Military Action Research Articles

Sex Differences in Biomarkers of End-Organ Damage following Exertional Heat Stroke in Humans

Women are participating in military and athletic activities in the heat in increasing numbers, but potential sex differences in sequelae from exertional heat illness remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that women suffering from exertional heat stroke (EHS) would have similar severity of organ damage biomarkers compared to men, as measured in a hospital setting. We studied women and men presenting with EHS to the emergency department at Fort Moore, GA. We measured creatinine (CR), creatine kinase (CK), alanine-transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Core temperature was also assessed by medical personnel. Biomarker data were obtained for 62 EHS cases (11 women). Men were significantly taller, and heavier, had larger BMI and body surface area (p<0.05 for all). Highest recorded body core temperature was not different between groups (women: 41.11°C (40.06,41.67); men: 41.11°C (40.28,41.72), p=0.57). Women had significantly lower peak CR (women: 1.39 (1.2,1.48) mgꞏdL-1; men: 1.75 (1.53,2.16) mgꞏdL-1, p<0.01) and peak CK (women: 584 (268,2412) UꞏL-1; men: 2183 (724,5856) U•L-1, p=0.02). Peak ALT and AST were not different between groups; during recovery time points, ALT and AST were either similar or lower in women. Women spent approximately half as much time in the hospital following admittance compared to men. Our findings suggest that women may be less susceptible to organ injury resulting from EHS. Further research is necessary to understand the pathophysiology underlying these differences and how biomarkers of end-organ damage severity can differ between women and men following EHS.

Influence of chronic wartime stress on the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective — to analyze levels of chronic stress hormones in patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), who were exposed to psychogenic factors of wartime. Materials and methods. Examinations involved 88 patients with NAFLD, form them 38 subject were examined in the pre‑war period (comparison group), 50 patients were under the influence of stress during hostilities (main group). Control group consisted of 20 practically healthy subjects. Patients’ groups matched by age. The main group consisted of 28 men and 22 women, the comparison included 17 men and 21 women. The mean age in the main group was (51.6±7.7) years and in the comparison group (51.8±8.1) року. The trophological status of patients was monitored with the use of Body Composition Monitor.Omron BF­­511; hormones of chronic stress were assessed with solid‑phase enzyme immunoassay. Results. The assessment of levels of the chronic stress biochemical markers in NAFLD patients during the war demonstrated pronounced hyperprolactinemia in comparison with both control group and NAFLD patients examined in the pre‑war period. The dependence of stress hormone levels on the trophic status of patients and gender was revealed. A direct correlation between the prolactin level and the index of insulin resistance (IR), the percentage of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and the level of triglycerides (TG) was revealed. A weak positive correlation was also observed between the level of brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and IR, VAT, TG, and C‑reactive protein (CRP). The activity of the inflammatory process depended on the level of dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which confirms the direct correlation between the level of this hormone and ALT and CRP. Conclusions. The dependence of stress hormones levels on the trophic status of patients and gender was revealed. The level of DHEA in NAFLD patients with obesity and overweight significantly exceeded the corresponding indicators in the group with normal body mass index (BMI). In the group of overweight women who experienced negative consequences of military actions, the DHEA level significantly exceeded the corresponding indicators in comparison with the pre‑war period. Under the influence of military actions in patients of the main group, the reaction to stress was accompanied by an increase in prolactin levels in men with normal and overweight weight compared to the pre‑war period. In obese women from the main group, the hyperprolactinemia level significantly exceeded the corresponding values in the groups with normal and excessive BMI. The revealed correlation dependence between the stress hormones levels and metabolic factors indicates the influence of chronic stress on the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the development and progression of NAFLD in the conditions of war.

