based, ceramics, intermetallic, and refractory metals, emphasizing their potential uses and new roles in contemporary technology. Thanks to developments in material science, new high melting point materials with enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, and resistance to harsh environments have been found and synthesized. These materials are used in manufacturing, electronics, aircraft, and energy. They are frequently distinguished by their resistance to temperatures significantly higher than those of ordinary materials. High melting point materials are used in the aerospace sector to manufacture heat-resistant parts that improve spacecraft and jet engines' overall performance and longevity. These materials are also essential to the energy sector's creation of sophisticated thermal management systems for nuclear reactors and high-temperature environments, improving energy generation efficiency and security. The electronic industry benefits from high melting point materials when producing semiconductors and other electronic components since their stability guarantees dependable operation even in harsh circumstances.Furthermore, high melting point materials are becoming increasingly popular in additive manufacturing procedures, allowing complex structures with exceptional heat resistance to be produced for various uses. Moreover, high melting point alloys and composites have been developed due to advances in metallurgy and nanotechnology, broadening their potential uses in industries including automobile engineering, medical technology, and military technology. The interdisciplinary aspect of high melting point material research and development is shown in this abstract, which also highlights the adaptability of materials and their revolutionary effects on various industries. The continuous investigation of these materials shows promise for future discoveries that will open up new avenues and applications in fields vital to the development of contemporary society.

The Integral Role of Research and Development in Naval Forces Amidst Emerging and Disruptive Military Technologies

Abstract This article presents a comprehensive strategic framework aimed at maximizing research and development (R & D) efforts within the Romanian Naval Forces. It outlines the qualitative aspects of the work, including the analysis of challenges and opportunities, the strategic objectives identified, and the partnerships established at national and NATO levels. The research method utilized involves synthesizing existing literature, analyzing defense policies, and examining case studies of multinational cooperation. The results indicate a clear roadmap for enhancing naval capabilities through collaborative R & D initiatives. The usefulness of this framework lies in its potential to address resource constraints, adapt to rapid technological evolution, and foster effective coordination and collaboration. By embracing innovation and strategic partnerships, the Romanian Naval Forces can position themselves for enhanced operational effectiveness and strategic autonomy.

Study on Infrared (IR) Camouflage Using Mylar in the Defense Sector

Abstract: This project investigates the feasibility of utilizing Mylar, a highly reflective polyester film, for infrared (IR) camouflage in the defense sector. Through a comprehensive analysis of Mylar's optical properties, including its reflectivity and reflectance, this study aims to assess the material's potential for reducing thermal signatures and enhancing stealth capabilities of military assets. The research involves theoretical and numerical analysis to evaluate Mylar's performance under various environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, humidity, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Furthermore, the project explores the integration of Mylar-based IR camouflage into existing defense systems, including vehicle coatings, personnel gear, and tactical equipment. Recommendations for the deployment and optimization of Mylar-based camouflage solutions are provided, addressing factors such as material selection, camouflage design, compatibility with sensor systems, and logistical support. The findings demonstrate Mylar's efficacy in decreasing IR detectability, providing a cost-effective and versatile solution in IR camouflage. This research contributes significantly to the field of defense technology, offering practical insights and paving the way for further advancements in stealth and counter-detection measures in military applications.

무기체계 선행연구와 국방 핵심기술 연구개발 과제의 연계성 향상을 위한 개선방안 연구

무기체계 선행연구와 국방 핵심기술 연구개발 과제의 연계성 향상을 위한 개선방안 연구

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ ДЛЯ РОЗПІЗНАВАННЯ ТЕРОРИСТИЧНИХ ТА ВОРОЖИХ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ

