Military Doctrine Research Articles

ОБОРОННАЯ ПОЛИТИКА КЫРГЫЗСТАНА

The article considers basic provisions of the National Security Concept and Military Doctrine of the Kyrgyz Republic, analyses the political circumstances remarkable for their influence on the contents of such provisions, and also considers the system of public authorities responsible for the introduction of the fundamental documents. The author concludes that the defense policy of the Kyrgyz Republic was developed against the background of permanent internal political and economic instability, which was aggravated by Afghan factor and, in recent years, by the threat of a full-scale war with Tajikistan over disputed border territories. Under those circumstances, the main idea of Kyrgyzstan defense policy was to continue peace building while strengthening the defense capabilities of the Republic, which are primarily needed to repulse the acts of possible aggression by various terrorist organizations, groups of religious extremists, and drug cartels. That’s exactly the kind of the message reflected in the National Security Concept and Military Doctrine of the Kyrgyz Republic. The article places special emphasis on the importance of the military-industrial complex of the Kyrgyz Republic, assesses its potential and relevance to the main objectives of national defense, as well as the impact on its modernization of military and technical cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and Russia, Turkey, the People’s Republic of China.

Počeci nastave jezika na Vojnoj akademiji u Beogradu

The subject of this research is the beginnings of language teaching at the Military Academy (Artillery School) in Belgrade, in the period from its establishment in 1850 to a few years after the end of World War I, i.e. until 1924, when reliable data and archival material date back, based mainly on the Memorial of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Military Academy. The importance of foreign language knowledge was manifold. In addition to a significant role in teaching professional subjects, given that the teaching process was, to a great extent, carried out according to translation of foreign textbooks, foreign languages also played a significant role in the development of the Serbian military doctrine, as well as the fact that there was a great influence of neighboring countries in the educational field of the military training. Also, cadets who were sent for education abroad were obliged to know the language of the country they were sent to. For enrollment, first in the Artillery School, and then in the Lower and Higher School of the Military Academy, the knowledge of French or German was mandatory. French was the first to be introduced into the curriculum, followed by German, while Russian, Italian and Turkish were introduced later. Throughout certain periods, Serbian was also taught as a subject. Due to insufficient data, as well as a lack of archival materials, the period after World War I has not been sufficiently studied in the military education historiography, which is why this paper is limited to the period from the establishment of the Military Academy to a few years after the end of World War I and the formation of a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

ПОЛІТИЧНІ РЕПРЕСІЇ У ПРИКОРДОННИХ РАЙОНАХ ВОЛИНІ У 1920–1930 рр.

The article investigates the reasons, forms and consequences of the political repressions in the border areas of Volyn in Soviet Ukraine in the 1920s and 1930s. In the period between the First and Second World War, after the defeat in the fight for sovereignty, Ukrainian territories were divided between several countries. This created a border problem. In particular, Volyn, being under the rule of Soviet Ukraine and Poland, became an arena of struggle of the communist system, which did not abandon the idea of spreading its influence over Western Europe. The first were brutal repressions by the Bolsheviks against the peasant insurgent movement, which rose up in Volyn as well as in other regions against the policy of “war communism”. By means of ruthless extrajudicial massacres, the use of military force, hostages, and social division of the village, when the poor population was opposed to other classes, the Bolsheviks managed to suppress the peasant rebellion. However, it was only in the mid-1920s that it became possible to completely overcome “political banditry”, as the communist authorities called it. A peculiarity of the peasant insurgent movement in the Volyn region was its orientation towards the sovereignty of the Ukrainian People's Republic. A new wave of uprisings tooke place during the period of collectivization and dekulakization between 1920s and 1930s. They were classified by the authorities as "counter-revolutionary" protests. The materials of a separate folder of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U, where the most secret documents were collected, testify to the complete control of the judicial system and the determination of the work of the prosecutor's office and punitive bodies. Specifically, political cases were investigated, in which insurgents, people who cooperated with Polish intelligence and saboteurs were repressed based on the materials of the special commission on political affairs created by the Politburo. This data shows that a significant part of the population opposed the Bolshevik regime. Another form of the communist regime repressions was the deportation of the disloyal population into the interior of Ukraine and the USSR. This way, the ethnic map of the region was being changed and the most loyal population was being settled instead. Moreover, this process can be considered a contribution to the creation of fortified districts in the border regions. According to the military doctrine of the Bolshevik leadership, they were supposed to become a barrier to the advance of the enemy in the inevitably upcoming war. This preparation was also enhanced by training and transferring of subversive groups and agents into the territory of neighboring Poland. Thus, the border regions of Volyn became an arena of subversive and counter-subversive struggle. Key words: political repressions, border regions, Volyn, 1920s, 1930s, separate folder of the Politburo, political cases, Olevsk.