STATE AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE'S BUILDING INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS CAUSED BY THE FULL-SCALE AGGRESSION OF THE RUSSIA, FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ECONOMIC CYCLICITY

The article is dedicated to examining the specific manifestations of economic cyclicality in Ukraine's building materials industry under martial law conditions. The analysis reveals that the full-scale war has led to the destruction of approximately 20% of enterprises, while others have experienced significant declines in production volumes, market access, raw material sources, and human resources. The features of war-induced economic crises are compared with cyclical overproduction crises, showing that military actions immediately push the economy into a recession phase. However, recovery may commence even before the end of hostilities due to the economy reaching the trough of the economic cycle.The article explores various approaches to defining and understanding the concept of "economic crisis," highlighting the importance of identifying its causes and characteristics. Key factors influencing the transition between different phases of economic cycles—recession, depression, recovery, and expansion—are identified. It is noted that the moments of phase transition are critical to economic development, as they represent the shift from quantitative changes in one phase to qualitative changes in the next.The dynamics of real estate prices are analyzed as one of the key indicators signaling the onset of the recovery phase. Additionally, the article formulates the components of a development strategy for Ukraine’s construction sector during the recovery period, taking into account the consequences of the war. These components include the localization of building materials production, improving housing comfort, ensuring the environmental sustainability of building materials, conserving resources in their production (particularly energy), involving foreign aid in the reconstruction process, and recycling demolition waste into building materials. It is determined that the future development of the construction industry must also address the issue of effectively insulating protective structures and bomb shelters with eco-friendly materials, necessitating further development of domestic building materials that meet the urgent demands of wartime. The article concludes with the prospect of utilizing hemp-lime building materials in the reconstruction process, as they fully align with the proposed development strategy

Impact of military activities and hostilities on the ecosystem services of the North-Western Black Sea coastal zone

Satisfaction of human needs for living environment and food, as well as level and quality of life, depend on ecosystem services. The article studies the main methodological principles of ecosystem services assessment for the coastal zone of the North-Westen Black Sea region. Reduction of opportunities for using the ecosystem services negatively reflects the growing anthropogenic impact on environmental components due to urbanization processes, development of industry, energy sector, transport, agricultural sector of the economy, etc. and, since February 2022, - due to military activities and hostilities. The research presents the main indicators used to assess the ecosystem services. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the environment of Odesa Oblast was subject to the highest anthropogenic pressure across the whole NWBS region. The forecast indicators of anthropogenic pressure on the components of the NWBS's environment for the next 10 years showed that, within Odesa Oblast, there was a trend towards increasing level of anthropogenic pressure for almost all components. As for Mykolaiv Oblast, an increasing load was predicted for air basin and water bodies, and as for Kherson Oblast – for air basin and soil and geological environment. The article considers the groups of ecosystem services and the factors reducing the possibility of their use as a result of ongoing military operations. Affected by military activities and hostilities, the possibilities of using the resource component of the ecosystem services are brought to minimum. Military activities and hostilities practically stopped the recreational and health function within the coastal zone of the NWBS region. The primary task is to determine the needs of local communities in terms of use of ecosystem services, to collect and summarize information on their condition, agree on methods for assessment of services for the NWBS region, and conduct such assessment. It is necessary to identify the ways to transition to the models of natural resource management across the coastal zone of the NWBS region, taking into account the decline in delivery of the ecosystem services due to both anthropogenic load and military activities and hostilities affecting environmental components.

