Milieu De Research Articles

The dancing-place: Towards a geocultural and geohistorical theory of performance space

Adapted from cultural geography, the dramaturgical notion of the 'dancing-place' denotes an affective sense of place in regard to a performance site implicating past and present, history and historicity, and relations of hosting and home. The notion furthers dramaturgical thinking about site specificity and lieux and milieux de mémoire to describe dramaturgies of relational history and geographical as well as kinetic returns. From Granada and Grozny to Wall Street, analysis of the dancing-place takes affective moments into account to offer new ways of thinking about how we make and watch dance, in the streets as onstage.

Against Recuperation: The Fictions of Art in L’ɶuvre

The exact status of Zola's has always been problematic. For Pissarro, it was livre romantique, for Edmond de Goncourt, in a no less double-edged judgment, bonne construction du roman vieux jeu. (1) Other early readers moved uncertainly between professed admiration for its emotional power and reservations about ideas expressed by l'ecrivainphilosophe in footsteps of Diderot and Balzac's Le Chef-d'oeuvre inconnu. Its critical reception, when it was first published, intuitively highlights generic admixture that a modern scholar like David Baguley has analyzed to such revealing effect. Yet Patrick Brady's compendiously titled study of 1968 accommodates its plurality in an exclusively recuperative direction that has seldom been properly challenged L'oeuvre d'Emile Zola- roman sur les arts; manifeste, autobiographie, roman a (2) And, over four decades later, even most authoritative of summations reverts to such terms of reference: S'agit-il d'un roman a clefs? C'est la lecture qui s'impose d'emblee, confirmed by fact that aujourd'hui, le debat critique continue, pour l'essentiel, de tourner autour des cles du roman. (3) Part of reason for this ubiquity of emphasis has been, of course, L'oeuvre's privileged position within attempts by art historians to cross disciplinary boundaries while, paradoxically (or unsurprisingly), losing from sight its fictional specificity. Exemplary in this respect is Kermit Champa's question-begging conclusion that Zola's novel of 1886 is, as he puts it, the most unreliable art-historical text of period (71). Wayne Anderson's apparently more judicious aside that character of Claude Lantier has been recklessly interpreted by many art historians as a portrait of (4) (82) is equally indebted to extraliterary, hors texte of real-life painter's friendship with Zola himself, brought to an end after forty years in famously ambiguous response Cezanne sent to him on receipt of a copy of L'oeuvre; (5) ensuing personal silence has provided not merely biographers with justification for treating novel as a roman a clef. The aim of this article, by contrast, is to alert its readers to properly imaginative processes of its composition. For by exploring from a very different perspective precisely those dimensions of foregrounded by Brady, we can both view this particular novel with renewed clarity and suggest wider implications of out rereading of Zola at some distance from habitual approaches to his aesthetic. Emblematic in this regard are novel's interpolated descriptions of Claude's grand tableau, some five meters by three and titled Plein air, vicissitudes of which play such an important narrative and symbolic role in text. Doubtless further encouraged, beyond approximate analogies of subject-matter and internal geometry, by hypothetical objection (voiced by character of Dubuche) to a depiction of ce monsieur, tout habille, la, au milieu de ces femmes nues (48), which had also scandalized Manet's contemporary critics, modern commentators have too often unhesitatingly identified fictional painting as a transposition of Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe. (6) It is, indeed, instantly recognizable as such, according to a respected Manet specialist. (7) But to look at description of Plein air much more closely is to be struck instead by significant differences between Claude's inventions and Manet's considerably smaller (208 x 264 cm) picture of 1863: Dans un trou de foret, aux murs epais de verdure, tombait une ondee de soleil; seule, a gauche, une allee sombre s'enfoncait, avec une tache de lumiere, tres loin. La, sur l'herbe, au milieu des vegetations de juin, une femme nue etait couchee, un bras sous la tete, enflant la gorge; et elle souriait, sans regard, les paupieres closes, dans la pluie d'or qui la baignait. Au fond, deux autres petites femmes, une brune, une blonde, egalement nues, luttaient en riant, detachaient, parmi les verts des feuilles, deux adorables notes de chair. …

Providing universal access to antiretroviral therapy in Thyolo, Malawi through task shifting and decentralization of HIV/AIDS care