���������-��������ò�Ͳ ������ ������������� ��������� �����˲��� ��В���� �Բ��������� ������ ��ֲ������ί ����IJ� �������

In the modern world, which is characterized by rapid changes in the geopolitical landscape, technologies and socio-economic conditions, the issue of adaptation of military structures, in particular in the aspect of career development of the officer ranks, is gaining special relevance. This becomes especially important in the context of the long war waged by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, so the career growth of officers gains both professional and strategic importance. In general, career development at the National Guard of Ukraine is a dynamic process that requires a holistic approach, including management selection, assessment, planning, skill development, adaptation to new conditions, and continuous self-improvement. This process not only contributes to the realization of individual career goals of officers, but also ensures the effective functioning and development of the military organization as a whole. The study identifies factors that affect the professional development of officers during the development of an algorithm for managing the career of the National Guard of Ukraine officer, and at the same time provide modern challenges and needs for the selection of managerial personnel. Particular attention is paid to establishing clear criteria that reflect the current level of officer professionalism. These include task execution, unit command and resource management, as well as the ability to innovate, think strategically and contribute to the development of the National Guard of Ukraine military system as a whole. The role of military-political changes in the formation of career paths of the National Guard of Ukraine officers is revealed. International conflicts, reforms of military structures, technological innovations and changes in military doctrine affect the requirements for officers and also open up new opportunities for career growth. In this context, there is a need to develop and implement an effective career management algorithm that takes into account these changing factors and stimulates continuous self-improvement and learning, which is key to ensuring an effective and flexible career development system at the National Guard of Ukraine. This approach allows not only to meet current management recruitment requirements, but also to predict future needs, adapt and ensure that the officer corps will be prepared to solve tasks both today and in the future. Further scientific research is needed in the areas of integration of the proposed career management algorithm into the practical activities of the National Guard of Ukraine, internal issues of updating educational programs and taking into account psychological aspects in career development, as well as the issue of selecting managerial personnel for the components of the security and defense sector of Ukraine.

The Cultural Element in NATO Military Doctrines: Important, but a Declarative Issue?

Despite the historically perceived importance of the cultural element in warfare, after the end of the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and other culturally distant countries, it is believed that the cultural element has lost its importance. According to some experts, the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine marks a return to conventional warfare, in which a state's material military capabilities play the most significant role in determining its power. But in fact, in this war, soft interoperability, the most essential aspect of which is the cultural element, gained considerable prominence by demonstrating once again that understanding one's own culture and values comes before understanding others. This study aims to look at the cultural element more broadly through the prism of interoperability and, specifically, through soft interoperability and answer the question of how the cultural element, specifically the cultural competences of military personnel manifests in NATO military doctrines, given that NATO is an international security organization with obligations that extend beyond simple defence.

Means of hand-to-hand combat in the system of physical training of military officers of the armed forces of Ukraine and leading NATO countries

Ukraine, as an independent state, always adheres to the defensive military doctrine and demands the maximum de-escalation of the international situation at the current level, and at the same time pays great attention to maintaining an appropriate level of combat readiness of the armed forces.
 Combat readiness of servicemen of the armed forces, which requires a constant search for relevant directions and methods of professional improvement in the conditions of military-professional activity, is ensured by many factors, a special place among which is occupied by physical and psychological training, which are one of the main subjects of combat training, an integral part system of combat personnel improvement.
 Taking into account the current conditions of warfare on the territory of our country, in our opinion, no less important importance is attached to the means of hand-to-hand combat in the training of military personnel, thanks to which the combat capacity of the personnel, the combat readiness of units, and the unit is increased, and the psychological readiness of the soldier to perform assigned tasks is formed.
 Thus, in order to increase the effectiveness of the process in the existing conditions, it is necessary to review the means of preparing a soldier for action in close combat, the formation of various motor skills and psychological qualities of military personnel, as well as the development of basic physical qualities.

