Warfare Research Articles

이스라엘-하마스 전쟁의 배경과 주요 쟁점

This study examines the background of the Israel-Hamas war, which erupted following Hamas’s unprecedented large-scale attack on Israel in October 2023, and the key issues related to the post-war political order in the Middle East. The background of the war highlights, from a historical perspective, the escalation of military tensions and conflicts between the two sides after the failure of the Oslo peace process and Hamas’s control of the Gaza Strip since 2007. It also seeks to address the impact of leadership changes, including the shift to hardliners within Hamas in 2017 and the formation of the most hardline right-wing government in Israel’s history in 2022, against the backdrop of these accumulated conflicts. The study analyzes various debates currently being discussed in the international community, focusing on scenarios for ending the conflict and the future of the Gaza Strip, the potential for the United States to maintain its hegemony in the Middle East, and the future direction of Hamas. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the Israel-Hamas war, which has emerged as a central issue in contemporary international politics.

How Phenograms and Cladograms Became Molecular Phylogenetic Trees

Tree diagrams are the prevailing form of visualization in biological classification and phylogenetics. Already during the time of the so-called Systematist Wars from the mid-1960s until the 1980s most journal articles and textbooks published by systematists contained tree diagrams. Although this episode of systematics is well studied by historians and philosophers of biology, most analyses prioritize scientific theories over practices and tend to emphasize conflicting theoretical assumptions. In this article, I offer an alternative perspective by viewing the conflict through the lens of representational practices with a case study on tree diagrams that were used by numerical taxonomists (phenograms) and cladists (cladograms). I argue that the current state of molecular phylogenetics should not be interpreted as the result of a competition of views within systematics. Instead, molecular phylogenetics arose independently of systematics and elements of cladistics and phenetics were integrated into the framework of molecular phylogenetics, facilitated by the compatibility of phenetic and cladistic practices with the quantitative approach of molecular phylogenetics. My study suggests that this episode of scientific change is more complex than common narratives of battles and winners or conflicts and compromises. Today, cladograms are still used and interpreted as specific types of molecular phylogenetic trees. While phenograms and cladograms represented different forms of knowledge during the time of the Systematist Wars, today they are both used to represent evolutionary relationships. This indicates that diagrams are versatile elements of scientific practice that can change their meaning, depending on the context of use within theoretical frameworks.

Navigating the complexities of global security: the role of the United Nations in Conflict Resolution, Safeguarding, and Humanitarian Aid

This article delves into the multifaceted role of the United Nations (UN) in navigating the complexities of global security, focusing on its contributions to conflict resolution, safeguarding human rights, and providing humanitarian aid. In an era marked by diverse and evolving threats, the UN remains a central actor in promoting international peace and stability. This article explores the mechanisms through which the UN addresses global security challenges, emphasizing its conflict resolution efforts through diplomacy, peacekeeping, and mediation. The role of the UN in safeguarding human rights is examined, highlighting its efforts to protect civilians in conflict zones and uphold international law. Additionally, the article discusses the UN's crucial role in coordinating humanitarian aid during crises, ensuring that vulnerable populations receive necessary assistance in times of need. By analysing case studies of UN interventions, the article provides insights into the successes and limitations of the UN’s strategies in these areas. The significance of this study lies in its comprehensive evaluation of the UN’s impact on global security, offering a nuanced understanding of its strengths, challenges, and areas for future improvement. Through this examination, the article underscores the importance of continued support for and reform of the UN, ensuring it remains effective in addressing the complex security threats of the 21st century. This study is essential for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners interested in international relations and global security, as it offers critical insights into the UN’s evolving role in maintaining world peace and safeguarding human rights.

