Military Body Research Articles

Peculiarities of receiving, distributing and accounting of international military aid for the security forces and defense forces of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of receiving, distributing and accounting for international military aid for the security and defense forces of Ukraine, taking into account the changes made to the legislation. The meaning of the terms «military property», «property of the Armed Forces of Ukraine», «international military aid» enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine is disclosed. It is emphasized that despite the definition of the concept of «international military aid» at the sub-legal level, the indication in its content of «other resources not prohibited by law» does not provide a comprehensive answer to the question of what is included in international military aid. It was determined that the military management bodies of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are key entities that organize the receipt and transfer of international military aid by the security and defense forces, while the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine ensures its distribution among military units that are responsible for accounting for such property. It was found that the issue of accounting for international military aid is regulated by an act that regulates the issue of accounting for military property in general. Attention has been drawn to the fact that in the case of receiving international military aid, which cannot be classified as military property in the sense of the legislator, the question of which regulatory act to perform its accounting should be recommended. The expediency of using digital technologies to ensure effective, rational and transparent use of international military aid was emphasized. It was established that three levels of accounting for the supply and use of weapons have actually been launched in Ukraine: the LOGFAS program, the new program for accounting and logistics of military equipment «Korovai» and a module based on the «SOTA» program, and the state of accounting for international military aid with the help of digital technologies is still being improved. It is noted that the LOGFAS program is becoming one of the main tools for digitizing the list of resources available in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, in particular those provided as international military aid, which contributes to effective logistics planning. It was concluded that further analysis of the legal aspects of receiving, distributing and accounting for international military aid to ensure the effectiveness of the processes of providing and using international military aid to Ukraine is an actual direction of scientific research.

The Model of the Armament And Military Equipment Repair System

The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, is to develop a mathematical model of the process of restoring weapons and military equipment (IWT), taking into account their losses due to combat and operational and technical reasons, as well as the production capabilities of repair and restoration bodies (RVOS) of the first and second levels. For the operational solution of the recovery system planning and managing tasks, it is necessary to have models that allow approximate assessment of the system effectiveness at various levels of management. The hypothesis of the study is to increase the efficiency of restoring weapons and military equipment using the forces and means of military repair bodies, field repair brigades (VRB) in the conditions of the operation, as well as the production capacities of enterprises of the local industrial economic base. As criteria for effectiveness evaluation, the indicators characterizing the combat capabilities of military formations for a certain period of military planning in peacetime and wartime are considered. Research methods are mathematical apparatus of the theory of queuing systems and differential equations of 'dynamics of averages', system analysis, comparative analysis, generalization, forecasting, and document analysis. The resulting model establishes a relationship between the input parameters and the output indicators of the recovery system, characterizing the serviceability of the IWT. In this case, the control parameter is a parameter that characterizes the ratio of the number of samples of military equipment repaired in the 1st-level RVR. Results: the developed model can be used for: analyzing the technical support system of troops; solving optimization problems of managing the technical support of troops: finding the optimal ratio of the number of samples of military equipment repaired by the first and second level RVOS; determining the optimal number of field crews for repairing military equipment while ensuring a given level of serviceability of military equipment and minimizing the cost of repairing military equipment.

Создание и развитие органов советской военной юстиции (1918-1920 гг.): историко-правовой анализ

The article analyzes the legal regulation of the organization and functioning of military justice bodies in the early years of the state-legal construction of the Soviet government. The authors, based on the study of normative sources, reveal the content of military judicial reform, assess the conditions and factors that influenced its implementation, and also analyze the effectiveness of the activities of military justice bodies to maintain discipline and ensure law and order in the Red Army in 1918-1920.

Aerobic fitness predicted by demographics, anthropometrics, health behaviour, physical activity and muscle fitness in male and female recruits entering military service

IntroductionThe physical and mental training load can be high during military service. Therefore, tailored preconditioning programmes based on assessment of physical fitness could increase readiness for military service, especially among...

