Military Cyber Research Articles

Fighting Power, Targeting and Cyber Operations

This article aims to contribute to the operationalisation of military cyber operations in general, and for targeting purposes (either in defence or offence) in particular. The position of cyber operations in military doctrine will be clarified, their contribution to fighting power conceptualised and the ramifications on targeting processes discussed. Cyberspace poses unique challenges and opportunities; we distinguish new elements that may be utilized for ‘targeting’, namely: cyber objects and cyber identities. Constructive or disruptive cyber operations aimed at these non-physical elements provide new ways of attaining effects. Assessing the outcome of these cyber operations is, however, challenging for (military) planners. Intertwined network infrastructure and the global nature of cyberspace add to the complexity, but these difficulties can be overcome. In principle, the targeting cycle is suitable for cyber operations, yet, with an eye to (a) effectiveness of offensive and defensive operations, and (b) legal obligations, special attention will be required regarding effects in general, and collateral damage assessment in particular.

Cyber Attacks: Proportionality and Precautions in Attack

Malicious cyber activities are becoming more and more commonplace, including between nations. This has caused great speculation as to the rules that govern military cyber operations, particularly during armed conflict. The upcoming publication of the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare is indicative of the importance of this discussion. This article analyzes the application of the law of armed conflict principles of proportionality and precautions to cyber operations, including reference to the Tallinn Manual. In most cases, the existing law provides a clear paradigm to govern cyber activities. However, this article identifies several areas where governments and military operators might question how to apply these principles to a specific cyber operation. In these areas, greater precision is needed to provide clear guidance to those who plan, order, and conduct cyber operations.

Military Culture and Cyber Security

The Mahanian traditions of the US Navy and the legacy of Guilio Douhet for the US Air Force will lead them to view the emerging cyber challenge differently.

An Automated Virtualization Performance Analysis Platform

This research compares three traditional categories of virtualization to a technique known as hybrid virtualization. Each technique is evaluated in terms of both capability and performance. The traditional methods of platform virtualization such as full virtualization, paravirtualization and operating system virtualization each comes with its own set of capabilities and engineering trade-offs. Hybrid virtualization attempts to leverage the benefits of full and operating system virtualization by allowing virtual machines of each type of virtualization to run simultaneously on the same host machine. This research measures the time required for each virtualization technique to perform a workload inside virtual machines as the number of virtual machines running the workload scales. This performance data will help determine the usefulness of the hybrid technique in building a military cyber warfare training simulation environment based on virtualization. The goal is to determine which technique is capable of supporting large-scale environments required by realistic network training scenarios. The capability evaluation results indicate that hybrid virtualization successfully leverages the benefits of its two virtualization components while minimizing the trade-offs of each individual technique. The performance results indicate that the performance of each virtualization technique differs significantly relative to the workload applied. Some workloads saw no significant differences in performance between techniques. However, in the workloads that did show significant difference, the hybrid technique performed as well as or better than full virtualization or operating system virtualization alone. This leads to the conclusion that hybrid virtualization is a viable candidate as the basis for a military cyber warfare simulation and training environment.

Strategy: Korea's Military Cyber Security Issues and Tasks

with rapid development of science and technology and the evolution of information revolution, International security environment is being reshaped. Important factors that determine national security competence—military operations, intelligence information on advanced weapons and enemy forces, economic activities that form the poles of national power, government's major systems—are exposed to hostile cyber attacks or accidental intrusions. Therefore, protecting information systems has emerged as an urgent national security issue. In particular, in waging wars, the concept of electronic/communications war that seek destruction of enemy command and control system, has been transformed into a more comprehensive and proactive concept of information warfare by the introduction of the cyber war doctrine. Information warfare encompasses pursuit of paralysis and destruction of a nation's all social infrastructure system and military control power. The existing concept of security strategy, which is a passive concept devised for protection of national information and information system, has been replaced by the proactive and aggressive concept of information warfare strategy. Information warfare seek early and effective victory by cyber attacks that can destroy the enemy's war capability and morale. Korea, which is a leader in information technology as well as a country vulnerable to attacks challenging information security, should prepare for information warfare of the twenty first century. Provision of more systematic and detailed measures—new response strategies, the establishment of national information security response system, creation or reorganization of institutions, and training of human resources—to cope with changes in international information security environment is called for. In addition, the private, public, and military organizations should work together to introduce joint defense strategies and organizations. As an organic integrated defense system has to be established, the government has to establish a governmental system for systematic system for threat assessment, judgment, and response. In particular, the role and responsibilities of the NSC should be upgraded. The government has been tilted toward domestic security and social issues as it responded to cyber crimes and terrors. Such tendency should be guarded against.

A "Rights-Based" Theory of Punishment

Previous articleNext article No AccessDiscussionA "Rights-Based" Theory of PunishmentJames B. BradyJames B. Brady Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 97, Number 4Jul., 1987 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/292892 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1987 The University of Chicago PressPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Edward Barrett On the Relationship Between the Ethics and the Law of War: Cyber Operations and Sublethal Harm, Ethics & International Affairs 31, no.44 (Dec 2017): 467–477.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679417000454Edward T. Barrett Reliable Old Wineskins: The Applicability of the Just War Tradition to Military Cyber Operations, Philosophy & Technology 28, no.33 (Apr 2015): 387–405.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-014-0185-4J. Angelo Corlett Assessing Retributivism, (Jan 2004): 61–97.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0421-2_5

Excuses and Voluntary Conduct

Previous articleNext article No AccessSymposium on ExcusesExcuses and Voluntary ConductVinit HaksarVinit Haksar Search for more articles by this author Corrections to this articleErratumPDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 96, Number 2Jan., 1986 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/292749 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1986 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Stephen Kershnar Forfeiture Theory and Symmetrical Attackers, Criminal Justice Ethics 36, no.22 (Jul 2017): 224–245.https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129X.2017.1341226Edward Barrett On the Relationship Between the Ethics and the Law of War: Cyber Operations and Sublethal Harm, Ethics & International Affairs 31, no.44 (Dec 2017): 467–477.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0892679417000454Edward T. Barrett Reliable Old Wineskins: The Applicability of the Just War Tradition to Military Cyber Operations, Philosophy & Technology 28, no.33 (Apr 2015): 387–405.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-014-0185-4 James B. Brady A "Rights-Based" Theory of Punishment, Ethics 97, no.44 (Oct 2015): 792–795.https://doi.org/10.1086/292892 Vinit Haksar Rights and Excuses: A Reply to Brady, Ethics 97, no.44 (Oct 2015): 796–799.https://doi.org/10.1086/292893Related articlesErratum19 Oct 2015Ethics