Optimization of business processes: commercialization of ideas, taxation, business ethics

Introduction. This paper explores the critical role of entrepreneurship in Ukraine's economy, particularly under the strain of ongoing military conflicts and the vulnerability of micro and small enterprises. The purpose of the paper is to thoroughly investigate the current challenges facing micro and small businesses in Ukraine, with a specific focus on optimizing entrepreneurial processes to withstand economic instability. The study seeks to develop a comprehensive framework that incorporates effective business strategies, ethical communication practices, and a streamlined taxation system to enhance the operational efficiency and profitability of these enterprises. By addressing these key aspects, the paper intends to contribute valuable insights into the stabilization and growth of businesses during times of crisis. Results. The research highlights several innovative findings crucial for the sustainability and competitiveness of micro and small businesses in Ukraine. First, the study identifies the necessity of continuous process optimization, including the elimination of inefficiencies and the enhancement of team collaboration. It emphasizes the importance of strategic business communications tailored to the needs and expectations of specific target audiences, ensuring clarity and engagement. The paper also explores the integration of ethical practices in business operations, advocating for transparency and honesty in dealings with clients and regulatory bodies. Furthermore, the analysis underlines the significant impact of a reformed taxation framework that supports business growth while ensuring compliance with legal standards. These findings underscore the interconnectedness of these factors and their collective impact on business resilience and market positioning. Conclusion. The study concludes that a multifaceted approach encompassing process optimization, ethical business practices, and strategic tax planning is essential for the survival and growth of micro and small enterprises in Ukraine's challenging economic landscape.

FEATURES OF MANAGEMENT OF INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES: FACTORS, TRENDS AND EXPERIENCE OF CHINA

In modern conditions, the practical issues of implementing effective management of inclusive development of agricultural enterprises are extremely relevant to ensuring the country's food security. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and practical aspects of managing the inclusive development of agricultural enterprises, factors, trends, and world practices in modern conditions. Among the trends, special attention is paid to ensuring sustainable development, supporting small farmers, engaging in innovative activity and technologization, ensuring social and economic equality, and adapting to global challenges. In this context, the features of agricultural enterprises are studied. It is determined that at the world level, food security is a global problem that requires joint efforts of countries and international organizations. The features of the world experience (in the example of China) of managing the inclusive development of agricultural enterprises are analyzed. The main challenges facing the agricultural sector of Ukraine and hindering the full development of biological agriculture in these countries are highlighted, namely: climate change, limited water resources, pests, and disease outbreaks, limited access to organic materials, the presence of fierce competition in the world market, lack of qualified personnel in the agricultural sector, population growth, military conflicts. However, despite the challenges and obstacles, the experience of inclusive development of agricultural enterprises in the above-mentioned countries demonstrates the importance of an integrated approach, including government programs and other initiatives, financial support, training, innovation, and market access. This comprehensive approach is crucial for the success of the agricultural sector and its significant impact on the world economy and the environment.

EL CHAVO AS A GATEWAY FOR TEACHING SPANISH TO CHILDREN

Abstract: With Serial El Chavo del Ocho as a media product in the Spanish language, this work aims to think, present and base the use of television serials (not nicknamed) in Foreign Language (LE), in order to methodologically seek new sources and alternatives for the development of LE for children and young people. The aim of this article is to reflect on the potential of the use of television series as a gateway to language teaching and with it the problem of this study points to two questions. First, if it is possible to learn languages through a serial? Secondly, does the use of the series as a gateway to the teaching of the Spanish language function as a methodology or serves only as pedagogical support material? The text revolves around this conflict zone and advocates the use of new media and methodological products, as well as the use and appropriation of media products for education. Keywords: Television series; Spanish language teaching; children's and youth audiences.