The development of artificial intelligence technologies and their application in solving military tasks is the main concept of scientific advancement in Ukraine. Despite the availability of existing solutions for classifying limited types of civilian objects, there is a need to develop new technologies to gain an advantage over the enemy. Existing artificial intelligence models available in the public domain are oriented towards diagnosing restricted types of civilian objects. This limitation prevents the use of these models for analyzing military enemy equipment. Automating the process of recognizing enemy military objects by constructing a deep learning classification model. The process of building a classification model for enemy military equipment using deep neural networks is considered. The Sequential model type is chosen as the basis, which includes batch normalization layers added after each convolutional layer before further processing. Accelerated hyperparameter search is provided by the Random Search tool. The quality of classification models was measured using classical accuracy metrics. The implementation of the proposed solutions is carried out using the Python programming language and the Python Imaging Library, TensorFlow, Keras Tuner, and Matplotlib libraries. A convolutional neural network classification model has been constructed capable of classifying enemy military tanks and vehicles. The model demonstrates the best accuracy metrics on training/testing datasets of 0.6/0.55 with errors of 0.658/0.705, respectively. A comparative analysis of classification models with different types of architectures showed the advantage of the model in terms of accuracy and error rate when using an architecture that includes batch normalization layers. The created classification model is recommended for further training on new data or for solving computer vision tasks.

A New Strategy is Needed to Solve the 50-Year-Old Problem - EMP Protection of Critical Civilian Infrastructure

The problem of the destructive effects of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP or EMP) on electronic and electrical equipment has been well known for more than 50 years. All military equipment and critical equipment of special governmental services are reliably protected from such influences. There are many companies on the market that manufactures numerous EMP protection means that meet the requirements of military standards. It would seem that in such a situation, critical civilian infrastructure facilities (electrical power systems, water supply systems, communications, large medical centers, banks, etc.) should also be protected against EMP. But it turns out that this is not the case! Nowhere in the world are critical civilian infrastructure still protected from such impacts! Why? The main reason is an attempt to use well-known military strategies, methods and protection means for protecting civilian infrastructure. This article proposes new protection strategies and methods for the civilian sector.

A Historical Perspective on Romania’s Military Infrastructure: The Evolution of Construction Regulations and Prospects for Updating

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

O perspectivă istorică asupra infrastructurii cazărmilor din România: evoluția și actualizarea normelor de construcție

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

TRANSVERSALITY AND MULTIRATIONALITY OF ENGINEERING THINKING: WAR AND PEACE OPTIONS

The article examines the phenomenon of engineering thinking in the context of a paradigm shift from scientific research to technological engineering. These changes delineate a new plane of research, where engineering thinking and engineering activity receive a new configuration that cannot be reduced to a linear understanding. The issue of representation of engineering thinking requires the involvement of an interdisciplinary methodology. The purpose of the article is to analyze, firstly, to explore engineering thinking as a multi-essential phenomenon, secondly, to characterize transversality and multi-rationality as attributive characteristics of engineering thinking; thirdly, to highlight the social significance of engineering thinking in war and peace options. To define engineering thinking, the concept of «design thinking» is used, which overcomes the understanding of the latter as reproductive thinking. The application of such concepts as «transversality» and «multirationality» allows to investigate engineering thinking as a phenomenon that flexibly responds to challenges and acquires the importance of a mediator whose task is to create projects to resolve existing contradictions and crises. Turning to the «interiorization – exteriorization» system allows you to represent the challenges that the community puts forward to the activity of the human engineer and to articulate the creative activity of the latter. The rhizome character of engineering thinking is emphasized, which overcomes its understanding only in the context of cognitive conceptualization, that is, in the system of abilities, skills, etc. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of using the affective dimension as a manifestation of independent thinking and testifies to the multi-rationality of engineering thinking. In this connection, intellectual traits («intellectual courage», «intellectual empathy», «justice», etc.) act as existentials that construct engineering thinking. We are talking about an engineer. The role of engineering in post-conflict scenarios is considered, which consists in helping to restore and stabilize society, ensuring its security in peace options. It is noted that engineering thinking plays a key role in the adaptation of military technologies.