Analysis of the environmental state of the Sarata River in Odesa Region

The relevance of the study is dictated by the need to preserve the water resources of southern Ukraine and ensure their good environmental condition. In the context of military operations, Odesa Region plays a key role in providing the country with agricultural products because of significant damage incurred to agricultural lands of Mykolaiv and Kherson Regions in the course of military actions. Hence the role of irrigation and the need to restore and modernize irrigation systems are growing. One of fresh water reservoirs of Odesa Region is Sasyk reservoir (artificially created as part of the estuary) which accumulates fresh water supplied from the Danube. The Kogylnyk and the Sarata rivers flow into the northern part of the reservoir and can worsen its hydroecological condition. The subject of the study: pollution of the rivers across North-Western Black Sea Coast by chemicals. The object of the study: the environmental state of the Sarata River. The study is aimed at assessing the environmental state and environmental risks of chemical pollution of the Sarata River. The water quality assessment was performed based on a modified version of water pollution index (WPI). Biogenic substances (ammonium nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen) were identified as the main pollutants. The content of chlorides and sulfates is also significant. The assessment of the pollution risks by biogenic substances is based on calculations of the statistical probit function. The source materials of the research include hydrochemical observations made by the State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine for the period from 2007 to 2023 in the upper reaches of the Sarata River - village of Miniailivka (94 km from the mouth, near the border with Moldova) and in the lower reaches of the Sarata River - village of Bilolissya (14.3 km from the mouth). The analysis of probability of exceeding the MPC for fishery use indicated that, in terms of nitrite ions and nitrate ions, such probability is higher in the upper basin than in the lower one. According to other indicators, the probability of exceeding the MPC by pollutants is either almost the same or slightly increased in the lower reaches. The assessment of water quality according to the modified WPI (dissolved oxygen, BOD5, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate ions, phosphates) showed that the water quality in the Sarata River mainly belongs to the "moderately polluted" and "polluted" classes. According to the environmental risk indicators, it was established that the possibility of a "high" risk of contamination by biogenic substances does prevail. Its probability is 52.9% for the upper reaches and 60% for the lower reaches. The "high" level of class IV pollution (ER=0.60-0.79) corresponds to an "unsatisfactory" environmental condition. The probability of achieving the class of a "good" environmental condition (class II, ER=0.20-0.39) is quite small: 17.6% in the upper reaches and only 6.67% in the lower reaches. Thus, the Sarata River belongs to such rivers, the natural properties of which underwent significant changes as a result of sewage delivery from "Sarata Komunservis" utility enterprise, settlement of Sarata. Contaminated waters are unsuitable for drinking, household and sports purposes, as well as for fish farming. The quality of the Sarata River's water has a negative impact on the environmental state of Sasyk reservoir.

Nature, Impact and Trend of the New Round of Conflict between Palestine and Israel

On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel, causing heavy casualties and more than 200 people were taken hostage. Israel immediately launched a large-scale retaliation campaign to carry out collective punishment against the residents of Gaza. In this new round of Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the nature of the actions of both sides of the conflict has a dual nature: Hamas’s violent actions have a superficial terrorist nature and an inherent national liberation nature; Israeli military action has an illusory nature of self-defense and a real terrorist nature. In terms of the impact of the conflict, the conflict has promoted international and domestic polarization, and has made the international call for fairness and justice even higher; The conflict has increased the risk of terrorist attacks on Western countries; The conflict is generally unfavorable for the United States and favorable for Russia. As far as the trend of the conflict is concerned, the conflict will be mainly limited between Palestine and Israel, especially between Hamas and Israel and although there will be spillover, the scale will be limited; The conflict will last for a long time; New conflicts may be triggered in the later stage of the ongoing conflict. China should pay even more attention to the Palestinian-Israeli issue in the future.

Katonai és biztonsági magánvállalatok külföldi tevékenysége: szabályozási kérdések

The author provides a comprehensive overview of the international, national and self-regulation of the activities of private military and security companies, the ways in which the concerned approaches complement each other, the gaps related to the implementation of the relevant instruments, the issues related to responsibilities for violations of the law, as well as the related work of the UN’s Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries.

Analysis of the Impact of U.S.-South Korean Military Activities on the DPRK's Nuclear Test Process

After the end of World War II, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two, and then the Korean War broke out, and the two Koreas were still in a state of "armistice." The North Korean nuclear issue and the large-scale U.S.-South Korean joint military exercises that have lasted for decades have made the situation in Northeast Asia, which is already in a security dilemma, even more complicated and volatile. By analyzing the timing of North Korea's nuclear tests and their backgrounds, it is easy to find that North Korea has never stopped researching nuclear weapons. However, every nuclear test has been conducted against the background of large-scale U.S.-South Korea joint military exercises. On the issue of resolving the DPRK's nuclear crisis, it is worth rethinking the way of resolving the DPRK's nuclear issue through sanctions and pressure. A study of the relationship between the DPRK's nuclear test and the U.S.-South Korea joint military exercises will help to ease the security dilemma between the two sides as well as the security situation in Northeast Asia. It will also serve as a reference for other nuclear proliferation issues in the international arena.

INTELLIGENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROACTIVE ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

Industrial enterprises are essential to a country’s economy, providing diverse, high-quality goods, technologies, and services. To remain sustainable and efficient amidst rising production demands and stiff competition, these enterprises must adopt innovative management techniques. Each enterprise has a mission, resources, technologies, and strategies to achieve its varied goals, with dominant economic goals like income, profitability, and market share interlinked and affecting one another. A competitive enterprise’s overall goal should align its growth with market trends while proactively managing its operations. Proactive management involves either passively aligning with market trends or actively influencing them by introducing new products and services. The mismatch between an enterprise’s growth and market trends can flag potential problems or crises, underscoring proactive management’s role in preempting issues. This strategy, though simple, is vital for an enterprise’s survival, sustainable operation, and efficient growth in a fiercely competitive environment with escalating production of quality goods and services. Therefore, an urgent issue is developing an information platform based on appropriate mathematical models and methods that facilitate the implementation of proactive management of industrial enterprises and create the basis for predicting possible problems in production and taking measures to prevent them. Integrating advanced technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, and the Internet of Things enhances the proactive management system’s capability. These technologies enable real-time data collection and analysis, providing enterprises with critical insights and allowing them to anticipate market shifts and operational challenges. By leveraging these tools, enterprises can make more informed decisions, streamline their processes, and achieve higher operational resilience and flexibility. Industry 4.0 and 5.0 can significantly support Ukrainian manufacturing during the war. Thanks to automation and robotics, it is possible to maintain production even in the face of limited access to labour or hazardous working conditions. Artificial intelligence and advanced analytical systems can help optimise logistics, inventory management, and production processes despite disruptions caused by military actions. In conclusion, proactive management is not just a strategic choice but a need for industrial enterprises aiming to thrive in today’s fast-paced and highly competitive market. By incorporating cutting-edge technologies and adopting a forward-thinking approach, enterprises can ensure long-term sustainability, improved performance, and a better competitive edge. Keywords: proactive management, information modelling, industrial enterprise, artificial intelligence, Industry 4.0 / 5.0.

Peran Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Internasional: Studi Kasus Konflik Timur Tengah

The Middle East conflict is one of the longest and most complex conflicts in modern history, involving multiple countries and causing significant regional instability. This journal aims to analyze the role of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in resolving international disputes, with a special focus on conflicts in the Middle East. Using qualitative methods with a case study approach, this research examines various UNSC interventions through secondary data analysis from research reports, journal articles, books and other reliable sources. The research results show that the UNSC has broad powers and authority to resolve conflicts, including issuing resolutions, implementing sanctions, sending peacekeeping troops, and taking military action if necessary. However, the UNSC faces various obstacles such as the use of veto rights by permanent members, conflicting national interests, limited resources, and inconsistent compliance by member countries. In conclusion, although the UNSC plays a crucial role in maintaining international peace and security, its effectiveness in resolving conflicts is highly dependent on the cooperation and commitment of all UN member states.

Rethinking Asian Settler Colonialism: A Historical Perspective of Hawai'i Asians on Indigenous Lands

Abstract: "Asian settler colonialism" calls attention to the simultaneous denial of Kanaka 'Ōiwi dispossession and the celebration of descendants of Asian immigrants as industrious members of Hawai'i's multicultural middle class. While we acknowledge the importance of confronting settler colonialism, we argue that Asian settler colonialism reinscribes an inaccurate understanding of Hawai'i Asians today and over time. Tracing Hawai'i history from the Kingdom era to the present, we show that Hawai'i Asians are not inherently settlers by virtue of being non-natives living and working on Indigenous land; rather, many Hawai'i Asians hold a generational responsibility and political affinity within the nation of Hawai'i. Further, as Hawai'i's hierarchies have evolved amid economic restructuring, the privilege and power held by some Asians have been incorrectly attributed to the native-settler binary of settler colonialism while overlooking the interplay of race, class, global economic shifts, and political dynamics reinforced by military action.