Methodology for assessing the impact of emergencies on the spread of infectious diseases

The spread of infectious diseases is significantly influenced by emergencies, particularly military conflicts, which disrupt healthcare systems and increase the risks of epidemics. The full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine has exacerbated these challenges, causing environmental damage, mass displacement, and the breakdown of healthcare services, all of which contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. This study aims to develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing the impact of emergencies on the spread of infectious diseases, focusing on the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The object of this study is to address epidemic threats posed by emergencies, particularly the increased spread of infectious diseases due to war-related disruptions. The subject of this study is methods and models of infectious disease transmission under conditions of emergencies, emphasizing the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The tasks of this study are to provide an analysis of the current state of research and develop a methodology for assessing the impact of emergencies on the spread of infectious diseases. The proposed methodology includes several key components. Comprehensive data from public health organizations includes infectious disease statistics, demographic shifts, healthcare disruptions, and environmental factors exacerbated by emergencies. Data preprocessing removes inconsistencies, standardization of formats, and normalization for population size differences. Machine learning models, including convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks, have been developed to simulate the spread of diseases based on demographic, environmental, and healthcare-related variables. Deep learning models analyze spatial and temporal patterns, whereas compartmental models such as SIR estimate changes in reproductive numbers (R₀ and Re). Additionally, models of excess mortality incorporate mixed effects to account for regional and time-based variations. The methodology incorporates real-time monitoring of epidemic threats using real-time data from multiple sources, enabling dynamic assessments of disease spread and facilitating predictive modeling. The models were trained on historical data and validated using cross-validation techniques to ensure robustness and reliability, with a specific focus on the pre- and post-invasion phases in Ukraine.Results: The study provides a comprehensive framework for collecting and processing data on infectious diseases and epidemic threats in emergencies. The proposed model introduces advanced machine learning and epidemiological models trained on pre- and post-invasion data to analyze disease transmission patterns and forecast future epidemic dynamics. Conclusion: The proposed methodology addresses current gaps in infectious disease during emergencies by integrating real-time data and machine learning techniques. This research improves decision-making in public health management and biosafety during crises, particularly in war-affected regions like Ukraine.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT RUSSIA IN THE LONG TERM

The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between the economic weight of Russia and its large neighboring countries (Japan, Germany, Turkey, and Poland) until the end of the 21st century. The primary research method is a systematic comparative analysis of key aspects influencing economic development. The analytical model is based on the dominant influence of human capital on economic dynamics. Among Russia's large neighboring countries, during the period from 2005 to 2023, Japan exhibited the slowest GDP growth by PPP with an exponential trend (3.0 times slower), followed by Poland (1.64 times slower) and Germany (1.4 times slower). Turkey's GDP growth by PPP was 27% higher than that of Russia, which outpaced the global average growth rate by approximately 16%. Russia's unexpected move from 6th to 4th place in the world by GDP in PPP terms is a result of the economy's heavy dependence on oil prices and a series of oil price crises in 2008, 2014, and 2020, which obscured the real growth of the Russian economy. It has been shown that periods of convergence in GDP by PPP between Russia and large neighboring countries (mainly Germany) have repeatedly coincided with military conflicts. These include the War of 1812, World Wars I and II, the Russia-Georgia conflict (2008), and others. In terms of population size, which is the most important factor in GDP growth, Russia has slightly outpaced Japan over the last 35 years (by 16.5% in 2023). Going forward, Japan's population will decline rapidly compared to Russia. The fastest-growing neighboring country, Turkey, will reach the closest point of convergence with Russia in population size by 2060, after which the gap will begin to widen. In terms of the proportion of the population with tertiary education (DT), Russia (57%) is ahead of the neighboring countries under consideration, but Russia's DT growth over the last 20 years has been only 3%, which is a significant problem.

Solid Metal Chemical and Thermal Injury Management.

