Military Command Research Articles

The Role of the Banjaras as Commissariat in the Mughal Military Expeditions, c. 1526–1720 AD

One of the most important reasons behind the success of the Mughal military campaigns and expeditions was the regular supply of the rasad (ration), fodder and forage to the location of military encampment. It has been observed that due to lack of proper supply and transport of the food material, the armies often had even starved. 1 Indeed, this scarcity was caused due to the non-arrival of the banjaras on time with various supplies. 2 Consequently, the Mughal rulers and military commanders always tried their best to utilise the services of the banjaras, especially during their engagement in military campaigns. In the absence of any specific department regarding the supply of food, grain, and fodder to the far distant locality during the military campaigns, the Mughal state mainly depended upon the services provided by the Banjaras as the transporters of essential commodities required for the Mughal military expeditions. The logistics associated to procurement of foodstuff and fodder was crucial related to the Mughal military expeditions. Consequently, in this context, the usefulness of banjaras as transporter was undoubtedly of great importance.

Administrative and legal regulation of the implementation of the right to peaceful assembly under the conditions of martial state

The article analyzes the problems of administrative and legal regulation of the exercise of the right to peaceful assembly in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. It has been established that the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine define a single subject empowered to prohibit the right of citizens to peaceful assembly, whose role is played by courts of general jurisdiction. The expediency of canceling clause 8, part 1, article 8 of the Law of Ukraine “On the legal regime of martial law”, regarding the granting of powers to the military command and military administrations to ban peaceful meetings, rallies, marches and demonstrations, and other mass events, has been substantiated. Attention is drawn to the fact that the legislator has not yet adopted a special legislative act aimed at determining the procedure for organizing and holding peaceful meetings, rallies, marches and demonstrations, and other mass events. The direct influence of the absence of the specified special law on the quality of law enforcement practice of courts of general jurisdiction during the consideration of administrative cases under article 185-1 of the Code of administrative offenses has been proven. It is emphasized that there is no clear and legally regulated categorical apparatus, with the help of which it would be possible to distinguish the concepts of “peaceful gatherings”, “meetings”, “campaigns”, “demonstrations”, “other mass events. It is emphasized that the national legislation on the freedom of peaceful assembly needs to be revised in the part related to the regulation of urgent, spontaneous peaceful assemblies, as well as peaceful events that are held in the absence of the organizer. The need for a conceptual definition of the implementation mechanism of public events, which are held: a) spontaneously; b) without an organizer; c) urgently (without delay).

The Samarra Mutiny of 256/869

ABSTRACT In 256 AH/869 CE, the rank-and-file of the Turkic-Central Asian military in Samarra, the Abbasid imperial centre, rose against their commanders and the caliphal court. This is according to al-Ṭabarī's third/ ninth-century Taʾrīkh (History). The present article discusses two related elements of the mutiny: the rise to influence and authority of members of the Samarran military command, and the resentment of the rank-and-file troops. The main topic, however, is collective action on the part of the troops. The issue is social (re)formation and solidarity on the part of enslaved and freed persons brought together by the circumstances of enslavement in a particular time and place, in this case third/ninth-century Abbasid Iraq. In treating the rebellion, the article draws briefly, in a comparative manner, on the work of scholars of imperial Rome, early medieval Europe, and the antebellum U.S. South. Drawing on what al-Ṭabarī tells us of the mutiny, the article also considers the history of enslavement and unfreedom in early Islamic-era society more broadly. The mutiny serves in this sense as a case study in the history of slavery in early Islamic society.

Dilema Perizinan Alih Fungsi Bangunan Rumah Dinas TNI di Era Otonomi Daerah

This study aims to apply the TNI Commander Regulation No. 49 of 2015 concerning the Utilization of State Property in the form of Land and/or Buildings within the TNI at the Home of the Military Command V Brawijaya Waru. The research method used is Socio Legal using a juridical approach and a sociological approach. The results of the study were seen from the practice at the Kodam V Brawijaya Waru official house, which is one of the buildings under the auspices of the competent agency within the TNI. Building a building is one of the activities to construct, update and expand houses or buildings converted into a place that allows it to be used for everything. From this research, it can be concluded that changing the function of this official house building must be adjusted to the permit of the TNI Commander Regulation No. 49 of 2015 and its law enforcement based on the competent authority in warning letters and fines that will be carried out, the existence of this TNI Commander Regulation is very important because it uses the Lex Specialis Derogate Generalis Principle.