CHINESE MILITARY MODERNIZATION UNDER XI: HARBINGER OF A NEW GREAT POWERS RIVALRY

Chinese rapid growth in the economy is compelling its investment in enhancing and expanding military modernization. Defensive compulsions amplify Chinese gradual tilt towards complementing technological advancements in the military sphere. For this purpose, China is undergoing a process of robust military modernization. This paper aims to dissect China’s military modernization under the leadership of President Xi. It comprises of three portions. The first part theorizes the process of Chinese Military Modernization. Structural Anarchy in International Politics and Security Dilemma helps us in understanding the process of Chinese Military Modernization. The second part of this study explains the process of military modernization of China under the leadership of President Xi. This part explains three dimensions of Chinese military modernization under President Xi; Evolution of Chinese Military Doctrine, Reorganization of People Liberation Army (PLA), and technological advancements in Chinese weaponry. The final part of this study explains the rising challenges to the existing international order in face of the Chinese rise.

THE GENESIS OF THE US NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROGRAMS

The article examines the main stages in the development of nuclear missile programs of the United States of America from the moment of their development to the modern period. In the course of the research, general scientific research methods were used, as well as logical methods and empirical methods. In particular, historical methods of scientific knowledge, comparative methods, methods of deduction and induction were used, historical reconstruction and analytical interpretation of the development of US nuclear missile programs were carried out. The main factors that influenced the features of various stages of the formation and development of nuclear missile programs in different periods of the Republican and Democratic rule are presented. The main characteristics of the stages of development of nuclear missile programs in North American military doctrines are shown during the periods of domination of various political ideologies. Particular attention is focused on the periods of the presidency of the presidents of the Democratic and Republican parties, the differences in the development of these programs. The article substantiates that the development of American nuclear missile programs is a complex and important scientific problem, given the presence in the United States of the status of the most powerful state in world politics. It has been substantiated that this factor is one of the main reasons for its influence in world political processes in the conditions of post-bipolar development of international relations. It has been proved that the dynamics of the development of US nuclear missile programs was influenced by security factors that were formed in the process of aggravating international relations with states with nuclear potential, trying to influence world politics, as well as in the context of strengthening the fight against international terrorism. It is shown that at the present stage, in comparison with the initial period, the deterrence criterion is fundamental in the US nuclear missile political doctrine, due to the fundamental transformation of the American military doctrine.

Fighting for Time: Rhodesia’s Military and Zimbabwe’s Independence by Charles D. Melson

<i>Fighting for Time: Rhodesia’s Military and Zimbabwe’s Independence</i> by Charles D. Melson

Russia’s Evolving Military Strategy in Response to NATO Expansion: Continuity and Changes

This article analyses the changes and continuities in the Russian Military Strategy in response to NATO’s expansionist policies. The methodology used is interdisciplinary in nature as the discourse is based and conceptualized in the historical context with social insights into the contemporary development of events. The paper is divided into two sections: the first concerns NATO’s expansion, both during and after the Cold War period; and the second examines the proposed Russian Military Strategy in response to NATO’s increasing eastward expansion. It is concluded that Russia’s national security concepts and evolving expressions of military doctrine closely follow the process of NATO’s expansion. The nature of forward deployment, defense concept and military strategy that NATO adopts are decisive in formulating and influencing not only Kremlin’s perception but also its reaction, especially in the military field to alliance enlargement.