Solid metals may create a variety of injuries. White phosphorous (WP) is a metal that causes both caustic and thermal injuries. Because of its broad use in munitions and smoke screens during conflicts and wars, all military clinicians should be competent at WP injury identification and acute therapy, as well as long-term consequence recognition. English-language manuscripts addressing WP injuries were curated from PubMed and Medline from inception to January 31, 2024. Data regarding WP injury identification, management, and sequelae were abstracted to construct a Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles guideline-consistent narrative review. White phosphorous appears to be ubiquitous in military conflicts. White phosphorous creates a characteristic wound appearance accompanied by smoke, a garlic aroma, and spontaneous combustion on contact with air. Decontamination and burning prevention or cessation are key and may rely on aqueous irrigation and submersion or immersion in substances that prevent air contact. Topical cooling is a key aspect of preventing spontaneous ignition as well. Disposal of all contaminated clothing and gear is essential to prevent additional injury, especially to rescuers. Long-term sequelae relate to phosphorous absorption and may lead to death. Chronic or repeated exposure may induce jaw osteonecrosis. Tactical Combat Casualty Care recommendations do not currently address WP injury management. Education and management regarding WP acute injury and late sequelae is essential for acute battlefield and definitive facility care. Resource-replete and resource-limited settings may use related approaches for acute management and ignition prevention. Current burn wound management recommendations should incorporate specific WP management principles and actions for military clinicians at every level of skill and environment.

Unintentional childhood mortality during emergencies in Israel: a comparative study

BackgroundArmed conflicts are likely to have implications for the welfare and safety of children, potentially leading to increased rates of unintentional childhood injuries.MethodsWe examine data from Israel concerning the relationship...

Predictors and health outcomes of cigarette and shisha smoking among men in Gaza: a cross-sectional study

Tobacco smoking, a significant public health concern globally, is associated with a rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and preventable deaths, with pronounced impacts in conflict zones like Gaza. A cross-sectional study, conducted in 2020, in Gaza focused on individuals over 40 years of age, aiming to identify predictors of tobacco use and its links to diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and stroke using regression analysis. The research, based on the Gaza NCD study data with 4576 participants and a 96.6% response rate, found an overall tobacco smoking prevalence of 19.4%, with higher rates among men. After adjusting for various factors, the study identified significant associations between cigarette smoking in men and adverse health outcomes, such as CAD and CLD, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) of 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.29) and 1.68, 95% CI (1.21–2.33) respectively. However, after adjusting for independent variables, shisha smoking in men showed no association with these health outcomes. The findings of this study could assist other researchers in designing interventions aimed at reducing smoking prevalence by utilizing the associated factors identified in our analysis, such as age, education level, physical activity, and body mass index among men in Gaza.

Comparative analysis of pediatric pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: A single-center retrospective cohort study in Syria

BackgroundTuberculosis (TB) is a global public health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. This research aims to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and early mortality rate among pediatric patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) who were admitted to a hospital in Syria. MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted at the University Children's Hospital in Syria, involving pediatric patients diagnosed with TB between January 2013 and January 2023. Data were collected from medical records and encompassed socio-demographic characteristics, diagnostic methods, clinical presentation, chest radiography findings, and patient outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. ResultsA total of 129 patients were included in the study, with 26.4 % diagnosed with PTB and 73.6 % with EPTB. The most common types of EPTB were lymphatic (25.6 %) and gastrointestinal (17.1 %). Patients with PTB and EPTB did not differ significantly in terms of age, weight, or gender. Significant cough was more common in PTB cases (67.6 %), while lymphadenopathy was more prevalent in EPTB cases (48.4 %). Chest X-ray abnormalities were found in 58.1 % of patients, with PTB patients more likely to have abnormal findings (97.1 %). Microbiological confirmation was higher in PTB cases (76.5 %) compared to EPTB cases (25.3 %). The overall mortality rate was 14 %, with higher mortality observed in patients with EPTB (16.8 %), particularly in cases of TB meningitis. ConclusionOur study highlights the epidemiological challenges of TB among hospitalized children, with a focus on the complexities of diagnosing and managing EPTB. We emphasize the urgent need for enhanced diagnostic and management strategies, particularly in conflict zones like Syria, where TB control efforts face significant obstacles. Prompt solutions are imperative to improve outcomes, given the high occurrence of EPTB and its associated mortality rates. Clinical recommendations stress the need for comprehensive contact histories and awareness of varied clinical presentations in pediatric TB diagnosis.