THE EXPERIMENTAL COMBAT UNIT COMBAT DETERMINATION WHEN PERFORMING THE MISSION IN THE WEAPONS AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT TESTING AND CERTIFICATION CONTEXT

The article analyses the fact of the first combat robots’ application in a real battle in Iraq. In addition, it was found that modern combat robotic platforms from Ukrainian manufacturers can carry out reconnaissance, surveillance, and target detection missions already today, as well as providing fire support and security of the military on the front lines. It has been studied that deterring aggression and finding ways to confront the enemy was at the head of all transformations. Obviously, it became clear that the use of robotic complexes and systems is properly reflected in the approach of our victory. The need for high-quality training of an experimental combat unit (combat units, groups of scientific and technical support, representatives of manufacturers of robotic complexes (systems)) was substantiated. Such training is carried out both in peacetime and wartime. This is a planned, systematic training of the formation’s personnel, units, and subunits, carried out by commanders, staffs and units of educational work. It provides activities, the most important of which are: tasks and requirements definition; the educational process development; program development; comprehensive provision planning and control methods organization. The composition and duties of the experimental combat unit have been determined. We emphasize the need to create a modular mobile training and testing complex to unify such training. We conducted an analysis of the combat unit training by the sample’s manufacturer according to its own training programs, that are approved by the head of the enterprise and agreed by the military administration body, in whose interests it is planned to supply armament and military equipment. The stages of preparation and the procedure of combat coordination of an experimental combat unit are proposed. It is proposed to carry out the preparation and the tests themselves in 2 stages. The first stage is carried out at the training ground of a designated military unit. The second stage is carried out in combat conditions (in the areas of hostilities). Also, the main key points of each stage are defined. The usefulness of this article’s material lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of the programs and methods of the manufacturers, we make our proposal regarding the order of organization and the procedure of the preparation itself.

Правила переселения народов Северо-Западного и Центрального Кавказа в Османскую им-перию в российских документах 2-й половины XIX века

The rules intended to regulate the emigration of peoples of the Northwestern and Central Caucasus to the Ottoman Empire in the 2nd half of the 19th century are contained mainly in the office doc-umentation of Russian military and administrative bodies: the administrations of the Caucasian Military District, the Main headquarters of the Caucasian Army, the headquarters of the troops of the Kuban region, the administrations of the chiefs of the Kabardin and Natukhai districts, the administrations of the Lower Kuban cordon line, the Maykop fortification, etc. (reports, letters, prescriptions, reviews, relations, conditions). The content of the paragraphs of many documents in this group is the same. The rules established for groups and individuals preparing to move to the Ottoman Empire a time frame, points for obtaining foreign passports and departure, routes and conditions for their movement in the Caucasus, conditions for their sale of livestock, etc. A num-ber of documents contain the conditions under which Russian merchants were obliged to transport Circassians from the Caucasian to the Ottoman coast of Black Sea. A number of documents also say that military officials demanded that their subordinates speed up the emigration of the Circas-sians. The prescription of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the envoy to the Ottoman Empire (dated July 19, 1861) contains the positions and mutual demands of the Ottoman and Rus-sian governments on the issue of the resettlement of Caucasian Muslims to the Ottoman Empire, as well as the some legal aspects of this process. The content of the rules for regulating the migration of peoples of the Northwestern Cauca-sus to the Ottoman Empire in subsequent periods, in general, coincides with the content of such rules of the late 50s – 60s XIX century.

Formation of military police as an integral component of military justice of Ukraine

The article examines the transformational processes (causes, phenomena and regularities) occurring around the creation of a law enforcement body in the military sphere (military police) and prospects for the restoration of a full-fledged system of military justice bodies in Ukraine.

The Analysis of The Functional Status of Female Soldiers In The Conditions of The Legal Regime of The Martial State