To describe how district-wide access to HIV/AIDS care was achieved and maintained in Thyolo District, Malawi. In mid-2003, the Ministry of Health and Médecins Sans Frontières developed a model of care for Thyolo district (population 587, 455) based on decentralization of care to health centres and community sites and task shifting. After delegating HIV testing and counseling to lay counsellors, uptake of testing increased from 1300 tests per month in 2003 to 6500 in 2009. Shifting responsibility for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiations to non-physician clinicians almost doubled ART enrollment, with a majority of initiations performed in peripheral health centres. By the end 2009, 23, 261 people had initiated ART of whom 11, 042 received ART care at health-centre level. By the end of 2007, the universal access targets were achieved, with nearly 9000 patients alive and on ART. The average annual cost for achieving these targets was € 2.6 per inhabitant/year. The Thyolo programme has demonstrated the feasibility of district-wide access to ART in a setting with limited resources for health. Expansion and decentralization of HIV/AIDS service-capacity to the primary care level, combined with task shifting, resulted in increased access to HIV services with good programme outcomes despite staff shortages.

Burnout et victimisations : effets des agressions des personnes détenues envers les personnels de surveillance

Prison is typically considered as a dangerous setting partly because of promiscuity and violence, which leads to a whole series of suffering and frustration among prisoners. Due to their occupation, prison guards must ensure the safety of the inmates, their colleagues, as well as any other persons working in prison and in the prison setting. Thus, correctional guards are the "Bumper excitement" of prison violence and suffer from stressful and traumatic events. Indeed, inmates' sufferings and frustration are firstly expressed towards them because they share daily relationships with inmates. In addition, correctional guards are faced with the high inmate suicide risk. One potential consequence of these chronic stressful situations is burnout. Burnout is described as a three-dimensional syndrome composed of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and sense of lack of personal accomplishment. Burnout is a severe psychological suffering, which can lead to depression. It has been initially identified among persons who are working with patients. Nevertheless, research shows that burnout is not a psychopathology of work but of the relationship with others. In other terms, burnout seems to arise when people share stressful, chronic and violent relationships with someone else. Burnout doesn't appear per se in any international classification of mental disorders: clinicians often use the diagnosis of adjustment disorder. Our aim is to assess the impact of victimization on burnout among guards in French prisons. Prison guards were chosen for two major reasons. First, the custodial role of correctional officers is typically described as a stressful occupation, sensitive to burnout. Second, prison is generally considered "dangerous". Indeed, victimizations and aggressions frequently occur. Consequently, we hypothesize that burnout levels will be high for prison guards. We also hypothesize that the intensity of the victimizations (verbal, physical or armed aggression) will heighten burnout levels. Two hundred and thirty-five prison guards were involved. Among these 235 correctional guards, there were 46 women and 188 men, ranging from 22 to 56 years old. Victimizations were very common: more than 87 % had experienced an aggression, whether verbally, physically or armed. They were asked to fill out the French form of the Maslach burnout Inventory (MBI). The MBI is a 22-item self-report measurement that assesses the three dimensions of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. Items are rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 6 ("every day"). We have statistically created a new global level of burnout with the three dimensions. It is called "burnout level". We have assessed two sets of independent variables (VI): demographic VI (age, sex, tenure, level of studies) and correctional VI (penal status of prison, victimizations). Regarding our dependent variables, we have four levels which are (1) global burnout (GB), (2) emotional exhaustion (EE), (3) depersonalization (D), and (4) personal accomplishment (PA). For the purpose of our study, we carried out variance analyses (Anova) in order to compare the averages of our groups of subjects. Further to Anova, we chose the Bonferroni/Dunn post hoc test. The results indicate that demographic variables such as age, sex or level of studies have no significant effect on GB, EE, D and PA levels. Tenure has a significant effect on GB and D levels. Concerning correctional variables, results show that the penal status of prison has a significant effect on GB and EE. Prison guards working with inmates incarcerated for more than 5years report higher GB and EE than their counterparts working with inmates not already convicted. Victimizations have a significant effect on GB, EE, D and PA levels. Prison guards with physical or armed aggressions report higher global GB, EE, D and PA levels than prison guards without aggressions. Furthermore, prison guards with physical or armed aggressions report higher global GB and D levels than prison guards with verbal aggressions. Two major points are highlighted by our study. First, characteristics of prison and inmates are related to burnout among prison guards. Second, victimizations lead to burnout.