The influence of military actions on the Ukrainian territory on the work of the healthсare system

Abstract The multi-sided damages caused by the large-scale invasion of Russia has become a great challenge for the medical care system of Ukraine. This research is aimed at studying, analyzing and summarizing data from scientific publications, personal experience, and open sources of relevant information concerning changes that occur in the work within Ukraine’s healthcare system and the activity of medical staff due to the Russian invasion. Special attention has been paid to processes related to relocations of medical staff and health care establishments, field hospitals as an important tool during martial law, as well as for the different types of support provided by the international partners of Ukraine. Data concerning demographic shifts in Ukraine due to the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war are also presented. Moreover, SWOT analysis of changes in the system of health care in Ukraine during martial law has been performed.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARDIOINTERVALOGRAPHY INDICATORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF CADETS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF STUDY

Military service is a very specific type of activity, during which the human body can be exposed to a whole range of unfavorable factors of various etiologies. The most difficult period in military service is the initial adaptation period, when the physiological and psychological restructuring of the soldier's body occurs, his adaptation to life and everyday life, to the requirements of the military environment. Adaptation of military personnel to military activities affects the success of this activity, as well as the preservation of the health of military personnel. The study of the features of the process of adaptation to military service seems important for organizing high-quality training of personnel and achieving the ability of military personnel to withstand significant physical and neuropsychic stress. All this also applies to students of military educational institutions. In this case, motivation will be understood as a time-limited psychophysiological process that controls the behavior of an individual, setting its direction, organization, activity and stability; the ability of a person to actively satisfy his needs, while further acting in the interests of the state and society. One of the important areas of this work, which has great practical significance, is the study, assessment and forecasting of the adaptive capabilities of the cadets' body. Most often, psychological diagnostic methods are used to determine the level of adaptation, but recently instrumental research methods, in particular, heart rate variability analysis, have become increasingly widespread.

Ведення пацієнтів із легеневою гіпертензією в умовах воєнного стану: реалії та проблеми

Any military actions on the territory of any country can significantly influence on the quality of medical care. Especially, it could reflect on patients with rare diseases requiring expensive treatment. In this article there were analyzed the work of the specialized pulmonary hypertension (PH) center during the period of Russia’s military invasion in Ukraine and presented the results of the outpatient survey due to problems with patient access to medical care and medicine provision in the period from 24-Feb-2022 to 01-Jul-2024 (war period).We selected patients with a diagnosis of PH carried out for the periods: since 01-Jan-2018 until 30-Apr-2020 (pre-war and pre-COVID-19 period) and since 22-Feb-2022 until 01-Jul-2024 (war period): n=328 and n=394 respectively. The selection was made from the electronic hospital database and the electronic registry of patients that have been conducted in the department since 2014. With the help of the Google Form system, a questionnaire was created and sent through modern devices of communication (Viber, Facebook) to fill out online to patients who are registered (applied for outpatient or inpatient care) in the department or are subscribers to the social network accounts of the Ukrainian Association of Patients with Pulmonary hypertension and/or the Lviv City Charitable Foundation «Sisters of Dalili». We got 220 responses. It was established that martial law status in the country did not significantly affect the management of patients with different forms of PH in the specialized center. The number of treated patients and performed right heart catheterization procedures increased by 20 and 22 % respectively during the «war period», compared to the «pre-war» period. 65 % of PH patients who came abroad due to the war used the help of the specialized department for direct referral to PH centers in Poland for further treatment, including surgical one. 41,7 % of respondents changed their place of residence during the war, but only 17,9 % had interruptions in taking of drugs for the PH treatment. Along with the usual sources of free medicines (humanitarian aid from charitable organizations, the government’s free medicines program), one in five patients «shared out» medicines with other patients. In 45 % of the patients who visited foreign PH centers, the therapy previously prescribed in Ukraine was changed to more effective or safer drugs that are not registered in Ukraine.

ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL RESULT OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION USING THE EXAMPLE OF A CONCESSION AGREEMENT

The article is aimed at developing a methodological approach to improving the efficiency of assessing the financial results of implementing Ukrainian and European business projects. In this context, the object of study is a specific individual partnership and cooperation project. The research has established that one of the key informational aspects of such a partnership is the assessment and forecasting of the financial result. The goal of the research is to present the methodological approach to assessing financial performance for an individual project in the most detailed form possible. The article presents an approach based on modern simulation modelling methods, systems analysis methodology, and the method of composite seasonal indices. All modelling processes were conducted using MATLAB software. MATLAB is a high-level programming language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. This program is widely used for modelling and data processing in fields such as engineering, scientific research, and mathematics. The research result is presented as an approach to the mathematical modelling of assessing the financial performance of partnership projects of Ukraine with representatives of EU business. It is necessary to emphasize that the presented research has limitations related to changes in Ukraine's hyperdynamic external environment provoked by war. Forecasts may vary depending on the development of military actions. Therefore, the prospects for further research should be directed towards improving the informational provision in the system of partnership and cooperation with EU countries to increase their own investment security.