This article presents the results of a study on the cardiorespiratory system of 30 female soldiers during a period of legal regime of martial state. It is important to note that all investigated cardiovascular parameters, determined by median, were within age norms. Our findings from hypoxic tests demonstrated that the functional capacity of the respiratory system of female military personnel was within age norms as well. The results also confirm that this category has the ability to effectively operate in hypoxic conditions, which is a crucial aspect for professional performance. Analysis of orthostatic test results indicates a significant variability in the body’s reactions to body position changes, with a median value of 5.0 bpm, a minimum of 0.0 bpm, and a maximum of 56.0 bpm. This means that female soldiers have different levels of adaptation. However, it is worth noting the stability of the cardiovascular system’s response to orthostatic stress, with minimal changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 5 mmHg, indicating cardiovascular stability during orthostatic activity. In the vast majority of female military personnel (60.0%), hemodynamic reactions to changes in body position indicate a high level of adaptive capacity of the cardiovascular system. The results of the study of the functional state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in female military personnel indicate compliance with the majority of physiological norms; however, isolated cases are observed where the detected values may indicate certain abnormalities, particularly arterial hypertension. The results of respiratory tests indicate a normal response of the female military personnel's bodies to hypoxia conditions, which is important for fulfilling their service duties.

Improving the method for assessing the capabilities of scientific units in the Armed Forces of Ukraine

The capability assessment process plays a key role in ensuring the effectiveness and readiness of the armed forces to meet national defense objectives. The conditions for the development of the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine currently require improvement of the defense planning system, which would allow for effective adaptation to changes in the geopolitical environment. This will improve the efficiency and readiness of the armed forces for modern challenges. As a result, there is a need to objectively compare the level of capabilities acquired by scientific units with the capabilities established in the Unified list (Catalog) of capabilities of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and other components of the defense forces. The object of the study is the process of assessing the capabilities of scientific divisions of scientific institutions. The task that was solved is the objectivity of assessment and development of the capabilities of scientific units. Since the capabilities of scientific units are multi-criteria, it is advisable to combine their requirements into functional modules. For each carrier of capabilities, a set of modules is determined by functional directions in accordance with the assigned tasks. The method of assessing the capabilities of scientific units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine has been improved, quantitative assessments of deficiencies in the capabilities of scientific units and recommendations for their elimination have been obtained in accordance with the DOTMLPFI (Doctrine, Organization, Training, Material, Leadership, Personal, Facilities, and Interoperability) methodology. Based on the results of the evaluation, 30 recommendations were formed when defining 10 scenarios. The scope of application of the method is the implementation of scientific and scientific-technical activities, capacity building of scientific divisions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The method is the basis for the creation of an automated capability assessment system – an element of the automated system of military management bodies

Methodological aspects of justifying the specialists training duration of the armed forces branches of a formation (unit)

In the study, the duration of training of specialists in the branches of the armed forces of a formation (unit) refers to the amount of training time or the number of training hours required to achieve the required level of training of specialists in the relevant categories (profiles), primarily those that determine the combat capability of the formation (unit). The current conditions of armed struggle place increased demands on the level of training of troops (forces). At the same time, during a special period, this training can be carried out under conditions of significant resource, including time, constraints, which requires military command and control bodies (commanders) to take a balanced and comprehensively justified approach to planning training and building the training process of troops (forces). Thus, the experience of combat operations once again confirms the need to address one of the most important and problematic issues - to ensure that the amount of training time allocated for the training of specialists in formations (units) and in training centres (schools) meets real needs. Failure to address this issue has a negative impact on the development of the knowledge, skills, physical and psychological qualities required in a combat situation, and thus on the combat capability of the unit. At present, in units and training centres (schools), the amount of training time required for certain military specialities (positions) is determined mainly based on military experience, by comparing different forms and methods of training, and without the necessary analytical justification. Therefore, the relevance of this study is precisely due to the need to scientifically substantiate the amount of training time that would ensure both the required level of training of specialists in the relevant categories (profiles) and the appropriate level of training and combat capability of units of the branches of the military and the formation (unit) as a whole. The purpose of the article is to outline the methodological aspects of substantiating the duration of training of specialists in the branches of the military forces of a formation (unit). With the help of the above methodological aspects, it is possible to analytically express the process of training specialists of any category (profile) through a function of the type, which characterises the dependence of the achieved level of training of these specialists on the number of training hours during which servicemen learn a certain amount of information - acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities. Graphically, the function can be represented as a -shaped curve thatcharacterises the dynamics of the educational process - the initial and main periods of training. Based on the results of the study of the behaviour of the -shaped curve and the position of its inflection point, the law of change in the level of training (training effectiveness) of specialists of a certain i-th category (profile) is formulated, depending on the number of training hours during which they acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities, and the values of the parameters and, which most appropriately reflect the dynamics of the educational process of specialists of any category (profile). The presented law makes it possible to unambiguously determine the required number of training hours to achieve the desired level of training of specialists in the branches of the military forces of a formation (unit), and the dynamics of its behaviour is like the continuous Weibull-Gnidenko probability distribution. The materials of the article are of theoretical value for further scientific research on the problem, as well as practical value - aimed at maintaining (developing) the typical group of capabilities FDR-3 (Training of Military Command and Control Bodies and Troops (Forces)). The practical use of the above methodological aspects will contribute to improving the quality of planning and building the process of training troops (forces), and thus to increasing their combat capability and ability to effectively counter the enemy on the battlefield.