The Well of Forgetfulness and Remembrance: milieu de mémoire and lieu de mémoire in a Palestinian Arab Town in Israel

This article explores the history of an ancient well that had been a vivid milieu de mémoire, in Pierre Nora's term, for hundreds of years. In the 1950s water pipelines were connected to many houses in the town of Baqa al-Gharbiyya, where the well was situated, and within a few years the well was deserted. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century the well had been forgotten as waste piled up where once an ancient source of life had flourished. This article focuses on the circumstances of a recent conservation project intended to rescue the well from a careless municipal ‘development’ plan, and to preserve the site for the benefit of the local population. The new lieu de mémoire of the well deserves scholarly attention because it was built ‘from the grass roots,’ by ordinary men and women who conceive of their cultural heritage as an important part of their identity and oppose the ‘acceleration of history,’ as Nora put it. The interpretation of the memorial site is carried out in a contextual symbolic analysis of its spatial and artistic characteristics, alongside written evidence concerning the initiative, as well as oral testimonies relating the history of the well since the 1930s. This multilayered interpretation revolves around the gap between memories and relics of an essentially rural culture, and complex urban, social, and political realities.

Trypanosoma cruzi TcIII / Z3 genotype as agent of an outbreak of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Western Amazonia

Chagas' disease is an emerging and neglected disease in the Brazilian Amazon region, where T. cruzi I predominates among the acute cases of the disease; and T. cruzi III/Z3, a population cluster from sylvatic areas of the Amazon basin, is rarely associated with human infections. On 23rd April 2007, the Foundation for Health Surveillance of the State of Amazonas, Brazil reported an outbreak of acute Chagas disease in the municipality of Coari on the Solimões River banks. Fresh blood examination confirmed the infection in 25 patients. Parasite culture in LIT medium was successful for 18 isolates. Molecular characterization was performed by PCR of the non-transcribed spacer of the mini-exon and by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) gene. The T. cruzi isolates were all from genotype Z3, and sequencing revealed that all isolates had equal COII sequences compatible with TcIII type, suggesting a single source of infection. To our knowledge, this is the first outbreak of acute cases caused uniquely by the genotype TcIII/Z3. Wild vectors harbouring TcIII stocks contribute to transmission when the triatomine species reaches human food chain or when humans invade the forest environment, where sylvatic cycle constitutes a reservoir of parasites that might be associated with specific epidemiological and clinical traits of the emergent Chagas disease in the Amazon.

Événements de vie et sévérité de la dépression aux différents âges de la vie

Major depression is a common, severe, chronic, and often life-threatening illness. There is a growing body of evidence that, far from being a disease with purely psychological manifestations, major depression is a systemic disease with deleterious effects on multiple organ systems. Stressful life events have a substantial causal association with depression, and there is now compelling evidence that even early life stress constitutes a major risk factor for the subsequent development of depression. This review will focus on the association between severity of depression and diachronic vulnerability across the life-span, in terms of events of life, stress, and hormonal modulation, with a special focus on depression in young adults, women during postpartum and in depression in ederly people. Given the high prevalence of depressive disorders, the significant burden and the severity of disease in adolescents and young adults experiencing their first episode, they represent a group at high risk of relapse, recurrence, comorbidity and suicide to whom early intervention and prevention efforts should be targeted. Females exhibit different stress sensitivities than males which might contribute to their increased vulnerability for depression and the disease exhibit a prevalence among women which is 2-3x higher than in men. The postpartum period is considered the time of greatest risk for women to develop major depression and postpartum depression affects approximately 15% of women. In old age, depression mainly affects those with chronic medical illness, severe disability or mental decline. Depression in elderly worsens the outcomes of many medical illness and increases mortality. Environmental factors, such as isolation, caregiving and bereavement, contribute to further increase susceptibility to depression or triggering depression in already vulnerable elderly people. Suitable treatment of depression in elderly reduces the symptoms, prevents suicidal ideation, improves cognitive and functional status in order to improve the recovery of a good quality of life, as well as the mortality risk.

Léon le Grand (review)

