Military Construction Research Articles

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue and South China Sea Issue: Impacts and China’s Strategic Response

This paper examines the impact of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue on China’s concerns related to the South China Sea issue. The study first reviews the origin and development of the quadrilateral security dialogue mechanism, pointing out that its geopolitical color is obvious, especially in China as the core factor of strategic interaction. Subsequently, the article discusses the specific impact of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue on the South China Sea issue, including heating the issue, encouraging countries outside the region to intervene, aggravating tensions, and undermining stability in the South China Sea. Following that, the article puts forward China’s countermeasures and suggestions, emphasizing that China should analyze the interests of various countries, divide and disintegrate the United States alliance system, strengthen economic ties with ASEAN countries, consolidate friendly relations, maintain strategic focus, and strengthen national defense and military construction. Finally, the study concludes that to preserve regional peace and stability, China should fully utilize the advantageous aspects of the Asia-Pacific pattern and neutralize the dangerous components.

The mixed system of complementing the armed forces – a requirement for the Republic of Moldova

Military service is a complex social and legal phenomenon that is at the basis of the completion and functioning of the armed forces. Depending on the completion system, the armed forces may be composed of conscripts, volunteers and/or professional military personnel. Contractbased military service significantly contributes to strengthening the armed forces’ operationalcapabilities. Conscript military service is the main form for the military training of citizens who are later included in the reserve to ensure the mobilization of the army. The mixed system of complementing the armed forces organized in the Republic of Moldova responds to the interests of the military construction in the new security conditions after the start of the war in Ukraine.

Relevance of the legal regulation of military infrastructure capital construction objects during of the initial period of the Great Patriotic war

The article attempts to summarize some aspects of the experience of legal regulation of capital construction of military infrastructure facilities, which was accumulated during the Great Patriotic War, especially during its most difficult, first period, when the initiative was in the hands of the aggressor, and the Soviet state faced the vital issue of rapid economic transition, including military-the construction complex — on the rails of functioning in conditions of a real military threat. The idea of the continuing relevance of this experience in the current situation of a real threat to the sovereignty of Russia is consistently carried out, proposals are formulated on the need, taking into account the specifics of the construction of the above-mentioned facilities, to codify the norms governing the capital construction of military defense infrastructure facilities in the Military Construction Code of the Russian Federation with the unity of command of the federal body in the field of defense — the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation at all stages capital construction of these facilities.

A Historical Perspective on Romania’s Military Infrastructure: The Evolution of Construction Regulations and Prospects for Updating

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

O perspectivă istorică asupra infrastructurii cazărmilor din România: evoluția și actualizarea normelor de construcție

The article presents the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania from the 19th century to the present, focusing on the transformations in military construction regulations and the organization of design and construction activities. With the establishment of the standing armed forces, the technical norms for the construction of buildings and the principles for the barracks layout were defined and architects developed standard projects to speed up construction and minimize costs. The regulations have been adapted over time, following the evolution of the armed forces and military technologies. In the context of the significant increase in the Ministry of National Defence real estate investments in recent years, in order to align with the best international practices, updating the technical infrastructure norms with specifications regarding all types of spaces in the barracks has become timely and necessary. This study is based on the analysis of military regulations and specialized literature to investigate the evolution of the military infrastructure in Romania, thereby contributing to a better understanding of the current context. In conclusion, the article proposes an action plan for updating the technical norms, as well as a list of objectives regarding the content of these norms.

A conceptual approach to improving the information support of the prospective Armed Forces of Ukraine