Determining the parameters of a dielectric ellipsoid for minimising front echo in Gaussian pulse scattering analysis

AbstractA novel numerical method is introduced for minimising the presence of scattering echoes in the frontal area of a dielectric ellipsoid through the application of the method of auxiliary sources (MAS) method. This approach utilises a Gaussian radio pulse that spans the frequency spectrum from 0 to 6 GHz. The approach involves determining the properties of an ellipsoid, such as its dimensions and a dielectric permittivity, using a specially developed MATLAB software package to make this ellipsoid invisible. This provides a valuable military and defence technology tool, particularly for stealth and invisibility technology applications. It is beneficial for avoiding detection by radar systems utilised for enemy surveillance and identifying concealed objects. This aims to eliminate the need for metamaterials for invisibility cloaking. The suggested methodology has been confirmed through a validation process, which involved a comparison of the outcomes derived from numerical experiments conducted during pulse echo observations using the FDTD method and an analytical solution. MAS offers a notable advantage over other methods and commercial software by significantly reducing computational time for simulating and analysing 3D dielectric objects. This allows for quicker consideration of various parameter scenarios and optimisation for desired outcomes.

MOBILE ADDITIONAL ARMOR PROTECTION FOR A TRUCK

BACKGROUND: The use of armored vehicles allows, under the threat of constant enemy influence, to protect special vehicles and special equipment from the effects of light and heavy small arms, landmines, hand grenade launchers during marches or special operations. However, at present, the issue of protecting freight transport used for transporting personnel, mortar crews, materiel, etc. is quite acute. The goal of the work is to develop a mobile set of additional armor protection for the body of a truck in order to reduce the likelihood of injury to personnel during their transportation by firearms, cumulative ammunition, fragments of artillery ammunition, as well as military equipment during its transportation. Materials and methods. Determination of parameters for the duration of the penetration process and subsequent behavior of armor protection, obtaining accurate data on the resistance and effectiveness of additional armor, analysis of the stress-strain state was performed in the Ansys program. Data were obtained on the penetration process, transition energy and subsequent behavior of armor protection, which will be used to improve armored structures and structures, as well as to improve the safety of equipment in real combat conditions. Results. The article discusses the problem of armor protection of vehicles. Examples are given of the use of additional armor protection for weapons, military and special equipment, in particular in the context of a special military operation. The study presents a mobile set of additional armor protection for the body of a truck, designed to protect personnel from injury from firearms and fragments from exploding ammunition when transported on trucks. Armor protection is made in the form of hinged armor plates, anti-cumulative grilles, secured on the outside with fastening elements. Installed on the outside of the body, armor screens act as barriers, which significantly increases the protective properties when fired from firearms. The article simulates the proposed protection set and analyzes the stress-strain state. Conclusion. Based on the calculations, the values of the maximum speeds and flight range of the bullet were determined for the strength of the additional set of armor protection.

АНАЛИЗ УЧАСТИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ОБОРОННО-ПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА НА МИРОВОМ РЫНКЕ ВООРУ-ЖЕНИЯ И ВОЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article explores and outlines the participation of the Russian military-industrial complex (DIC) in expanding the range of foreign trade activities and developing the economy of the Russian Federation by producing and releasing for these purposes various types of modern, in-demand and competitive military, civil and dual products on the world and domestic commodity markets. appointments. A definition of the global market for military products (MP) is given, its geography, characteristics, trends and operating features, the implementation of international legal regulation, the value of annual trade turnover, the presence of official and illegal schemes for the sale of weapons and military equipment, and the reasons for the emergence of the latter are revealed. The geography and indicators of the participation of the Russian Federation in this market for the period 2015–2022 are given, its rating among the states that are the main exporters of weapons and military equipment, as well as comparison with the USA and EU countries - the main exporters to the world market of weapons, military equipment and others types of military products, the ratio of their exports to military expenditures and to the gross domestic product. The authors present a correlation regression analysis of the main factors influencing Russia's posi-tion in the world market for weapons, military equipment and other types of military products, including an analysis of the Russian share in global arms exports, as well as an analysis of the share of arms and military equipment exports in Russia's total ex-ports. The conclusions summarize the results of the study, indicating the real, signifi-cant contribution of the Russian defense industry to the development of foreign trade activities and the country's economy in the context of sanctions restrictions and in-creasing global risks.