Reviewed by: Léon le Grand Kevin Uhalde Léon le Grand. By Philippe Henne. [Petits Cerf Histoire.](Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf. 2008. Pp. 206. €18,00 paperback. ISBN 978-2-204-08530-4.) Much like Trevor Jalland, who published his biography of Pope Leo I in 1941, Philippe Henne sees Leo as a singular as much as a saintly figure. In a Western context, Leo was "un phare étincelant au milieu de la sombre nuit de l'apathie culturelle ambiante" (pp. 18–19); in the thick of Eastern church conflicts, "seul Léon aura le souci du bien commun" (p. 114). Henne here and there suggests that intellectual and spiritual isolation caused Leo to draw forth a simpler faith—couched in a famously simpler prose—than his Latin predecessors and Greek contemporaries. This is offered not as a thesis but as one of several themes in a biography aimed at orientating the general reader within the many, complex, and momentous events in which Leo was engaged. Only a few years ago, it would have made a greater contribution to a field that then was small relative to its subject's proverbial magnitude. While it remains a handy narrative of Leo's eventful life and introduction to his writings, other books—some more probing, others yet more accessible or useful—also have appeared. Henne has written two anthologies with introductions, for Origen and for Hilarius of Poitiers; such a format might [End Page 786]better have suited Leo as well, especially given the use Henne makes of long quotations from primary sources throughout the text. Indeed, Bronwen Neil now offers just such an anthology in Routledge's Early Christian Fathers series (New York, 2009), with a substantial introduction and a scholarly bibliography far more current than in the book under review. A Dominican and professor of patrology at Université Catholique de Lille, Henne's major scholarly work has been on Christology in the Apostolic Age, and his treatment of Leo's involvement with Eastern theological debates is the strongest part of this study (the least satisfactory is that on Roman primacy, which reflects the work of Philip McShane but not Walter Ullman; see also Susan Wessel's Leo the Great and the Spiritual Rebuilding of a Universal Rome[Boston, 2008]). But balancing theological explication with political context means that Henne cannot probe deeply, and so readers will want to turn to Mark Armitage's A Twofold Solidarity: Leo the Great's Theology of Redemption(Strathfield, Australia, 2005) and especially to Bernard Green's Soteriology of Leo the Great(New York, 2008). Green works out changes and nuances in Leo's theology over the course of his episcopate by paying close attention to the chronology of his letters and sermons and their place in the liturgical year. Henne, too, duly draws attention to the circumstances of Leo's sermons and how his writings were edited and preserved; he also has insightful comments on Leo's famous Latin prose style and what its studied simplicity implied for doctrinal debate (for more systematic analyses there are recent studies by Wilhelm Blümer, Marco Ronconi, and essays in Mario Naldini (ed.), I sermoni di Leone Magno: fra storia e teologia[Florence, 1997]). But Leo does not make a biographer's task easy, especially because the bishop lifted his pen to write on such a diverse range of ecclesiastical, theological, pastoral, and administrative issues, and because the perspective he allows us on these issues varies greatly according to genre. Henne's book, written with clarity and admiration for its subject, makes a fine introduction to Leo. It reminds us that Leo's life is a story that begs to be retold but defies easy comprehension. We can hope that what appears to be a burgeoning interest in this important pope continues to flourish. Kevin Uhalde Ohio University Copyright © 2009 The Catholic University of America Press

Changes in an intellectual elite 1960-1990: The Royal Society revisited

La Mosaique verticale de John Porter est encore aujourd'hui une reference utile en ce qu'il permet de mesurer les changements qui se sont produits au sein de la societe canadienne depuis sa publication. Cette communication traite plus particulierement des changements survenus a l'interieur de l'elite intellectuelle telle que decrite par Porter, c'est-a-dire, la Section II de la Societe royale. Les principaux resultats empiriques de l'etude sont les suivants: l'Universite de Toronto continue a dominer, l'influence etrangere est plus forte et la domination de l'elite par les membres d'origine britannique a diminue. En meme temps, les donnees ne sont pas sans soulever le spectre de la discrimination selon l'origine ethnique, le sexe et la religion dans les milieux de l'enseignement superieur. L'elite parait plus critique et plus active, certes, mais le gouffre qui separe les Elites intellectuelles anglophone et francophone semble aussi grand que jamais. Porter's Vertical Mosaic remains a convenient benchmark by which to measure change in Canadian society. This paper focuses on changes in Porter's anglophone intellectual elite, i.e. Section II of the Royal Society. The major empirical findings are that the University of Toronto continues to dominate, foreign influence has increased, and that domination of the elite by those of British origin has declined. Nonetheless, the data raise concerns about possible ethnic, gender, and religious discrimination in Canadian academia. While the elite appears to be more critical and more active, the separation between anglophone and francophone intellectual elites appears to be as great as ever. SUMMARY This paper has attempted a partial replication of Porter's study of an anglophone intellectual elite, i.e. Section II of the Royal Society. It has found continuing, albeit reduced, institutional domination by the University of Toronto, along with a notable decline in the role of Oxford. It has also found that foreign influence has increased with possible negative implications for the mobility opportunities of Canadians born in Canada10 and for the elite's performance of its social role of articulating and advancing the interests of Canadian society. While the domination of those of British ancestry has declined, the elite remains unrepresentative in terms of many of its ascribed social characteristics. In particular, a seemingly low representation of females, Jewish people, and Canadians born in Canada is evident. While Canadian intellectuals are now much more critical of the status quo than they were when Porter wrote, the separation between anglophone and francophone intellectuals appears to be as great as ever. All this may help to explain a number of the weaknesses which characterize Canadian society.