ALBANCI LESKOVAČKOG OKRUGA U NEMAČKOJ POLICIJI PORETKA (1943–1944)

Within the wide array of German police structures in occupied Serbia during World War II, one branch belongs to the Albanian collaborators from the Jablanica county of the Leskovac district. They were members of the German Order Police, more precisely the HIPO, which were at the disposal of her commander in Serbia, Andreas May. Militiamen, on a voluntary basis, joined the HIPO in the summer of 1943, and most remained in it until the autumn of the following year. These young men, mostly poor farmers of several villages in Jablanica, belonged to the 9th battalion of HIPO, that is, to the 3rd battalion of the 1st police volunteer regiment. Motives for joining can be sought in a wide spectrum, from the need for better armament and professional military command (for struggle against partisans and cetniks), through monetary earnings, to taking care of the family through social and health care provided by the Germans. Among them there were many married people, but, due to their youth, few children. At the same time, the recruits were mostly literate and were awarded with ranks. Their historical story was covered by a veil of oblivion for a long time, so this research can be seen, among other things, as a call for further illumination of the fate of Albanian members of the BdO forces from Jablanica region.

Ярлык о назначении эмира тумена из «Дастур ал-катиб» и статус темников в Улусах Хулагу, Джучи и Чагатая

Research objectives: This study aims to characterize the legal status of the emir of the tumen (i.e., miriarch) in the Chinggisid states, including the uluses of Hulagu, Jochi, Chagatay, and the Timurid State. The focus is on their roles as military commanders and administrative officers, drawing from medieval legal documents, narrative sources, and prior research findings. Materials and methods of research: The primary materials under examination are the jarlyks contained within Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani’s “Dastur al-katib fi ta‘yin al-maratib,” in its original Persian form and in the German translation by J. von Hammer-Purgstall. Additionally, various medieval sources detailing the history of the Chinggisid states of the 13th–14th centuries, both of Oriental and Russian origin, are considered. The research methods employed encompass historical-legal, diplomatic, and comparative historical analyses, forming an interdisciplinary approach that enables the comparison of diverse sources in the pursuit of authentic information. Scientific novelty: This work represents the inaugural Russian translation of the first jarlyk regarding the appointment of the emir of the tumen sourced from the ”Dastur al-katib.” It distinguishes itself by employing an interdisciplinary approach and cross-referencing with other source types. Results of the research: The analysis of the document facilitates the reconstruction of the legal status of the temnik, shedding light on their role as a military commander and high-ranking official within the uluses of Hulagu, Jochi, Chagatay (including the Timurid State). This includes an exploration of the qualifications expected of candidates for this position, as well as their associated rights and responsibilities. The diplomatic analysis contributes to a clearer understanding of the emir of the tumen’s position within the state hierarchy and underscores the significance attributed to candidates for this role by Chinggisid rulers.

Традиция русского модерна в современной военной поэзии

The subject of the article is modern Russian poetry based on military themes. This poetry was not previously considered as an artistic system. It began to develop extremely intensively in 2022 in connection with the beginning of the special military operation in Ukraine. Such poetry existed throughout the eight years of the war in the Donbas, but now it has manifested itself as an established thematic community, with signs of a current, and has attracted considerable public attention. At the end of 2022, the publishing house "Peter" released the anthology "Resurrected in the Third World", in which this community is presented comprehensively. The anthology brought together poets belonging to different generations, as well as in some cases adhering to different aesthetic principles. However, their lyrics, presented in the anthology, have ideological unity and reveal common stylistic features. Comparative-historical, as well as phenomenological and hermeneutic methods were used to identify these features. Their application allowed us to formulate a number of observations that appear as the results of the study. These observations are as follows. Modern military lyrics have a number of features that distinguished the art of Russian Art Nouveau. First of all, it is logocentrism, the belief in the substantiality of the word and its ability to change (in the language of modernity – "transform") reality. Hence, it is a belief in the theurgic potential of poetry. This is eschatology and apocalypticism, specifically characteristic of the Russian consciousness and clearly manifested in the literature of the Silver Age. This is a fundamental religiosity combined with neo-mythologism. This is a pronounced idea of nationality, a sense of the Russian world as God's people, and in the extreme case, as a divine people. This is the actualization of the idea of life-building. Two conclusions follow from the observations made. First: military poetry, including the lyrics of military commanders, today represents one semantic whole, in fact, a formed current. Second: the above-mentioned properties of military poetry allow us to believe that at present the postmodern crisis is being overcome by Russian literature, and it is restoring its modernist identity, which was undermined in the 1960s.