Insights into Traumatic and Crisis Surgery: Implications of Data Analysis in Conflict Zones

Insights into Traumatic and Crisis Surgery: Implications of Data Analysis in Conflict Zones

Navigating Media Landscapes in Conflict Zones: Journalism Amid Turmoil

In recent decades, ongoing armed conflicts worldwide have fueled global instability. This collection highlights the importance of understanding the evolving media landscape within the realm of conflicts. It delves into various research themes and future directions for examining news coverage amid unrest, featuring recent studies from Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. These studies shed light on media dynamics in conflict zones, emphasizing the importance of comparative analyses and transnational journalism to address challenges in high-conflict environments.

Enhancing Prehospital Care During the Conflict in Ukraine: NATO's Role in Global Health Engagement.

The conflict in Ukraine, ongoing since 2014 and escalating with the Russian invasion in 2022, has unveiled profound challenges in prehospital care essential for the survival and recovery of warfighters and civilians alike, necessitating a detailed examination of the current medical response mechanisms and their effectiveness. This study provides an overview of these challenges and examines how these critical vulnerabilities have impacted the delivery of medical care in war-torn regions. It also explores the role of NATO and its member states in addressing these challenges, focusing on the efforts to standardize prehospital care, enhance training, and foster interoperability among medical services. Furthermore, it explores the role of global heath engagement through NGOs in addressing these prehospital care gaps within the Ukrainian conflict zone, drawing from direct observations, expert testimonials, and secondary data. Findings reveal significant enhancements in prehospital care through improved training, interoperability, and logistics management, despite ongoing challenges in medical infrastructure and extended evacuation times, which continue to impact the quality of care. The study underscores the critical role of international collaboration and standardized protocols in bolstering prehospital medical responses in conflict settings, highlighting the need for continuous adaptation and support to mitigate the complexities of modern warfare. The insights gained from the Ukraine conflict offer valuable lessons for future military and humanitarian medical responses in similar conflict settings.

Heterogeneous stock market impact of Russia–Ukraine War for oil and gas companies

Purpose This paper aims to examine the short-term market impact of the beginning of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine (24 February 2022), the world’s largest oil and gas companies. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the world’s 100 largest listed oil and gas companies at and around the beginning of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine using an event study methodology. Findings The authors observe a positive and statistically significant stock price reaction at and around the military conflict. These results are consistent with the asset pricing perspective. Conversely, the stock market returns of Russian oil and gas companies, as well as those companies that were “forced” to divest in Russia due to corporate activism, exhibit a negative and statistically significant impact from the conflict. These reactions are reinforced or mitigated by company-specific characteristics such as size, profitability and institutional ownership. Finally, the findings indicate that companies engaged in oil and gas exploration and production report abnormally higher returns compared to firms in the other two subsectors of the industry. Originality/value The effect of the war on stock markets has been relatively little examined in the financial theory. This study intends to fill this gap in the literature.

Administrative and legal regime of martial law

Currently, Ukraine is under martial law. Historically, it is known that military conflicts of various nature and scale have become an integral feature of the evolution of mankind since ancient times. And therefore, in ancient times, war was a normal, natural state of nations, while peace was an accidental state. Humanity has become more aware of the value of life. However, in the 21st century, Ukraine faced events that, in our time, seemed to be unacceptable, and many citizens have the question of what the martial law regime is, what are its main aspects, taking into account their significant consequences for the normal life of the population. Martial law is a special legal regime introduced on the territory of Ukraine or in some of its localities, which gives the military command, state authorities, military administrations and local self-government bodies certain powers necessary to avert a potential threat, repel armed aggression and ensure national security within countries. The introduction of martial law is associated with the implementation of certain legal procedures provided for by national legislation. The introduction of martial law is carried out by the highest authorities of the state. Law of Ukraine No. 389-VIII «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law» establishes the procedure for introducing martial law in Ukraine. The National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine submits proposals for the introduction of martial law in Ukraine or in some of its localities for consideration by the President of Ukraine. In connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, provided for in Articles 30-34, 38, 39, 41-44, 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine, may be temporarily limited for the period of the legal regime of martial law, as well as to introduce temporary restrictions on the rights and legal interests of legal entities within the limits and to the extent necessary to ensure the possibility of introducing and carrying out measures of the legal regime of martial law, which are provided for by the first part of Article 8 of the Law of Ukraine «On the Legal Regime of Martial Law». Thus, in the event of the introduction of a legal regime of martial law, significant restrictions on the rights of both individuals and legal entities may be applied. However, such restrictions may occur except within the limits of temporary restrictions on the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, as well as the rights and legal interests of legal entities, provided for by the decree of the President of Ukraine on the introduction of martial law. Therefore, in the case of the initiation of the procedure for the introduction of the legal regime of martial law, as it happened in Ukraine, information on the features and main aspects of this regime is relevant and important.