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Warwick Anderson. Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines.Patrice Bidou, Jacques Galinier and Bernard Juillerat (eds). Anthropologie et psychanalyse: Regards croisés.Denise Brennan. What's Love Got to Do With It? Transnational Desires and Sex Tourism in the Dominican Republic.Rae Bridgman. StreetCities: Rehousing the Homeless.Alex Butler. Feminism, Nationalism and Exiled Tibetan Women.Ian Condry. Hip‐Hop Japan: Rap and the Paths of Cultural Globalization.Jennifer Deger. Shimmering Screens: Making Media in an Aboriginal Community.Jean Guiart. Les Mélanesiens devant l'économie de marché: du milieu de XIXe siècle à la fin du millénaire.Maria Heimer and Stig Thøgersen (eds). Doing Fieldwork in China.Robert K. Hitchcock, Kazunobu Ikeya, Megan Biesele and Richard B. Lee (eds). Updating the San: Image and Reality of an African People in the 21st Century.Charles J‐H Macdonald. Uncultural Behavior: An Anthropological Investigation of Suicide in the Southern Philippines.David Mosse. Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice.Louise Purbrick. The Wedding Present: Domestic Life Beyond Consumption.Michael Roberts. Sinhala Consciousness in the Kandyan Period 1590s to 1815.Jennifer Shennan and Makin Corrie Tekenimatang (eds). One and a Half Pacific Islands: Stories the Banaban People Tell of Themselves.Linda Stone and Paul F. Lurquin. Genes, Culture and Human Evolution. A Synthesis.Reed L. Wadley (ed.). Histories of the Borneo Environment: Economic, Political and Social Dimensions of Change and Continuity.

THE MASIA AS A LIEU DE MÉMOIRE : FROM THE TRADITIONAL HOUSE TO RURAL TOURISM

According to the French historian Pierre Nora, the “collapse of memory” in contemporary society has caused the dissappearance of “milieux de mémorie, authentic surroundings of memory.” Given that we no longer live in a society in which “memory is experienced collectively,” it is necessary for us to create lieux de mémorie, artificial places that act as a Space to remember. This article takes Can Traver (a country house situated in La Garrotxa) as an example and provides an interpretation of the country home as a lieu de mémoire, as a place that reflects the social, economic and legal structures of the rural Catalan territories. The arquitectural typology of the house symbolizes the rebirth of determining values of the history of Catalonia, or, to put it another way, it permits the attribution of a series of meanings related to the Catalan national identity, such as the rural origins of Catalonia or the importance of the family and the insitution of the hereu (first born). These traditional values and country way of life find their architectural translation in the country home. For this reason it is possible to explain the expansion of rural tourism, agrotourism and ecotourism throughout the Catalan territory. This new type of tourism is not simply a way of profiting from rural properties that have lost their agricultural function but rather it is a promesse de bonheur, the potential to experience something authentic, traditional and belonging to the past (even though this experience has nothing to do with the real life of the country or the people who live and work there).

Ellipsoidal Anisotropies in Linear Elasticity: Extension of Saint Venant's Work to Phenomenological Modeling of Materials

Several families of elastic anisotropies have been introduced by Saint Venant (Saint Venent, B. (de) (1863). Sur la distribution des élasticitiés autour de chaque point d'un solide ou d'un milieu de contexture quelconque, particulièrement lorsqu'il est amorphe sams être isotrope, Journal de Math. Pures et Appliquées, Tome VIII (2éme série) pp. 257–430) for which the polar diagram of elastic parameters in different directions of the material (indicator surface) is ellipsoidal. These families cover a large variety of models introduced in recent years for damaged materials or as effective moduli of heterogeneous materials. Ellipsoidal anisotropy has also been used as a guideline in phenomenological modeling of materials. Then a question that naturally arises is to know in which conditions the assumption that some indicator surfaces are ellipsoidal allows one to entirely determine the elastic constants. This question has not been rigorously studied in the literature. In this study, first, several basic classes of ellipsoidal anisotropy are presented. Then the problem of the determination of elastic parameters from indicator surfaces is discussed in several basic cases that can occur in phenomenological modeling. Finally, the compatibility between the assumption of ellipsoidal form for different indicator surfaces is discussed. In particular, it is shown that if the indicator surfaces of 4 √ E(n) and of -4 √ c(n) (where E(n) and c(n) are, respectively, the Young's modulus and the elastic coefficient in the direction n) are ellipsoidal, then the two ellipsoids have necessarily the same principal axes, and the material in this case is orthotropic.