Optional but not qualified: Neutrality, the UN Charter and humanitarian objectives

Abstract Neutral States must abstain from supporting a party to a conflict with military equipment and assistance. This core aspect of the law of neutrality has not changed with the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945, or with the brutal Russian aggression against Ukraine. That said, by reviewing the changes to neutrality law over time, this article finds plausible reasons to believe that neutrality has – for better or worse – become optional for the vast majority of States, which can today opt to be non-belligerent States – i.e., States that are neither neutral nor parties to the armed conflict. All States have to cooperate to bring to an end serious violations of international law, including humanitarian law, and this duty of cooperation has abolished “sitting-still neutrality”, but it does not render neutrality law moot. This reading of “optional but not qualified” neutrality maintains the core neutrality idea of abstaining in military matters. In this article, I argue that views of “obsolete” or “qualified” neutrality are not new at all but depart from well-accepted rules of legal interpretation and raise concerns about double standards. Viewing neutrality as optional but unqualifiable offers greater conceptual clarity, is more honest than alternative views, and comes with advantages for humanitarian action.

History of the use of chemical weapons for military purposes and the possibility of their current use

Throughout the history of mankind there have been many wars of both local character and large-scale wars. At the heart of military actions necessarily lies the use of weapons, one type of which is chemical. Chemical weapons, the basis of which are diverse in their effect on the body and chemical composition of poisonous substances, began to be used for military purposes during World War I, namely, the first use occurred on April 22, 1915 in Belgium near the city of Ypres. Germany used gas cylinders filled with chlorine in this attack. The man who created this weapon was German chemist Fritz Haber, who became known as the "father of chemical weapons". Since that time, scientists from different countries began to actively study the effect of poisonous substances on the human body, synthesize their new types, as well as search for reliable means of protection against its effects. Throughout history, attempts have been made to ban the use of chemical weapons. In particular, after the end of the First World War, the Geneva Protocol was adopted in 1925, prohibiting the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other similar gases in war. However, this agreement failed to limit the use of poisonous substances, which led to their further use, mainly in localized wars. Much work on the prohibition and destruction of chemical weapons belongs to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, established in 1997 after the adoption of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 1993. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the history of chemical weapons for military purposes, as well as to study the activities for their prohibition. Literary data of recent years on the history of creation, use of chemical weapons and international legal agreements on their prohibition and destruction, the main types of toxic substances, means of protection against their effects are analyzed. Conclusions are made about the possibilities of chemical weapons use at present.

Czy wojna Rosji z Ukrainą wzmocni czy osłabi Unię Europejską? Neofunkcjonalizm versus neorealizm – zderzenie perspektyw i ujęć

The analysis presented to the readers is based on an in-depth study of the content contained in the acts and documents of the European Union and concerning the implementation of the EU strategy in the field of security union in the context of the war in Ukraine. The text justifies and proves that the European Union has taken strategic decisions and actions providing Ukraine with strong support for the general cause economic, military, social and financial resilience, including granting its humanitarian aid. In addition, the EU strongly condemned Russia’s indiscriminate attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and called on Russia to immediately and unconditionally withdraw all troops and military equipment from all of Ukraine’s territory within its internationally recognized borders. The analysis of the research material presented in the study led to the formulation of the main hypothesis, which is: the war in Ukraine strengthens the EU at the strategic level at the same time leading to a clash of diverse forces and interests, which may result in fragmentation of the system, and thus its local (sectoral) weakening.

Border militarization and domestic institutions

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to examine the impact of border policies and the increased militarization of border control practices on the expansion of police powers, the erosion of constitutional constraints and on other institutional spillovers. In recent decades, the Border Patrol has been integrated with the broader national security state as part of the war on drugs and the war on terror. This has entailed the acquisition of military hardware, the incorporation of organizational structures and training originally developed in the military, and increased interaction with the military, intelligence agencies, and defense contractors. The Border Patrol has frequently lent their equipment, personnel, and powers to domestic policing that has only a tangential relationship with border security. Border militarization therefore contributes to expansions in the scope of police powers and the erosion of constitutional constraints. This process undermines functional polycentricity, and thereby alters the incentives and knowledge of political decision-makers.