ENHANCING SOCIAL SECURITY AMID ARMED CONFLICT: TOWARD LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR WORKERS FACING EMPLOYMENT LOSS

The significant impact of armed conflict on social conditions can be mitigated through the establishment of certain preventive measures to protect social security in cases of employment loss resulting from armed conflict. This study focuses on the social conditions arising from armed conflict and the national laws pertaining to worker social security in cases of employment loss, with a specific focus on Ukraine, Israel, Palestine, and Libya. Utilizing a doctrinal and socio-legal methodology, this article aims to provide insights for the development of preventive legal protections for workers facing employment loss in the aftermath of armed conflicts. The study reveals that social conditions are disrupted, leading to many workers losing their jobs without clear access to employment loss benefits due to the lack of legal certainty within national laws during armed conflict situations. Prior to the occurrence of armed conflict, national employment laws should clearly outline the conditions under which benefits can be accessed and how these benefits can be provided to affected workers, either within the conflict zone or in neighboring unaffected countries through institutional cooperation.

From snapshots to panoramas: navigating power, space, and time in the study of armed groups

ABSTRACT The complex nature of civil conflict makes it inherently difficult to study, which is exacerbated by the challenges of conducting field research in volatile conflict zones. How do these challenges affect the data gathered and inferences drawn about armed groups? This article examines the epistemological, practical, and ethical issues of researching armed organisations across varying power relations, space, and time. We highlight the divergent perspectives that emerge within armed group hierarchies, the varying realities across conflict geographies, and shifts in armed group trajectories and narratives that arise over time. Based on research in Africa and Latin America, we identify the pitfalls of capturing isolated ‘snapshots’ related to with whom, where, and when research was conducted, and we advocate for a ‘panoramic’ approach to the study of armed groups, recognising both limits to available data and the evolving nature of armed groups and their behaviour. Ultimately, we offer a conceptual roadmap for understanding the main axes along which variation in armed group organisation and behaviour unfolds, provide recommendations on how to navigate them, and call for caution in the generalisation of research findings and policy prescriptions, given the limitations and liminal nature of knowledge about armed groups.

Harnessing comics as minoritarian interventions in the representation of conflicts and their everyday: the case of Vanni and Welcome to the New World

ABSTRACT This essay studies the representation of the everyday of geopolitical conflicts in Vanni and Welcome to the New World. The graphic novels are situated in war-torn Sri Lanka and Syria, respectively, and document the everyday of their characters. The apparent ordinariness of everyday, especially in states of tension and conflict, has been a prominent trope in comics. The paper examines the properties of comics vis-à-vis their grammar, spatiotopia, and visual-verbal registers to decode a particular medium-specific import in the representation of everyday. Living in zones of conflict requires careful materialize a similar aesthetic of intentional navigation in their reading by creating palimpsestic cartographies, spatiotopic interventions, and image-text tensions of the comics form. These properties make a case for the medium in creating horizontal and non-hegemonic writings of geopolitical conflict. It finds that comics, as a medium, is able to function as a minoritarian intervention in majoritarian representation.