GRAND STRATEGY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF NEW RUSSIA’S MILITARY DOCTRINE IN 21ST CENTURY: GEOSTRATEGIC ASPECTS OF HYBRID WARFARE STRATEGY AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE

: A paper reflects new dimensions of New Cold War geostrategic balance implications at pan-regional (European) and regional (Black Sea) levels that already has been transformed into classical hybrid warfare between the Russian Federation and NATO due to the Russia’s invasion into Ukraine. Currently adopted military doctrine of the Russian Federation envisages engagement into two military conflicts simultaneously and constructed its strategic operational framework founded on incorporation of three combat elements: military, non-military and information warfare measures and proper concepts. Hence, it means that Russia can begin war-game scenarios at the same time against two neighboring nations as it occurs at time being against Ukraine and Georgia. At that respect, the incumbent Russian military leadership in aegis of so-called “Gerasimov Doctrine” is promoting hybrid warfare as a key dominant grand strategy with relevant theater strategy and operational art elements (for instance, operational – strategic command HQ “South” and 5 Army Corp HQs). The military “muscle” could easily skew and twist European security environment that is much unprepared to the geostrategic challenge – Crimea occupation and annexation in 2014, war with Georgia in 2008, hybrid attack to Estonia in 2007 and very recently large-scale military intervention in Azov Sea and pending regional hegemony conditions in Caspian Basin. These military asymmetric challenges and risks deriving from the arms race derailed by the Russia’s incumbent authority, and security dilemma embroiled with by the elements of WMD are sufficient indications why the European security is plausible fragile against such challenges. From academic standpoint, the thesis deals in analyzing with the most dangerous threat targeting the European security architecture – asymmetric military challenge and realization of which is pursued in wagging hybrid war against Georgia and Ukraine. The new type of warfare is a probe stone perfected against these two post-Soviet nations indicates and poses real menace, mainly geostrategic origin, easily targeted NATO member-states, including Poland. The article predisposes reflection and understanding true meaning of so-called “Gerasimov Doctrine” and the whole new version of Military Doctrine of Russia and how it is implemented at the stage. A shift transformation takes place in realms of contemporary century warfare doctrinal planning and the transformation has already implicated of identifying new type of warfare strategy – asymmetric war with representation of hybrid warfare that contributing in re-shaping a grand strategy that allows policymakers to steer through the uncertainties of a complex international security environment; Elaboration real content and new definition of “hybrid war” and its dualfold implications how to quell and deal with asymmetric military challenges and risks and how to cause the challenges on its matter. Moreover, it describes and review reformatting modality in planning and wagging war due to the military technology development that contributed to a far more complicated strategic environment for war than that of previous century. In that respect is to be identified new style of warfare – Urbanistic warfare presented in 2008 August Russia-Georgia war as well as in war in Ukraine (Mariupol battle) new definition of the warfare in general matter.

The Development of Russian Military Doctrine Post Cold War and Its Implications For Ukrain

Russia's decision to carry out an attack on Ukraine by conducting a special military operation or invasion was carried out on the grounds of protecting its national interests. Military doctrine, which is defined as a guideline and strategy, becomes one of the bases for formulating a country's defense policy and foreign policy in establishing cooperation or conducting conflict. This study aims to understand Russia's post-cold war military defense doctrine, which became the basis for its actions to carry out military attacks on Ukraine. The method in this research is descriptive by referring to the literature and reliable documents. Collecting data using literature review of various documents, journals and news as well as data analysis using qualitative. The results of the study show that the military operations carried out by Russia in Ukraine are inseparable from changes in military doctrine carried out after the cold war which made the nature of defense more offensive. This military doctrine later became one of the cornerstones in formulating its defense policy, including the decision to invade Ukraine

The politics of military procurement: the F-35 purchasing process in Canada and Australia Compared

ABSTRACT The willingness of defence departments to select the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) for their fifth-generation multirole fighter has frequently been analyzed as stemming from the close historical connections allies such as Japan or Canada have with the United States. However, such an approach glosses over or ignores the operation of military procurement processes which are more idiosyncratic and subject to many pushes and pulls from different actors and directions. This article compares the experiences of Australia and Canada in procuring the JSF. Both countries are British Commonwealth members, with a long history of supporting western, and in particular, US alliances. But while Australia has secured its F-35 procurement and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) has already received its F-35s, Canada has only recently overcome a lengthy F-35 procurement battle that remains mired in controversy and will not deliver to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) an aircraft for several years yet. This comparative case study between Australian and Canadian defence priorities offers a new explanation for this disparity of procurement success based on the need to both create and maintain alignment between government strategic defence policy and military service doctrine if major platform purchasing decisions are to survive.