Trouble obsessionnel compulsif et comorbidité chez l’adulte : évaluation des changements après TCC de groupe

Trouble obsessionnel compulsif et comorbidité chez l’adulte : évaluation des changements après TCC de groupe

Incidence des conditions de travail sur le maintien dans l’emploi des salariés : un sujet d’actualité

Le présent article expose une synthèse de travaux utiles à la compréhension des processus psychologiques à l’œuvre dans le recrutement et plus particulièrement ceux qui sont à l’origine de comportements discriminatoires des acteurs de l’organisation. Une réflexion autour de l’adéquation de ces connaissances à la situation particulière de l’inclusion professionnelle de personnes en situation de handicap psychique est également proposée. La revue de la littérature fait état d’investigations scientifiques encore peu nombreuses sur ce thème, même si les données existantes nous permettent déjà de dégager des pistes de recherche et des hypothèses qui sont encore à mettre à l’épreuve. La question de l’accompagnement des organisations et de ses acteurs dans les différentes étapes du processus d’inclusion professionnelle (recrutement, intégration ou retour en emploi et maintien) pour modifier les représentations sociales sources de préjugés et combattre les discriminations semble prometteuse. Elle nécessite encore d’être explorée et adaptée à la problématique singulière qu’est le handicap psychique en milieu de travail.Mental health in the workplace today are ubiquitous and cause significant dysfunction in organizations (turnover, absenteeism, presenteeism, early retirement, long sick…). Statements of professional unfitness for depression is of particular concern. The human and financial costs associated with the support of mental disability is important, in France it is estimated to 14 billion euros. Mental disorder in the workplace also has a significant impact on the individual. If not always leads to actual inability to work, it usually causes, from the disclosure of the disorder, professional inequalities related to perceived environmental work disability. Therefore, this type of public remains largely on the sidelines of a stable occupation and all forms of recognition and undergo disqualifications and some forms of exclusion. Instead of saving, the workplace can promote relapse and even constitute a real obstacle to improving health. These exclusionary behavior result in persistent employment resistance in France and elsewhere, especially because of the prejudice of employers. These resistances persist despite legal obligations in this regard (e.g. in France: Law of 11 February 2005 on Equal Rights and Opportunities). To address the issue of sustainable professional inclusion (recruitment, integration and job preservation) of people with mental disabilities, studies are especially developed for the rehabilitation in the workplace of this public or accompanying us in their professional reintegration into protected workplaces. We propose a reflection on the adaptation of knowledge about psychological processes of hiring discrimination in the particular employment situation of people with mental disabilities in ordinary workplaces. Researches on social representations, stereotypes and prejudices applied in the workplace help to understand the negative attitudes and resistance to the hiring of people with mental disabilities despite regulations. Representations of professional efficiency, cognitive bias in social perception, personological expectations and responsibilities about the success of the employment integration of new employees strongly impact the hiring and integration behaviors of actors of the company. Nevertheless, the influence of the organizational context was highlighted in the researches in psychology of organizations. Recruitment and integration practices implemented by organizations, the procedures used to recruit (procedural justice) and the quality of interpersonal treatment of individuals (interpersonal justice) are essential elements of socialization. Disability is recognized as a particularly salient dimension and effective in activating cognitive processes biased. Individual and/or collective courses of action as persuasive communication, suppression and dilution of stereotypes, self-regulation of prejudice, intergroup contact and the sharing of values, affirmative action, promoting diversity, are proposed to modify these psychological barriers. However, their effectiveness is moderated by various individual factors such as the level of prejudice of actors, their previous work experience of disabled workers, their commitment to the values promoted by the organization for example, or organizational and structural factors such as the characteristics of the organization, the degree of formalization of hiring procedures, social policy of the organization and how it is conveyed and received by workers… These studies support the conclusion that the process of professional inclusion of public considered as “non-standard” is complex. These tracks remain to be tested under the mental disability taking into account the type of company and characteristics of actors that constitute them.