PROFESSIONAL INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES OF A FUTURE OFFICER: THEORETICAL TOOLS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS

Relevance of the study. The development of professional intellectual abilities during training in higher education institutions is a relevant and modern scientific task. This is due to the fact that modern sectors of the economy require specialists with a high level of professional intelligence and systemic knowledge of their specialty. The technological and innovative nature of armed conflicts, military actions and special military operations require a future officer to have a highly developed intellect and the ability to effectively think in different conditions. The purpose of the study was a comprehensive study of the essence and structure of professional intellectual abilities of future officers of the National Guard troops in theoretical and practical aspects. Method and methodology. The declared comprehensive study of the essence and structure of professional intellectual abilities of future officers of the National Guard troops in theoretical and practical aspects was based on modern developments in the field of improving training in higher education institutions, the formation, education and development of personally significant and professional qualities of future officers, the objectification of the value-semantic sphere in the subject-social reality. The methods used in the work were general logical techniques and methods of scientific knowledge, as well as theoretical and empirical ways of obtaining scientific knowledge in a pedagogical context. Research results. the relevance of the problem was proven; the need to develop tools for developing professional intellectual abilities of future officers; provisions on the effectiveness of pedagogical conditions; the structure of professional intellectual abilities of a future officer and the essence of the pedagogical program for their development were revealed; scientific ideas about the modern educational environment as a factor in the development of professional intellectual abilities of future officers were expanded. Scope of application of the results. The scientific results of the work formed the basis for the development of the module «Development of professional intellectual abilities of an officer of the Russian Guard»; served as a scientific and methodological basis for clarifying the results obtained under the main educational program «Legal Support of National Security», «Translation and Translation Studies», «Military-Political Work».

Structural changes in the foreign sector and its consequences for the economy of Ukraine

The paper defines the essence and role of the external sector in the development of the national economy. It has been studied that the main endogenous and exogenous factors affecting the state and structure of the external sector of the national economy are globalization, technological progress, foreign economic policy and economic integration. The impact of the war on the development of the external sector of Ukraine's economy is substantiated. In particular, the main consequences of the impact of the war on the external sector of Ukraine's economy are the disruption of trade, the insecurity of investments, and the instability of the national currency. It was analyzed that during the period 2020-2022, the deficit of foreign trade in goods and services of Ukraine increased significantly, by more than two times. This negative trend was due to a significant reduction in the export of Ukrainian goods caused by military actions, which led to a decrease in production and complications with logistics. On the other hand, the import of goods to Ukraine decreased slightly. An important aspect is that the share of raw materials in the export structure is constantly growing. Only in the period of 2021-2022, the share of raw products in the export structure increased by as much as 13.3%, which is of a threatening nature in general for the national security of Ukraine. The structure of imports almost did not change, but the volume of imports also decreased, although significantly less than exports. Such a reduction in imports, especially in 2022, is dictated by the contraction of Ukraine's economy, primarily the level of consumption. Since at least 3 million people left Ukraine during the war, inflation and devaluation of the national currency increased, and the economy was partially transferred to military lines. It has been established that a chronic deficit in the balance of goods and services can lead to the accumulation of external imbalances and negatively affect the stability of the country's economy. The analysis of the external debt structure of the Ukrainian economy reveals both challenges and opportunities. While the high level of external debt poses risks to economic stability, it also highlights the need for prudent fiscal management, structural reforms and investment in key sectors. By solving these challenges and using its strengths, Ukraine will be able to manage the dynamics of external debt and build a sustainable and growing economy.