Escaping Empire

Abstract: This article explores the flight of indigenous communities from Philippine lowlands into mountain spaces, a frequent and widespread response to Spanish colonization in the seventeenth century. During this period, indigenous zones of refuge were not exceptional but present in almost every part of Luzon and the Visayas. The shared history of flight and resistance frustrated the ambitions of Spanish missionaries and military commanders for much of the colonial period and beyond. In the uplands, indigenous communities made use of local geographies and ecologies to bolster their resistance and maintain their autonomy. In dialogue with recent scholarship on colonial frontiers and indigenous hinterlands, this article challenges the perception of a colonial dominance that spread inexorably across the archipelago in the seventeenth century. It offers a new perspective on the history of colonization and confronts the perceived upland-lowland divide that has typified Southeast Asian historiography, demonstrating that upland and lowland spaces had shared histories of resistance, migration, and trade throughout the colonial period.

Commanders by the Will of the Senate: Governors of the Senate Provinces in the Military Command System during the Period of the Early Roman Empire

The relevance of the research topic is due to the insufficient study of the role of the governors of the Senate provinces in the military command system of the early Roman Empire. Completion of this knowledge is necessary both for studying the military organization of Rome, and for revealing the essence of the Roman state-political system. The purpose of the study is to find the legal and ideological grounds for the military status of the governors of the senatorial provinces, which, in the author’s opinion, should be resolved primarily in the context of considering the issue of imperium militiae of such governors. In the absence of direct indications in this regard in the sources, the method of reconstruction was the analysis of specific material (including prosopographic), reflecting the military functions of the governors appointed by the Senate. The author made an attempt to find out the commander’s status of the governors by finding a full-fledged imperium militiae in them. The author’s conclusion: throughout the entire period of the early Empire, the governors of the senatorial provinces retained their imperium militiae, continuing to carry out the functions of a military leader, although to a much lesser extent than at the beginning of the period. Such governors remained an important element in the system of military command, especially in critical situations that regularly arose even in the «pacified» provinces.

Design of a trusted shift of Coordination Forms: Supporting Collaboration to handle future non-human intelligent collaborators (NICs)

We introduce principles for designing collaboration among special operation forces (SOF) and future non-human intelligent collaborators (NICs), focusing on interdependence and emergent dynamics of workflow. We discuss a dynamic mixed-initiative human-autonomy teaming (HAT) coordination concept, where multiple military SOF teams collaborate together with autonomous capabilities. We argue that effective tactical actions requires shift of coordination forms, i.e. who is enacting coordination functions, which in military command and control (C2) terminology is formalized as coordination authority. Coordination forms could shift according to a set of requirements and we discuss how to elicit experiences of such coordination from simulated missions where human teammates and/or NICs have had to make choices of coordination form. We formulate a set of hypotheses remaining to be empirically analyzed. We draw on collaboration research investigating socio-technical systems where machine teammates collaborate with human teammates to achieve a common goal.

Câteva aspecte legate de supraviețuirea Bibliotecii Centrale a Sucevei în timpul evenimentelor din 1944

An institution that did not evacuate itself in the tragic events of 1944, was the Central Library of Suceava. During the events and the chaos created by the displacement of the population from the north of Bucovina and the imminent occupation, Cornel Sorocean, its leader, chose to stay and guard the fund of publications and the integrity of the National House. He managed to shelter some of the books he considered valuable in the basement of the National House, along with precious documents of the Cărăușu-Marian family. To his repeated requests for security, addressed to the Prefect of Suceava and the Soviet Military Command, he received a late favorable response. If Cornel Sorocean is the man who saved as much as he could from the old fund of the Central Library, the legislation imposed by the Ministry of Propaganda, in the first part of 1945, will substantially reduce the recovery of a legacy, now considered undesirable and forbidden to the memory and conscience of Romanians.