Les conditions d’efficacité des approches quantitatives dans l’action en santé mentale au travail

Les conditions d’efficacité des approches quantitatives dans l’action en santé mentale au travail

A Case Study of an Equity Program in Teacher Education: Rethinking Feminist Leadership

Open-ended admission policies to professional education programs, and particularly the admission of candidates with certain types of disabilities, have profound implications for teacher-education programs. Such policies and practices affect the entire educational community, including faculty members, university and faculty administrators, school partners, and pre-service teacher-education candidates. Through a case study of a specialneeds candidate in one pre-service program committed to equity, I analyze some of the particular stresses experienced by leaders in faculties of education who aim to exercise leadership in socially transformative ways. Les politiques d'admission aux programmes d'enseignement superieur professionnel, notamment en ce qui concerne les candidats ayant certaines deficiences, ont des implications profondes pour les programmes de formation a l'enseignement. De telles politiques et pratiques ont une incidence sur tout le milieu de l'enseignement: membres du corps professoral, administrateurs universitaires et de facultes d'education, ecoles partenaires et candidats a la formation a l'enseignement. Par le biais d'une etude de cas portant sur une personne ayant une deficience et un programme de formation a l'enseignement soucieux d'equite, l'auteure analyse certains des stress des decideurs qui, dans les facultes d6'ducation, cherchent a exercer un leadership en vue de transformer la societe. I am a feminist. As an administrator and professor in a pre-service teachereducation program, I have tried to live feminist principles through my teaching and administrative practices. In addition to all that is implied in the dictum that the private is public, this has required the active nurturing of learners so that they could develop their own distinctive voice as teachers, and the diversification of teaching practices and strategies to integrate a wider spectrum of race, class, and ability into the curriculum and teaching force. Having helped to frame the equity policy for my institution's faculty of education, I remain a proponent of equitable measures in education at all levels. However, one case during my administrative term crystallized for me, as for many of my peers, some of the limits of equity policies in teacher education. The experiences of one

Exploring the Consequences of Workforce Reduction

AbstractAlthough workforce reduction has remained popular among organizations throughout the 1990s, few largescale studies of the impact of employee cutbacks have been conducted in Canada at the establishment level. About 55% of establishments reported reducing their workforce over a 2‐year period, with an average reduction of almost 16% of the workforce. When comparing establishments that had and had not engaged in permanent employee cutbacks, the results indicated that workplaces experiencing downsizing were more likely to have lower scores on the employer efficiency and employee satisfaction measures and report less favourable employer‐employee relations. Further analysis limited only to establishments experiencing workforce reduction revealed that a high‐involvement workplace strategy was associated with significantly better performance outcomes.RésuméBien que la réduction des effectifs soit restée courante dans les entreprises tout au long des années 90, on a réalisé peu d'études à grande échelle traitant de l'impact de ces compressions sur les entreprises au Canada. À peu près 55 % des entreprises ont signalé une réduction moyenne de presque 16 % de leur personnel sur une période de deux ans. En comparant ces établissementslà à ceux qui n'ont pas effectué de compression de leur personnel permanent, les résultats indiquent que, par suite de compressions, les établissements sont davantage susceptibles d'assister non seulement à une diminution de l'efficacité de l'employeur et de la satisfaction des employés, mais également de la qualité des relations employeur‐employés. Une autre analyse, qui se limite à des établissements ayant fait l'expérience d'une réduction des effectifs, a révélé qu'une stratégie de grande participation en milieu de travail était associée à une sensible amélioration des résultats.

Au-delà des modèles «rationnel» et «pluraliste» dans l’analyse des politiques publiques: le cas de la ctmsp

Abstract: Most criticisms of the summative/experimental model of program evaluation, like those of the “technocratic” model of public policy making, assume that the deficiencies of these models can be corrected by adopting a more “pluralistic” view of the policy process (Elmore, 1976, 1978; Lindblom, 1965; Monnier, 1992; Pressman & Wildavsky, 1979). Though partially accepting the validity of this point of view, the author considers the pluralist perspective not in itself sufficient to correct the deficiencies of the summative and technocratic models. Instead, he proposes a “public policy communities” view of the policy process. This approach is illustrated by examining the emergence of a new health care policy in Quebec, the extended care needs classification system [Classification par types en milieu de soins prolongés (CTMSP)].

Distribution et effets du chlorure de tributylétain et de ses produits de dégradation sur la croissance de l'algue marine Pavlova lutheri en culture continue