“TAKE PITY OF YOUR TOWN AND OF YOUR PEOPLE”

It has been argued that the practice of siege warfare is at the very limit of legality under the terms of International Humanitarian Law.[1] The question addressed in this essay might be rephrased: how do the laws of armed conflict permitsieges to become humanitarian disasters? More precisely, can military doctrine regarding the efficacy of siege warfare operations to induce surrender of besieged forces comply in real world terms with the laws of armed conflict? Since February, 2022 it is alleged that Russian armed forces perpetrated a number of crimes against humanity in Ukraine during sieges of cities such as Mariupol. These alleged crimes include indiscriminate targeting of civilian habitation and attacks on evacuation corridors.[2] In the 1990s, siege warfare in the former Yugoslavia provoked international censure and criminal prosecution of perpetrators. Nevertheless, siege operations in Syria and Kashmir today show no sign of respecting the rights of civilian populations despite international censure. The core legal issue regarding sieges is the principle of distinction between combatants and non-combatant civilians and thus decisions regarding targeting and proportionality. The essay will show that distinction is a recent innovation in International Humanitarian Law and uncertainly embodied in military doctrine. The first part reviews evolving IHL norms pertinent to modern sieges. In the second, the essay examines modern jurisprudence regarding the conduct of siege warfare derived from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) prosecution of Major General Stanislav Galić and Major General Dragomir Milosević.[3] &#x0D; &#x0D; [1] Riordan, K., ‘Shelling, Sniping and Starvation: the Law of Armed Conflict and the Lessons of the Siege of Sarajevo’, Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 41 (2), p.150; Watts, S., Under Siege: International Humanitarian Law and Security Council Practice Concerning Urban Siege Operations’, Research and Policy Paper, CHE Project, May 2014.&#x0D; [2] https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2022/03/17/armed-conflict-in-ukraine-a-recap-of-basic-ihl-rules/&#x0D; [3] https://www.icty.org/case/galic

Regime change on the pretext of forcible protection of nationals abroad: selected case studies including Ukraine, Dominican and Egypt

Since 1945, multiple States, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, France, and Belgium have consistently asserted that protectingthe lives of their citizens caught in violence abroad remains an acceptablejustification for the use of force. The view has been widely accepted by theinternational community, at least concerning hostage rescue and crisis evacuation military operations. Quite a scarce State practice regarding the thirdform of extraterritorial defence of nationals, forcible protection in the hostState, is much more controversial in reception. The Article aims to discuss thepermissibility of such protection on the example of the February 2022 Russianinvasion of Ukraine. As Moscow failed to achieve what was likely its main political objective, to overthrow the Kyiv government in a blitzkrieg militarycampaign, the analysis also addresses the question of whether the contemporary concept of extraterritorial protection of nationals from imminent dangerinvolves permissibility of regime change in the targeted State. The result ofthe analysis is unambiguous. Based on an examination of State practice, military doctrine documents and a cursory review of literature, the Article rejectsthe Kremlin’s claims involving both protection of Russian citizens in the territory of Ukraine and regime change in the targeted country.

Social Engineering – Major Component of Cognitive Warfare

"Industrial revolutions have generated major changes in the economy, politics and military affairs throughout human history and have led to innovation in all social fields, resulting in new approaches to military affairs. Companies are transforming and preparing their transition from an environment based on technological tools (physical) to one based on social mass engineering (mainly in the virtual environment), extremely refined, which subtly combines manipulation with addiction. The industrial society, as we have known it for more than a century, has become an information society and produces major changes in society and, implicitly, in the thinking of military strategies. In this context, due to the unprecedented development of information technology, the military confrontations of the future will change their main feature, namely violence, a component that will be increasingly mitigated and replaced, gradually, with non-kinetic means: political, economic, media, psychological and informational situations. There are, today, new military doctrines and strategies, characterised by the lack of classical rules for waging a war, through the ambiguity of the enemy or through the lack of dichotomy between war and peace, which have as characteristic another way of organising and conducting the fight. The present article focuses on aspects related to non-kinetic and cognitive combat means. We consider that the research is of interest because the implications of these means on the way of waging the war and their long-term effects that have not yet been fully known. In this context, we approach the field of social engineering, starting from the first references to this concept up to the present day, emphasising its applicability in social and political sciences as well as in psychology and cyber security."