COOPERATION OF REGIONAL MILITARY COMMAND III/SILIWANGI WITH REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS IN ACCELERATING COVID-10 VACCINATION IN THE PROVINCE OF WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the cooperation of the III/Siliwangi Regional Military Command in assisting the West Java Provincial Government to accelerate the covid-19 vaccination since January 2021. The research question is how the III/Siliwangi Military Regional Command cooperates with the Regional Government in accelerating the covid-19 vaccination program in the Province West Java? In answering these questions, the analytical framework of cooperation theory is used, where cooperation carried out by two or more parties to achieve certain goals will be successful if it goes through the stages of communication, coordination, and collaboration. The research method used is a qualitative method with data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The results of the study found that the cooperation carried out by the Regional Military Command III/Siliwangi with the Regional Government in accelerating the covid-19 vaccination was realized through the following stages: (1) Communication, namely holding formal and informal meetings with regional heads, both governors, regents, and mayors to discuss vaccination plans; (2) Coordination, namely holding a coordination meeting for regional leaders to discuss the division of tasks in the vaccination program; (3) Collaboration, namely carrying out joint actions to hold vaccinations with the theme: "covid-19 vaccination rush".

Operationalisation of legislation and the will of legislators in the judgments of international courts of war crimes and post-war recovery

ABSTRACT If the substantive truth, the actual situation in a war and post-war recovery based on the consequences of the war, is seemingly easy to determine in law, the judgments of international courts deciding on cases which occurred during the war do not attest to this. Substantive law is important, but procedural law is perhaps more significant with regard to rulings on war and post-war recovery. Only the highest degree of certainty is sufficient for a final and enforceable judgment. One of the key conditions for reaching a final and enforceable judgment is the consideration of the substantive and procedural conditions of proof, which is not possible without legal, relevant and legitimate evidence. This article argues that it should not be forgotten that in cases of legal proceedings against a certain military commander, the country whose armed forces they commanded is also always involved. If a member of a certain armed forces is legally convicted or acquitted, the country on whose behalf they acted as a military person in a military unit of that country is also legally convicted or acquitted. So, in international judicial proceedings, the implementation of procedural legislation and the will of legislators in war and post-war recovery has a different meaning from ‘ordinary’ criminality. War, as an extreme form of human violence which results in the biggest and most tragic events experienced by a country and its population, requires special forms of proving the consequences of war actions. The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission should perhaps play a much greater role in this than it currently does.

Military command of military-economic formations in Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century as an element of the top of the military-political elite

The article examines and analyzes the history of the formation and development of the military command of military-economic formations in Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century. Research methods. An important aspect of the methodological basis is the use of general scientific and special scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, historical, biographical, classification, problem-chronological. Scientific novelty is that for the first time the military leadership of military-economic formations in Ukraine, participation in the development and implementation of projects on the organization of military settlements of cavalry have been comprehensively investigated. Among the higher military and political command, an experienced commander, cavalry general, intelligence officer, earl Ivan Witt (1781–1840) was chosen to implement the plan to create settled structures on the territory of Ukraine. Conclusions. So, the data we obtained allow us to state that the cavalry general, scout, earl Ivan Witt entered the structure of the military and political elite in Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century. An important initial indicator of military-political "elitism" was the ownership of great counts and princes. Earl I. Witt became one of the most influential and trusted military leaders of the governments of Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I, received a number of awards. He proposed measures to improve the military-settlement system in Ukraine. Thanks to his experience, professionalism, initiative and brilliant organizational skills, commanding skills of a military leader and charisma, the cavalry settlement quickly switched to food from the land at a lower cost than the infantry settlement

The learning process to become a military leader: born, background and lifelong learning