Methodological approach to determining the nomenclature of mobile assets for acomplishment the tasks of nuclear threat detection and assessment

The relevance of the article is due to the fact that in the context of countering largescale aggression, Ukraine's actions to de-occupy the captured territories and implementing its strategic course to join the European community and NATO, there are potential threats from the russian federation. Continuing its hostile rhetoric, terrorising Ukraine with missile strikes, the russian leadership threatens to use nuclear weapons, which poses the highest level of danger and can lead tolarge-scale radiation contamination (Lessons of the russian-Ukrainian war 2022: military aspects, 2022). Taking into consideration this state of the security environment, it is necessary to respond effectively to nuclear threats and ensure reliable protection of troops, which, in their turn, should be ready to act in radiation contamination conditions. This requires the Armed Forces of Ukraine to effectively train military units of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence capable of performing their assigned tasks and, in the further future, to be ready to detect and assess nuclear threats in joint actions (operations) with the units of NATO member states. All this requires solving problematic issues related to the nomenclature of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence equipment of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to ensure the required level of protection of troops. Especially challenging tasks in the current environment are the detection and assessment of the chemical, biological and radiological situation of the movement routes and areas of troops' concentration, the covering of troops and facilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine from reconnaissance and destruction by modern precision weapons, and the liquidation of the chemical, biological and radiological contamination consequences. To a large extent, the maximum reduction of troop losses during actions in conditions of chemical, biological and radiological contamination is ensured by the application of existing and prospective assets of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence However, it is impossible to make reasonable decisions on the nomenclature of mobile chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence equipment without determining the amount of losses of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence equipment during the conduct of tasks in the operations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with the trends in the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, forms and methods of warfare, and assets of combat actions. To solve this problematic issue, we propose a methodological approach to determining the nomenclature on the example of mobile assets to fulfil the scope of tasks for detecting and assessing nuclear threats. The methodological approach will allow to formulate substantiated practical recommendations regarding the procedure for determining the nomenclature of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear protection assets. The article presents the nomenclature of nuclear threat detection and assessment, which depends on the scope of detection and assessment tasks and the capabilities of assets used to accomplish these tasks. The materials of the article may be useful for officials of military command and control bodies involved in planning chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) defence during combat actions.

FOLDING AND OPERATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR REPAIR SYSTEMS

This article examines the mechanisms of the formation and functioning of the post-war reparations system in the last period of the Great Patriotic War. Based on recently declassified GKO documents, a description of the forms and methods of work of the military bodies of our country in this direction is given. Quite debatable conclusions are being made that reparations in the short term after the war gave significant increases in industrial production, however, after some time, they became, to some extent, a technical and technological brake on the further development of Soviet industry.

Забезпечення функціонування суспільства у діяльності органів державної влади за умов дії правового режиму воєнного стану