Organotin compounds have been used as biocides, wood preservatives, plastic stabilizers and antifouling agents for many years (Maguire, 1991). The acute toxicity as well as the sublethal effects of tributyltin (TBT) derivatives have been tested for numerous freshwater and marine species (Alzieu, 1989; Kelly et al., 1990). The biodegradation of TBT in dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) is well established for some phytoplankton species (Lee et al., 1989) but little is known about the physiological adaptation of microalgae to a long term sublethal contamination by TBT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of marine alga Pavlova lutheri, cultured in “chemostat mode” under axenic conditions, to accomodate increasing cocentrations of TBTCl in the culture medium and to determine its capacity to degrade TBT in DBT and MBT. Chemostat culture of P. lutheri were exposed to contaminated nutrient supplies containing 18.5, 74, and 185 nmol l−1 of TBT chloride (expressed as TBT+) respectively. For comparison purposes, a batch culture of P. lutheri was exposed to a concentration of 13 nmol l−1 of TBTCl for a 48 h-period. Organotin species (BuSn) were monitored by GC/ITD in three different fractions: dissolved in the culture medium, adsorbed on the external cellular walls, and dissolved in the cellular fluid. Within a 24 h-period, TBT was observed in the cellular fluid indicating a rapid uptake of the contaminant. The ability of P. lutheri to degrade TBT was confirmed and found more effective in a continuous culture than in a batch culture under similar contamination conditions. MBT was observed in both cellular fractions of all cultures (Tables 2 and 3) but P. lutheri seems particularly efficient to form MBT at low TBT concentration. The amount of BuSn adsorbed onto the cell was directly related to TBT concentration in the nutrient supply but intracellular BuSn decreased from 150 nmol g−1 (dry weight) to less than 60 nmol g−1 (dry weight) when the TBT concentration increased from 74 to 185 nmol l−1 (Fig. 2). The cell density and the growth rate of a continous culture of P. lutheri (Figs 3 and 4) were not affected by a contamination level of 18.5 nmol l−1 of TBT. In a continuous culture receiving 74 nmol l−1 of TBT P. lutheri suffered a toxic impact in the first few days of the experiment, loosing 40% of its cell density, However, the culture recovered its initial growth rate in the next 10 days in spite of an uninterrupted contamination. Finally, a severe toxic shock was observed for a culture receiving 185 nmol l−1 of TBT leading to a major dysfunction of the culture in only three days. The toxic effects observed in culture productivity (Fig. 5) for treatments at 74 and 185 nmol l−1 are also illustrated by a significant decrease of chlorophyll α concentration in culture [Fig. 6(A)] but not in the individual cells [Fig. 6(B)] which was an indication of the preservation of life functions of cells in all experiments. These results evidence the ability of P. lutheri, cultured in chemostat mode, to resist and accommodate to a continuous input of a high level of TBT to the culture medium degrading TBT into much less toxic species MBT and DBT. As a chemostat culture is comparable in many aspects to an open natural environment (Rhee, 1980; Wangersky and Maass. 1991). The behavior of P. lutheri observed in this study might be extended to the natural coastal environment where this alga is present. If such an assumption is correct at least regarding the general processes of bioaccumulation and degradation, this study clearly indicates that P. lutheri might play an important role in the food uptake of BuSn by filter feeders and other herbivorous species due to its ability to bioaccumulate large quantities of BuSn [Fig 2(A) and 2(B)] without being irreversibly affected. Fortunately, the natural environment as simulated by our continuous cultures seems to strongly accelerate the degradation rate of TBT into DBT and MBT, two much less toxic tin species. Results of previous studies on the toxicity effects of TBT on micro-algae, all conducted in batch cultures, should be interpreted with some caution since the ability of P. lutheri and possibly other marine algae to survive and grow in TBT contaminated media seems to have been grossly underestimated.

The Moral Dimension of Human Geography

Quand tu es seul, debout au milieu de la haute plaine d'Asie,sous la coupole insondable où parfois un piloteou un ange sème dans l'azur une coulée d'amidon;quand tu tressailles sentant ta petitesse,apprends-le: l'espace auquel semble-t-il il ne fautrien, a grandement besoin en réalitéd'un regard extérieur, de distance, de vide.Tu es seid à pouvoir lui rendre ce service.Joseph BrodskyIn the course of this century, a number of authors have asserted that geographic knowledge is useful for the development of programs to parcel out land. Hoping to foster this link between insight and action, applied geography saw the light of day. In order to be genuinely effective, the practice of this kind of planning, so it was thought, needed to rely on the expertise of the geographer who studied forms of human settlement. More fundamentally, the utilitarian claim of applied geography rested on the conviction according to which the spatial organization of human societies brought into play the question of justice and commonweal. As Jean Gottmann wrote, our epoch is particularly sensitive to the fact that everyone, whoever or from wherever they may be, consider themselves “to be entitled to live just as well as all others.” In this way a “popular will” was affirmed “that the necessary measures be taken to envisage, prepare, and provide for an improvement of life's comforts …, for a better life.” Inspired by the “modern idea of planning,” applied geography set itself the goal of “establishing justice […] by a more even distribution of people, of their means of subsistence, [and] of their living standard.”