This paper analyzes the leadership learning model used by Spanish military commanders from the lifelong learning methodology. The lifelong learning approach consists of three main perspectives: a personal and professional context and how to achieve self-motivation and remain over time; the formal and informal learning sources, and how all this occurs throughout the individual life. Leadership is a fundamental military trait and should be treated as an ongoing process. This study examines how influences the lifelong learning of the Spanish military leaders from the Army, Navy, and Air Force in their leadership style. The methodology resource used is an online Delphi technique through in-depth interviews as well as the Qualitative Data Analysis & Research Software Atlas.it. This research shows that from a lifelong learning perspective, military leadership is built continuously throughout life and is supported by more informal than formal learning systems. The key findings of this research show that the Spanish military commanders’ leadership comes from an informal approach based on the different opportunities given at the workspace, individual job performance, and family support. From the formal system, the career ladder is supported both at the military academy and following regular training. The results show that a lifelong learning framework prepares Spanish military commanders to manage the highly complex environment in which they are involved.

General Structure of Military Fitness Management of the Lithuanian Armed Forces

The article defines that in order to ensure proper fitness management military commanders of all levels are offered: to implement a systematic approach to military physical training and to use physical fitness principles. Also they have to take into account the tasks assigned to military units (in peacetime and wartime, international and national interests) to ensure the appropriate level of physical readiness of servicemen; to determine the specific tasks of the physical fitness process and the corresponding requirements; make sure that the process of physical training is orderly and qualitatively organized; prepare the necessary documents of fitness organization; carry out regular control over the process of physical training and activity results. In addition, it is proposed to implement the following leadership principles: senior commanders prepare orders for subordinates, define requirements and provide them with resources, and subordinates provide feedback on the activities being carried out, determine needs and organize military physical training in accordance with approved training plans or programs.

Determinants of the Indonesian military’s career development: Mediating role of performance and moderating role of objectivity of organizational commitment

Career development is a vital aspect of improving work effectiveness and the best contribution of employees to the organization. This study aims to explore the determinants of career development of the Indonesian military. This quantitative study uses a questionnaire (in print and Google Forms) to collect data from 384 Indonesian National Armed Forces personnel at the Iskandar Muda Military Command, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The participants were army soldiers with the rank levels of non-commissioned, first, and middle officers. Data were processed using the AMOS software and structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The findings show that the three constructs (work motivation, physical fitness, and emotional intelligence) are relevant in predicting the performance and career development of the Indonesian military. Next, the objectivity of organizational commitment moderates the relationship between performance and career development. In addition, performance mediates the relationship between the three independent variables and career development. These findings imply that the Iskandar Muda military command is expected to be able to apply them in improving performance and career development under applicable procedures.

One Name, One Person: The Problem of Reconstructing the List of Early Kings of Piedras Negras in Light of the Hieroglyphic Texts from Yaxchilan

This article is concerned with an important episode in the early history of two neighboring kingdoms located in the western part of the Maya lowlands: Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras. The two sites were at war with each other and sought dominance in the Upper Usumacinta region for almost the entire duration of Classic Maya history (3rd to 10th centuries AD). The article examines some controversial issues related to the founding of the Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras dynasties and highlights the initial stage of their military confrontation, which took place in the second half of the 5th century. It is shown that the founders of both royal houses were probably of non-local origin, having arrived in their new capitals from elsewhere. The main sources used in this work are hieroglyphic inscriptions from Yaxchilan: lintels 11, 35, 37, and 49 and Hieroglyphic Stairway 1. These texts contain a list of local kings and a brief description of their military triumphs. In particular, it is mentioned that Jatz’oom Jol, the seventh ruler of Yaxchilan, and his successor Yaxuun Bahlam II gained victories over Piedras Negras and seized important captives. A ruler of Piedras Negras called Itzam K'an Ahk is mentioned in connection with both wars. Jatz’oom Jol captured Itzam K'an Ahk himself in the second half of the 450s at the earliest, and Yaxuun Bahlam II captured a military commander who served Itzam K'an Ahk in the late 460s or 470s. The opinion that two different rulers who successively sit on the throne of Piedras Negras, Itzam K'an Ahk I ("Ruler A") and Itzam K'an Ahk II ("Ruler B"), are mentioned on the Yaxchilan triumphal monuments is firmly established in historiography. However, having two successive Maya kings with the same name on the throne would have run contrary to the established practice of changing regnal names: the direct heir to the throne never repeated the name of their predecessor in the history of Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras. Besides that, the monuments from Yaxchilan only mention the capture of the enemy king, not his death. Maya history is replete with examples of defeated rulers returning home after being captured and ruling their kingdoms for many more years. This is what may have happened to Itzam K'an Ahk I. However, there is a plausible explanation for his being mentioned twice that is even simpler. Subordinate rulers and dignitaries in Classic Maya society maintained a personal relationship with their overlords even after the death of the latter. A military commander from Piedras Negras could remain a man of Itzam K'an Ahk I even if his suzerain had died in captivity long before the second war. Therefore, there are no sufficient grounds for distinguishing between the early Piedras Negras kings Itzam K'an Ahk I and Itzam K'an Ahk II. It is much more likely that the same person, namely the enemy king Itzam K'an Ahk I, is mentioned in the inscriptions in Yaxchilan and the list of rulers of Piedras Negras requires correction.