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the activities of public authorities during the period of martial law in ensuring the functioning of society, characterization of the concept and attributes of state bodies, types of state bodies. The article examines scientific and regulatory approaches to defining the most important functions of the state, in particular, ensuring the security of citizens. On February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation, in violation of international law, carried out a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine. On the same day, the legal regime of martial law was introduced (there was a fact of aggression, daily new threats of attack, a threat to Ukraine's state independence, and violation of the integrity of state borders), and accordingly, state bodies, military formations, and local governments were given the necessary powers to prevent the threat and ensure national security, as well as temporary restrictions due to the threat to the constitutional rights and freedoms of people and citizens, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities), which has been prolonged for a month. This has changed the worldview of all Ukrainians, the activities of state and self-governing institutions. Martial law is a legal regime that has its own peculiarities and regulates the activities of state and local governments in Ukraine. During the period of martial law, the activities of state bodies are aimed at ensuring the operation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, implementing measures of the legal regime, defending civil defense and ensuring the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the state. Martial law provides state authorities, military administrations, and military command and control bodies with the necessary powers to prevent threats and repel armed aggression and ensure national security. Based on this, the state authorities felt the impact of the martial law regime, as they faced new challenges, but the state authorities quickly regulated their activities. The state is characterized by the presence of a social system with certain elements, manifestations, content and functional purpose, i.e. organizational overflows of society. The management of major national events places extremely high demands on the organization and interaction of state institutions and local self-government, which is guaranteed during the functioning of the state mechanism and contributes to the development of a democratic society.

Cybersecurity in Political Studies: A Scoping Review

In recent years the increasing prevalence of technology has elevated cybersecurity from being a niche focus of interest for a small group of specialised computer scientists to a macro-level concern, attracting the attention of scholars and practitioners in political science and international relations. Today governments and military bodies view aspects of cybersecurity—ranging from preparations for cyberwar (a facet of digital geopolitics) to managing responses to cyber events (a facet of strategic communications)—as critical to their national security. However, while this mounting interest among academics has led to a rise in publications in political science and international relations journals, such rapid growth also results in literature fragmentation, where many studies do not sufficiently communicate with each other, and theoretical development remains relatively limited. In this paper, by reviewing the 113 cybersecurity papers published in 53 prominent journals in political science and international relations, I aim to provide an overview of the current state of research in this domain. Overall, this study has implications for the political science and international relations fields, especially the literature on strategic communications and digital geopolitics.

Legal regulation of the activity of military justice bodies in Ukraine during the time of the Central Rada

The article analyzes the formation of legal regulation of the organization and activities of military justice bodies in Ukraine under the Central Rada. It is shown that due to political circumstances, in particular, the fact that most of the Ukrainian lands were part of the Russian Empire, the organization of military justice was based on the Russian legislation of the second half of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century. The Ukrainian revolution, which began in 1917, proposed a solution to the issue of the creation of military justice bodies. One of the acute problems was the lack of qualified Ukrainian lawyers. The most widespread at that time were crimes against the state and public order, which posed a danger to the current authorities and revolutionary changes in general. Therefore, on November 13, 1917, the General Secretariat created the Commission for the Protection of Order in Ukraine (the Commission for the Protection of the Territory). It included representatives of individual secretaries, including military, land, food, judicial, and national affairs. In accordance with the initiatives for the development of the Ukrainian judiciary, on December 2, 1917, the General Court of the Ukrainian People’s Republic was created, which performed the functions of the main military court - until the creation of a specialized military court.
 It was revealed that during the formation of military justice under the Central Rada, considerable attention was paid to military prosecutors. The position of prosecutors was quite important during the implementation of military justice. Military prosecutors and their assistants did not conduct preliminary investigations, but supervised compliance with the law. However, they had the right to be present during investigative actions. Persons who held the positions of prosecutors and fellow prosecutors of district courts remained out of state. Upon receiving the materials of the preliminary investigation, the military prosecutor was obliged to decide whether the case is subject to military judicial authority, whether the investigation has been carried out in full, whether the case should be transferred to court, or whether it can be resolved in a disciplinary manner. In the case of incompleteness of the conducted investigation, the prosecutor had the right to refer the case to further investigation. The prosecutor had no right to change the order of jurisdiction. If the commander agreed with the prosecutor’s conclusion that the case was not subject to consideration by a military court, he prepared the corresponding order.
 It is emphasized that the establishment of legal regulation of the organization and activities of military justice bodies at the initial stage of the Ukrainian revolution was a complex process that took place in the context of important political events. One of the important tasks of military justice was to ensure discipline in the army and fight against abuse of power by military officials. The Central Rada’s steps at the initial stage of the Ukrainian revolution were aimed at the Ukrainization and democratization of the court in Ukraine, the development of a number of draft laws that were supposed to outline the judicial system on the basis of autonomy. However, even the Ukrainian People’s Republic, proclaimed in November 1917, recognized Russian legislation as valid, except for cases when this legislation contradicted the law adopted by the Central Rada.
 It has been established that in the initial period of the Ukrainian revolution, a number of laws and other normative legal acts were adopted that determined the activities of the army and only indirectly – military justice. In the Ukrainian military judiciary at the beginning of the revolution, the principles of independence of judges from the administration were established, which was ensured by the procedure of their appointment; the complex procedure for bringing them to disciplinary responsibility; refusal of the inquisitorial type of criminal process; separation of the court from the prosecution (entrusted to the prosecutor’s office); dividing the criminal process into two parts - the investigation and the court itself; providing the accused with the right to defense; publicity, oral and continuous nature of the trial, etc.