Considerations Regarding Doctrinal Evolution of Conflicts in Eastern Europe in Accordance with Current Risks and Threats

Abstract Starting from the complexity of a military conflict of the future, in this article I set out a realistic analysis of how to apply and correlate military doctrine during the post and during a conflict and its application to influence the adopted security strategy. I will try to present interpretations of how the security situation will evolve strategically and militarily in line with new and old risks and threats and return to the notion of conventionality and classicism in the symmetry or asymmetry of future conflicts. The complexity of this issue is a real challenge for military analysts, the unpredictable evolution of the security environment and the constant emergence of new challenges, create major impediments in terms of identifying future risks and threats and interpreting a likely security situation. This approach will be finalized with the conclusions that will emerge from the analysis of the current security environment and the type of armed conflict that will probably be in the near or distant future.

Israel’s inter-war campaigns doctrine: From opportunism to principle

ABSTRACT What started as opportunistic operations has gradually given rise to Israel’s prevailing military doctrine of Inter-War Campaigns (IWC). This article provides a comprehensive analysis of a phenomenon that has shaped conflicts in the Middle East, one that has been overlooked in the literature. The IWC utilises advantageous conditions to formulate continuous military campaigns below the threshold of severe conflict. This article argues that the IWC creates and manages limited competitive conflicts intended to mitigate adversaries’ force buildup in preparation for war. It provides the first account of the doctrine’s development, analyses its enabling factors, and discusses its degree of success.

Tackling Verification and Validation Techniques to Evaluate Cyber Situational Awareness Capabilities

Since cyberspace was identified as a domain of operations, defence practitioners started a race with academy, researchers, and industry and military organizations working together towards defining related lines of capability development (e.g., DOTMLPFI) and exploring the needs and opportunities they entail. An essential cornerstone of adapting to the convergence of the cyber domain with conventional theaters of operation is the need for producing tools for easing to acquire cyber situational awareness (CSA), from which human operators shall be able to perceive, reason and project situations and events observed in cyberspace that may vertically/horizontally propagate from technological to tactical, operational and strategic planes. Benefiting from the higher maturity level of civilian capabilities for cybersecurity, the military sector has embraced the challenge of creating related beyond state-of-the-art CSA enablers that comprise the existing technological background while adopting concepts such as operations, missions or courses of action (CoAs), properly aligning them with military doctrine. Beyond ongoing development efforts, there is a wide methodological gap in the lack of suitable CSA verification and validation (V&amp;V) frameworks, which are expected to analyze if related capabilities meet the requirements to operate in the military context; at the same time supporting the thorough development life-cycle of brand new cyber defence technologies. With the motivation of closing the identified gap, this research introduces a novel V&amp;V framework able to guide the evaluation of CSA-related tools, which makes converge purely military aspects with dual-use state-of-the-art V&amp;V approaches. Three core CSA evaluation concepts are discussed in-depth: software, operational and application tests. They range from the daily application of new capabilities to their ability to enable the acquisition of a joint operational picture understandable by human decision makers.

A legal review of sieges in modern war

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between Western military doctrine, international law, and the impact of sieges in war. This paper examines three case studies – the battles of Mosul (2016–2017), the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport (2014–2015), and Ghouta – to analyze the effect of international law on the conduct of sieges and how that impacts the attacker, the besieged, and the innocent bystanders. In the end, we find that Western military doctrine is inadequate to address siege situations, which in turn can result in mishandling siege situations from an international law standpoint. Additionally, we find that international law, as well as applied law, provides the actors therein sufficient leeway to create the conditions for the siege to continue to be used well into the future.