The relevance of this article is due to the fact that modern armed conflicts lead to a change in the nature of military operations, which increasingly acquire an informational and technological nature, which forces the leadership of the leading countries of the world to review the theory and practice of the military construction in order to implement the concept of "network-centric war". This approach involves considering the control bodies, units, planes, ships, communications, and intelligence of the armed forces as objects connected to a single information and communication network. The capabilities of such a network-centric system of conducting military operations are determined by the capabilities of the entire group of objects connected to the network (synergistic effect). In the implementation of this concept, a key role belongs to the information support of objects of a single network, which has a number of components that need to be implemented in a networkcentric system of conducting military operations. The requirement for high operational efficiency of information support necessitates the widespread introduction of automated control systems (ACS) in such a system. At the same time, the information support of the objects of the unified network is the main purpose of the ACS, the means of which in automatic mode allow you to quickly display the situation, assess the terrain, the state of the enemy, your troops (forces), model the development of combat operations, develop options for solutions, draft combat documents, prove tasks to subordinates, control their execution. The article analyzes the experience of implementing information systems for managing thearmed forces of leading countries, the peculiarities of their organization and implementation in the armies of NATO member states. Based on the results of this analysis, approaches to determining ways to improve the information support of the control systems of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are proposed. One of the main tasks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Defence Forces) on the way to NATO membership is the creation of a network-centric military control system, which should be equipped with ACS and compatible with the Alliance's military control systems. Meanwhile, according to foreign publications, the level of automation of the control systems of the defense forces of Ukraine today is 2-2.5% compared to the armed forces of the leading countries in the world, in which ACS ensure the level of automation of C4ISR management functions (command, control, communication, informatization, intelligence, etc.). For this reason, at present, the state of information support for the management processes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Defense Forces) cannot be called satisfactory. Therefore, the implementation of C-shaped ACS (taking into account the experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war) is a necessary condition for the implementation of reliable and sufficient for the implementation of network-centric principles of conducting operations (combat operations) in the prospective structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Thus, the realization of such a conceptual approach to the implementation of information support (by its main types) in the C-shaped ACS will contribute to increasing the combat capabilities of the troops (forces) of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Defense Forces) in the modern conditions of conducting military operations. The materials of the article can be useful for the higher command staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (Defence Forces), as well as scientists and researchers in the field of information support and development of the defense sphere of the state.

ABOUT "PUBLIC ENTITIES" IN PRIVATE LAW (ON THE EXAMPLE OF PUBLIC LAW COMPANIES)

The article substantiates the judgment that despite the specificity of its status ("public subjects") public-law companies are participants of civil-law relations. The peculiarities of their position are conditioned by the need for the state to solve new tasks, including those related to the provision of national defense and security of the state. The work used general scientific methods of research: systemic, functional, system-structural. The authors successfully applied private-scientific: cultural, historical, sociological, statistical methods of research. The authors also used special research methods in jurisprudence: comparative-legal and formal-legal. The aim of the article is to outline key approaches to understanding the specifics of legal regulation of "public subjects" in private law. An important place is given to the analysis of the activities of PPC "Roskadastr" and PPC "Military Construction Company".

Resistance of Concrete with Various Types of Coarse Aggregate to Coupled Effects of Thermal Shocks and Chemicals.

Rigid pavements at military airfields experience surface deterioration within 6-18 months of construction. The cause of this degradation is mainly due to combined exposure to repeated heat shocks from jet engine exhaust and spilled aviation oils (hydrocarbons). Surface degradation occurs in the form of disintegration of aggregates and cement paste into small pieces that pose severe risks of physical injury to maintenance crews or damage to an aircraft engine. Since coarse aggregates typically occupy 60-80% of the concrete volume, aggregates' thermal properties and microstructure should play a crucial role in the degrading mechanism. At high temperatures, concrete with lightweight aggregates is reported to have better performance compared to concrete with normal-weight aggregate. Thus, the present study carried out a detailed investigation of the mechanical and thermal performance of lightweight aggregate concrete exposed to the combined effects of high temperatures and hydrocarbon oils simultaneously. To replicate harsh airfield operating conditions, standard-sized concrete cylinders were exposed to elevated temperatures using an electric oven. Additionally, a mixture of equal parts of aircraft engine oil, hydraulic oil, and kerosene was applied before each exposure to high temperatures. To identify the resistance of different concrete with various lightweight coarse aggregates, pumice, perlite, lytag (sintered fly ash), and crushed brick were used as lightweight coarse aggregates in concrete. Also, basalt aggregate concrete was used as a reference. After curing, cylinders were tested for the ultimate strength. Later, after every 20 cyclic exposures, three cylinders from each aggregate type were tested for residual comprehensive strength, thermal, chemical, and microstructural (SEM) properties. Overall, concrete with crushed brick aggregate and lytag used in this study showed superior resistance to the simulated airfield conditions. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights to select an appropriate coarse aggregate type for military airfield pavement construction, aiming to effectively minimize surface spalling.