Ways of improving the efficiency of administrative and legal ensuring the honorable behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to determine ways to improve the effectiveness of administrative and legal support for the virtuous behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
 The legal regime of martial law contributes to the emergence of new and strengthening of existing corruption risks, which are inherent in the activities of military administration bodies. Analysis of court practice, reports of mass media and social networks shows the existence of numerous examples of unscrupulous behavior of military personnel, which lowers the authority of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations.
 It is argued that the improvement of the legal regulation of the virtuous behavior of military officials in the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be based on the harmonization of legislation along two main vectors: 1) ensuring the compliance of the array of subordinate legal acts with the content of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine; 2) taking into account the trends in the development of integrity in the North Atlantic Alliance and their compliance with the national characteristics of the formation of honest behavior of military personnel.
 It was concluded that increasing the effectiveness of administrative and legal protection of the integrity of military personnel includes four main directions. First, it is a direction of monitoring legislation, the purpose of which is to determine the spheres of activity and powers of military officials, in which unreasonably large-scale discretionary powers are established. Such discretionary powers make it possible to freely interpret the content of the legal norm and make decisions in areas sensitive from the point of view of corruption risks. Secondly, it is the direction of the formation of the personality of a military serviceman, which should be understood as a long-term systematic process of developing intolerance to corruption offenses and awareness of the importance of strict compliance with legal prescriptions, which should be reflected in the value structure of the individual. Thirdly, it is the improvement of feedback processes between all links of the military management system with the aim of obtaining by the subjects of democratic civilian control and internal departmental control operational and objective information about the causes and conditions that contribute to the unscrupulous behavior of servicemen.

Specialized Prosecutor’s Office in the field of defense: legal status, role in the system of law enforcement agencies, functions and tasks under martial law

The full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of Ukraine has directed the activities of state bodies towards defense and preservation of the integrity and sovereignty of the State. The main role in achieving this goal is played by the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other armed military formations, but due to the growth in the number of defense forces, the number of offenses has increased.
 To combat such offenses, Ukraine established the Specialized Defense Prosecutor’s Office, the legal status, functions and role of which are not sufficiently studied in the scientific environment, since this body in its current form was established only in 2023.
 The article, among other things, examines the retrospective of the formation and development of the military prosecutor’s office in Ukraine, and establishes the fact of continuous reform of the military prosecutor’s office, which over time has led to the leveling and devaluation of the role of military prosecutors in the law enforcement system of Ukraine. The article also substantiates the author’s opinion that the military justice system was unprepared to fulfill its tasks, especially in a full-scale war, and the civilian law enforcement system and civilian courts are not able to fully perform their functions, especially in the combat zone.
 In the course of the work, the author emphasizes the need for a complete restoration of military justice and the difficulties of the work of the specialized prosecutor’s office in modern conditions.
 In general, the article analyzes the issues of transformation of the military prosecution bodies in Ukraine as a component of the military justice system, examines the changes that have occurred in this structure since Ukraine gained independence, and identifies the problematic aspects and prospects for restoring an effective military justice system.
 Based on the results of the article, the author analyzes the legal nature of the body and its formation in historical retrospect, which gave a clear understanding of the legal position of the Specialized Defense Prosecutor’s Office in the system of law enforcement agencies, identifies and studies the functions performed by the body, formulates a list of tasks for which this prosecutor’s office was established, and identifies the shortcomings which require improvement and legal regulation at the legislative level.