Local self-government bodies and military administrations: current problems of functioning under martial law

Russia's large-scale invasion into Ukraine has become a new challenge for society and the government and has provoked a number of crises and problems that seriously complicate the functioning of the state. Presidential Decree No. 64 dated 24 February 2022, “On the Introduction of Martial Law in Ukraine”, introduced martial law throughout Ukraine.
 The functioning of the authorities, the life of citizens on the ground, and the resolution of a number of new issues have all become the responsibility of local governments. The primary task was to provide maximum support to the military command and help the community to function. Local self-government in Ukraine has demonstrated a high level of efficiency under martial law. On the example of Kharkiv region, a number of problematic issues of regulatory and legal regulation of the functioning of local self-government bodies and military administrations, the scope of their powers and functioning under the legal regime of martial law have been highlighted in the article. Recommendations have been made to improve and delimit the powers of local self-government bodies and military administrations.
 Ukraine’s experience gained during the war has demonstrated the importance of encouraging self-organisation of the population before centralising governance. And this once again confirms the importance of local governments for ensuring the normal functioning of the state as a whole. Further research is planned to be devoted to the prospects for the development of the local self-government system in the post-war period.

원 제국 시기 水陸齋의 고려 유입

Suryukhoe (水陸齋) is a Buddhist ceremony for the purpose of consoling the wandering spirits and hungry spirits of water and land, sermons on Buddhist scriptures and incense food to save souls. The record of the origins of these rites and various rituals and procedures is called Suryukritual(水陸儀式文). Suryukhoe was first practiced by Wuzong of Liang Dynasty. The origin of Suryukhoe was the ceremony held to save the queen of Mujong who was reincarnated as a serpent due to her sins committed during her lifetime. And the picture depicting this story is called <Liang Huangbao Repentance Picture, 梁皇寶懺圖>, and the ritual book Cibeidaochang chanfa (『慈悲道場懺法』) containing the rituals and procedures of repentance was organized by the military commander. Suryukhoe was a Korean-centered Buddhist ceremony until the Song Dynasty. However, with the patronage of Yuan Yuan, it spread throughout China, and the collection of rituals related to Suryukhoe was also published and edited several times. Heaven, Earth, Mingyang, Water and Land Rituals (『天地冥陽水陸儀文』) and Dharma Realm Saint Fan Shui Lu Sheng will practice fasting rituals『法界聖凡水陸勝會修齋儀 There is a 軌』. Among them, <Liang Huangbao Repentance Picture, 梁皇寶懺圖> was drawn on the first page of Heaven, Earth, Mingyang, Water and Land Rituals (『天地冥陽水陸儀文』) published in the Yuan Dynasty, configuration is maintained. On the other hand, <Liang Huangbao Repentance Picture, 梁皇寶懺圖> is the earliest extant example of two engravings engraved in the Western Xia. Yuan played a role in spreading Suryukhoe throughout China and organized ritual houses related to Suryukhoe. Here, it was seen that the engravings of West Xia flowed into the collections of ceremonies compiled in the Yuan Dynasty and were present in the collections of ceremonies related to Suryukhoe in Goryeo and Joseon.