Prediction Model using a Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network for Military Plastic Explosive PE4 Blast Performance in a Significant Effect of Tropicalisation

Over the years, plastic explosive PE4 has been imported from the United Kingdom and is fully utilised in military activities and drills. This study is to discover a ratio of the plastic explosive PE4 explosion performance in tropical conditions and develop a multilayer perceptron neural network model for the prediction of plastic explosive in Malaysia. Several environmental tests have been performed in Kem Kongkoi, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. Six parameters were considered, including environmental temperature, distance measurement, explosive material, variety of shapes, weight and ignition point. In this paper, the Bayesian Regularization, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and Scaled Conjugate Gradient model were developed. Every model was tested with 24 datasets to discover the root mean square error and regression performance. The Bayesian Regularization model provides the best prediction model as it has a mean square error of 0.0005 and a regression performance value that is close to 1 at 0.9992.

Моделі відновлення транспортно-логістичної інфраструктури скотарства на деокупованих територіях україни

In the conditions of de-occupation and restoration of the territories of Ukraine, an important task is the restoration of the transport and logistics infrastructure for the efficient functioning of the livestock industry. The study covers the analysis of existing problems related to the destruction of infrastructure due to military actions and proposes a set of models that contribute to the rapid and efficient recovery of this industry. The proposed models in the article are aimed at restoring production capacities, improving the efficiency of logistics processes, and ensuring the sustainable development of cattle breeding in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine. A comprehensive approach to solving the problems of infrastructure restoration will not only restore economic activity but also contribute to the long-term development of the regions. The de-occupation of the territories of Ukraine affected by military operations creates new challenges for the recovery of various sectors of the economy, including cattle breeding. The transport and logistics infrastructure, which is critical to the functioning of this industry, has suffered significant destruction. Therefore, restoring this infrastructure is critically important for ensuring the region’s food security, economic growth, and stability. Optimizing logistics routes is an essential component of infrastructure recovery. New realities of safety and accessibility must be considered, including alternative delivery routes and the use of local resources. Restoring the transport and logistics infrastructure of cattle breeding in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine is extremely important for the economic revival of the regions. The application of complex recovery models, considering modern technologies and innovative approaches, will ensure the sustainable development of agriculture and raise the standard of living of the local population. In the above-mentioned scientific study, all the main challenges and critical limitations related to the restoration and development of the transport infrastructure of Ukraine are highlighted. Keywords: transport and logistics chains, de-occupied territories, economic management, transport infrastructure, model, technologies, strategy.

Організаційно-економічний механізм управління ризиками підприємства в умовах цифровізації

The article examines the current challenges and risks faced by Ukrainian enterprises in the context of digitalization and external environmental uncertainty. The article aims to substantiate the organizational and economic mechanism for managing enterprise risks in the conditions of digitalization. This study highlights risks related to cybersecurity, technological changes, the impact of military actions, market competition, and more. The research justifies the need to create an effective risk management mechanism to ensure enterprises’ sustainable development and adaptation to the challenges of the modern economy and digitalization. An analysis of contemporary approaches to defining the concepts of “risk” and “risk management,” presented in domestic and foreign sources, has revealed the key elements of risk management mechanisms. It was found that the concept of “risk” is characterized by critical aspects such as probability, negative consequences in the form of losses, potential positive outcomes, and benefits. In contrast, risk management should be viewed as preventing unforeseen events in the company’s operations, ensuring continuous control, and mitigating consequences when they occur. It is substantiated that the risk management process is continuous and systematic and includes monitoring and assessing risks at all levels of enterprise activity. The study presents an organizational and economic mechanism for risk management in enterprises under digitalization conditions, which, unlike existing models, considers the digitalization of economic processes in the enterprise, covers critical components such as personnel, legal, informational and digital, analytical, organizational, financial, and investment support, and is multi-component, systematic, and governed by its principles. The mechanism’s practical value lies in the effective interaction of its elements, which allows enterprises to identify and minimize risks promptly, maintain stability, and promote sustainable development. The research revealed the importance of integrating digital tools into the risk management process, which enhances decision-making efficiency and minimizes negative consequences. Keywords: risk, risk management, organizational and economic mechanism of risk management, risk management, digitalization of the economy, cyber risks.