Military construction and military duty in Dagestan in 1928–1940: a historical and socio-cultural aspects

The article considers the historical and socio-cultural aspects of military development in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1928 to 1940, taking into account the growing interest in society and the scientific community in military history, including the problem of involving the peoples of national regions of the country in the process of formation and further development of the Soviet Armed Forces. In the research the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, as well as comparative historical, problem-chronological, statistical and descriptive methods have been used; new publications and documentary sources that have not previously been introduced into scientific circulation have been employed.The historical and social and cultural aspects of military development in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1928 to 1940 have been considered. - from the moment of the first compulsory conscription of Dagestanis for military service in the ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) until the adoption in September 1939 by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the new Law “On General Military Duty”. This event marked the beginning of the implementation of military service by representatives of the male youth of the peoples of Dagestan service on a common basis with all nationalities of the USSR.The research characterizes the work of the authorities to establish military registration of the male part of the population and pre-conscription training of young people in a multinational region. The gender component of the process of formation of military service has been highlighted; the features of the implementation of Soviet military construction in Dagestan within the designated chronological framework identified and prospects and scope of application of the research results characterized.

Reassessment of the main directions of the military-industrial complex in the light of its experience

This article is devoted to the understanding of the experience of the American defense industrial complex and military analytical centers. The study reveals the importance of a special military operation for the US defense industry and military thought in general as the first high-intensity conflict in a long time. The study shows that there are technical and tactical number elements that have become apparent during the fighting in Ukraine and require careful consideration. The main conclusion of the work can be called the need to change the nature of the relationship between the defense industry and the state defense order as a revision result of the strategy and doctrine of military construction.

Using the altman’s Z-score formula to assess the financial situation of military construction enterprises in Vietnam

Military construction enterprises are classified as defense economic enterprises and are subject to regulation by two legal systems: the State’s legal system for regulating enterprises in general and provisions of law on national defense. As a result, military construction enterprises have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other enterprises. These characteristics include the organizational form, capital mobilization form, depreciation management, receivable management, and profits distribution of military construction enterprises. This study uses data from financial statements of 22 military construction enterprises from 2015 to 2019 including both joint stock companies and 100% state-owned enterprises to calculate the Altman Z-score formula. The Altman Z-score is a linear combination of four or five common business ratios, weighted by coefficients. Z-scores are used to predict corporate defaults and an easy-to-calculate control measure for the financial distress status of enterprises with high reliability. Due to the difference between military construction enterprises and conventional enterprises, the Altman model is applied in the article to evaluate the financial status of military construction enterprises. The research results show that the decrease in business efficiency causes the ratio of revenue and profit to total assets of military construction enterprises to decrease sharply, the proportion of working capital in total assets is low. Furthermore, the ratio of equity to total debt is the most important reason to make low Z-score that means prediction of a high risk of bankruptcy in military construction enterprises. An evidence base from the research results is used for making a number of proposals to reduce the risk of bankruptcy and improving the efficiency of financial management of enterprises.

Военное искусство Древнего Китая в эпоху Троецарствия

The military art of Ancient China, which was developed on the basis of the military-theoretical heritage of Sun Tzu, Wu Tzu, contains many examples of achieving victory in war through military cunning, improving tactical techniques of armed struggle, as well as information and psychological impact on the enemy’s troops and population. The era of the Three Kingdoms in the history of China occupies a relatively short period of time – 220–280 A.D., however, the qualitative characteristics of the military aspect deserve special attention. The mili-tary leadership abilities of Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi and other commanders clearly demonstrate the pro-gress in the development of strategy and tactics, military engineering construction of the Celestial Empire. Along with land forces, consisting of infantry and cavalry, there is a river flotilla, capable of solving problems of a strategic nature. The confrontation of the three kingdoms is reflected in the historical chronicles of Chen Shou, the epic of Luo Guan-zhong, numerous studies by Chinese and foreign experts. Sun Tzu’s recommen-dations and instructions were applied in the United States to wage psychological warfare against Russia.