Диалог с «вождем»: письма и записки Г. Е. Зиновьеву как средство коммуникации граждан и власти. 1918–1921 гг.

The article examines the practice of communication between the population and G. E. Zinoviev, the first chairman of the Petrograd Soviet after the October Revolution, during the Civil War (1918-1921). Based on the material of written appeals to the leader ("letters to the authorities") the problematic components of the public image of the head of the local government and their solutions within the framework of Zinoviev's campaigning activities. Researchers had previously used this type of source mainly to reconstruct public sentiment in subsequent eras of New Economic Policy and Industrialization, without focusing on the importance of this form of dialogue with the population for the authorities themselves during the period of war communism, especially at the regional level. The article describes three types of written appeals: letters and notes received at meetings. Analyses of both type based on the peculiarities of the communicative situation in which the appeals were written: the possibility of establishing authorship, the proximity of the authors to the addressee at the time of creation, the format of the appeal and its goals. The study analyzed 349 records (142 letters and 207 notes) from G. E. Zinoviev's personal funds stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI); in the funds of the departments headed by him during the specified period, in the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg (CGA SPb). For letters, the most common motives for their appearance are identified: the plight of the author and his family; dissatisfaction with the work of Soviet, party and military bodies; the desire to acquire a certain position in society (a place in the service, in the Red Army); the reaction to Zinoviev's speech or publication of employees–intellectuals. As an important underlying motive, the desire of the authors of the letters to establish personal contact with the leader through a meeting or to emphasize a previous acquaintance was revealed, which may illustrate a crisis of trust in society to the authorities or the lack of a culture of written appeal. The popular aspects of criticism of the head of the Petrograd Soviet contained in letters and notes are highlighted: privileges in the supply of food, the use of personal vehicles, Jewish origin and the discrepancy of statements with policy. In the final part of the article, Zinoviev's self-presentation techniques are analyzed in the context of the above-mentioned criticism. Such a characteristic feature is noted as the use of the letters received by the leader to demonstrate solidarity with the population, as well as the consonance of the claims made to him with his own criticism of the "attached" communists.

Sex-specific differences in fit between two different types of body armour: A pilot study

Introduction. Body armour, whilst improving wearer survivability, can negatively impact physical performance and increase injury risk. These impacts may differ between male and female personnel due to the generic design of armour systems. The aim of this study was to assess sex-specific differences in comfort when wearing military (MBA) and law enforcement (LEBA) body armour. Methods. Using a prospective, within-subjects, repeated measures, randomized cross-over design, 10 police officers (female=6: male=4) wore each set of body armour. After completing a variety of tasks, officers provided feedback on a subjective mannequin sketch and provided free text comments. Results. The heavier MBA received more negative comments than LEBA. The majority of negative comments by female officers referred to: (a) discomfort around the throat and shoulders, particularly when seated (six comments), (b) the vest compressing the utility belt or holster (six comments); (c) compression of the stomach and back (two comments); (d) restrictions in breathing and range of motion (four comments), (e) reduced ability to perform tasks (two comments); and (f) ill-fitting design (two comments). In comparison, male officers reported: (a) discomfort around the shoulders and abdomen (five comments), particularly when seated (three of the five comments); and (b) hip discomfort (e.g., pinching) (two comments). Conclusion. Comfort and fit of body armour should not be considered the same between males and females. Industries need to consider these sex-specific differences in their research and design. Agencies should investigate potential differences between sexes and between systems when purchasing such systems.

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The article proposes an approach to developing a method of using an interagency grouping of troops (forces) for stabilization operations in the de-occupied territories, which, unlike the known ones, takes into account the current conditions and peculiarities of performing tasks, combines the best domestic and foreign practices. It makes it possible to determine a balanced list of tasks and activities of law enforcement agencies and public authorities at various levels of government to create an interagency group of the appropriate composition. The proposed approach can be used by the military command and control bodies of the National Guard of Ukraine to plan the use of its formations, as well as to create groups and tactical teams of appropriate composition.