Ubiquitous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Comprehensive Review

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have found applications in various fields including military operations, construction, parcel delivery, mapping, medical, search and rescue missions, exploration of hidden areas, monitoring power lines and oil rigs, precision farming, aerial surveillance, and wireless communication. Due to their modular flexibility and programmability, drone technologies have become a strategic industrial/commercial sector that has gained significant attention as it redefines and combines different emerging domains, such as: service and delivery convergence, lean manufacturing, environmental monitoring and security. The use of swarms of interconnected UAV systems has gained popularity in providing innovative approaches to tasks requiring wide-area multiple collaborative sensors. However, despite advances in maneuverability, user interface, and cost-effectiveness, drones still face limitations in flight autonomy due to restricted flight time for continuous missions. Battery endurance, drone weight, and payload are critical development vectors. This review highlights the importance of drones, their future development priorities and functionality. Specifically, it focuses on UAV classification, swarms, and charging. Moreover, it explores UAV applications, challenges, and security issues based on recent research and development. Additionally, the study delves into anti-drone technology that can assist countries in controlling and ensuring the safe utilization of drones.

REFORM OF THE SOVIET ARMED FORCES DURING THE KHRUSHCHEV THAW (1953-1964)

The experience of military reform of the Soviet Armed Forces during the years of N.S. Khrushchev at the head of the Soviet Union is analyzed. It is stated that a radical change in the geopolitical situation required the reorganization of the Armed Forces, which passed two stages of military construction. During the first stage, which took place in 1953-1959. The Soviet government took peaceful initiatives to reduce military-political escalation, formed a military-political bloc. The Warsaw Pact Organization, as a counterweight to NATO, saw a significant reduction in the number of armed forces, created nuclear parity with the United States. During the second stage (1960-1964), it was supposed to sharply reduce the number of armed forces and return to the police recruiting system that existed in the USSR in the 1930s. Due to the sharp aggravation of the international situation, these plans had to be abandoned, the usual means of armed struggle received a sharp impetus for development. N.S. Khrushchev's radical reforms were shown to antagonize the military leadership, leading to the latter's support for his resignation in October 1964.

Boosting of electromagnetic wave absorption properties by multiple reinforcement mechanisms of metals in FeNi3/MoS2@NSAPC composites

The prominence of electromagnetic wave pollution problems in military construction and people development has promoted extensive research on electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. In this paper, a multi-metal-loaded N, S co-doped carbon-based composite wave-absorbing material has been prepared and converted into FeNi3/MoS2@NSAPC through heat treatment on this basis. FeNi3 and MoS2 construct a multiple loss mechanism to enhance the N, S double-doped carbon-based wave-absorbing material, which demonstrates by the effective absorption. The EAB of FeNi3/MoS2@NSAPC is broadened, and the RLmin is improved. The results show that a RLmin = -60.66 dB obtains at a sample thickness of 1.4 mm, an absorber doping of 15 wt%, and an EAB of 5.19 GHz. This work explains the enhancement effect of metal in the “metal/heteroatom/carbon” composite system. It provides a basis for the study of Ni- or Mo-doped carbon-based wave-absorbing materials.

OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION REQUIRED FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF VITRUVIUS’S TEN BOOKS ON ARCHITECTURE

The contents of many books, prima facie, can be known by their title. But within the context of the present day grammatical construction and images formed in the mind through some words, Vitruvius’s “Ten Books on Architecture”, written in 1st century, does not fall into this category. Apparently, the over 2000 year’s gap in knowledge and usage of precepts as well as educational attainment that formed the basis for the writing constituted unfamiliar background and terrain for the 21st century researchers and academia. Consequently many civil engineering developmental resources for research activities contained in the book, especially on concrete and structural materials, remain hidden from many researchers. The purpose of this work is to identify the depths of instructional and educational attainment, both in learning and practice that formed the background for writing and thus, for the understanding of the book, especially for engineers in the developing Nations. To accomplish this work, the Roman society of the time and her educational systems were studied from materials available from the public domain. Analysis of the materials obtained showed that a wide-range and multi-faceted education through learning and practice, were required to operate in the construction industry at the time; and that all construction work, including military and machine construction were termed Architecture and under the control of the Head of the Government. It is also concluded that this learning, now parceled into different disciplines, is available in the public domain for the understanding and application of precepts in the Ten Books on Architecture for a robust structural and civil engineering practice

ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF DIRECTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC ARMY DEVELOPMENT (1918-1920)

The article examines the organizational and legal foundations of The Directory of Ukrainian People’s Republic army development, highlights the stages of military construction, characterizes normative legal acts in the military sphere and their significance for the creation of the national army. The author makes a legal analysis of the military doctrine of the UPR Directory.

중국공산당 초기 군대 건설의 성과와 한계(1924-1933)

This article aims to understand the military strategy of the Chinese Communist Party more clearly by clarifying its achievements and limitations through a study on the military construction in the early days of the Communist Party of China. The CCP pursued a revolution through force, but this was impossible without building a strong military. The First United Front(國共合作) provided an opportunity to expand the power of the Chinese Communist Party within the organization of the Nationalist Party and to secure military cadres capable of building military power at the Huangpu Military Academy. Although it was insignificant in terms of taking over the overall military power, the First United Front gave the CCP an opportunity to develop into a revolutionary force by independently possessing an army. The Communist Party of China, which experienced several failed armed uprisings, tried to build its own revolutionary army.
 The Chinese Communist Party made efforts to normalize the military by reorganizing the military command organization, enacting military regulations, and establishing special military units and military schools. As a result, between 1930 and 1931, the main force of the Red Army increased to 150,000, and the operational capabilities of the Red Army also improved. In terms of doctrine, the Red Army also established basic tactical principles such as the 16-character formula(十六字戰法). In general, it cannot be denied that the Chinese Communist Party’s series of measures and efforts for military construction, which began in 1930, improved the Red Army’s ability to wage war to a certain extent. However, considering that the Red Army did not have the ability to produce even basic weapons on its own, military construction in the early days of the CCP clearly had its limits.

Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation: Some Suggestions for Improvement (in the Context of the Implementation of Article 35 of the Strategy)

Relevance. The emerging global changes in the world order require a timely and adequate response. The year that has passed since the beginning of the Special Military Operation encourages summing up some results, evaluating experience, adjusting tasks. This applies equally to law-making in the field of constitutional, state, and military construction. First of all, there is a need to improve the fundamental legal acts included in the mechanism of ensuring national security, such as the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, Military Doctrine and others. This article is an attempt to form the main directions for improving the Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy).The purpose. The purpose of the study is to develop separate proposals for adjusting the current Strategy of Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030.Objectives: to give a general description of the effectiveness of the Strategy; to identify the main problematic aspects of the implementation of the provisions of the Strategy in practice; to form proposals for improving the Strategy.Methodology. In this work, such methods of scientific research as: logical, comparative legal, formal legal, as well as some other methods were used.The results of the study are distinguished by an integrated approach to the study of the problem under consideration, the practical orientation of theoretical generalizations on the presented topic.Conclusion. In this difficult period for the Russian state, a progressive legal framework is very important, objectively reflecting the current situation and contributing to the effective development of the economy. Unfortunately, it is difficult to voice all the proposals in one article. However, some of them are reflected in this scientific work.

Сценарии возможного решения корейского вопроса: 38-ая параллель и глобальная парадигма смены «центров силы»

The article analyzes the current situation around the Korean Peninsula. The current positions of the countries taking part in the resolution of the Korean question are assessed. Probable scenarios for stabilizing the situa-tion in the region are being considered, including the possibility of reuniting the peoples of the North and South. Issues of interaction between the Russian Federation and the two Korean republics in trade, economic, scien-tific and technical spheres are highlighted. It is emphasized that the continuing attempts of the United States and China towards taking the place of the irremovable leader in the Asia-Pacific region lead to an increase in threats on the Korean Peninsula, reformatting the tasks of further military construction in Asia, especially in the defense doctrines of Japan and South Korea. The issue of preserving the region’s nuclear-free status and its states’ policy of nonparticipation in nuclear tests remains relevant.