Carbon Steel Research Articles

EFFECT OF VARIATION OF MAGNETIC INDUCTION SOLENOID VALUES ON TENSILE AND IMPACT STRENGTH FOR WELDING BETWEEN LOW CARBON STEEL AND MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

The use of solenoid magnets in welding processes has attracted attention due to their potential to influence the properties of welded joints. This research investigates the effect of the size of the magnetic induction solenoid on the tensile strength and impact toughness of welds between mild steel and medium carbon steel. Welding experiments were carried out using various sizes of solenoid magnets (0; 1.71mT; 2.11mT; 2.31mT; 2.60mT), and the welding results were tested for tensile strength and impact toughness. The findings show that the size of the magnetic induction solenoid has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the weld. The larger induction size in this study increased the tensile strength of the welded joint, namely 431.576 N/mm2 without induction and 533.33 N/mm2 with induction. Meanwhile, the impact toughness of welded joints also increases, namely 95.92N.m without treatment and 217.35N.m with induction.

Comprehensive Investigation of the Adsorption, Corrosion Inhibitory Properties, and Quantum Calculations for 2-(2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzylidene) Hydrazine Carbothioamide in Mitigating Corrosion of XC38 Carbon Steel under HCl Environment.

This study investigates the inhibitory effects of 2-(2,4,5-trimethoxy benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide (TMBHCA) on the corrosion of carbon steel in a 1 M HCl solution across various concentrations. The assessment employs a comprehensive approach, combining gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarization tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantum chemical calculations are employed to provide a thorough understanding of the corrosion inhibition mechanism. The influence of exposure time on mild steel corrosion is systematically examined. Results reveal a remarkable reduction in the corrosion rate of steel, with TMBHCA demonstrating its highest inhibition efficiency of 97.8% at 200 ppm. Potentiodynamic polarization studies characterize TMBHCA as a mixed-type inhibitor, while Nyquist plots illustrate increased charge transfer resistance and decreased double-layer capacitance with escalating TMBHCA concentrations. Consistency between weight loss measurements and electrochemical findings further validates the efficacy of TMBHCA as a corrosion inhibitor. SEM images substantiate and visually support the obtained results. An immersion test conducted at 25 °C over 28 days showcases a notable enhancement in TMBHCA efficiency (IE%) from 45.16% to 92.43% at 200 ppm as the immersion period progresses from 1 day to 28 days. This improvement is attributed to the augmented adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the steel surface over time. These comprehensive findings significantly contribute to our understanding of TMBHCA's corrosion inhibition behavior, emphasizing its potential as a highly efficient corrosion inhibitor for diverse industrial applications.

Self-stabilized styrene-acrylic copolymer latex with heteroatom function for improved water and corrosion resistant coatings

This approach investigates the preparation of a set of styrene-acrylic copolymers incorporated with N-heteroatom in the form of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) as the functional co-monomer at different concentrations within the range of 17–33 mol%. In this case, self-stabilized copolymer latex was obtained without using any conventional surfactant in the system. The beneficial effect of NVP for the emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate was quantified by preparing and analyzing a control sample of the same copolymer latex that was stabilized by a conventional surfactant. The prepared self-stabilized copolymer latexes having particle sizes of 325–371 nm showed excellent colloidal stability with a zeta potential of >+44.5 mV. The air-dried films were found to be optically transparent and comparable to the control sample. The thermal, structural, microscopic, and water/alkali resistance properties of the films were characterized with respect to the NVP content in the copolymer. The coating characteristics of the copolymers on glass slides and mild steel panels were explored by analyzing the hydrophobicity (water contact angle up to 79°) and corrosion resistance (corrosion rate: 6.03 × 10−5 mm/year) that are significantly improved from the copolymer prepared by conventional emulsion polymerization. This study reveals the impact of N-heteroatom to obtain a self-stabilized polymer latex with improved properties and additional functionalities.

Localized corrosion and brittle fracture of X80 carbon steel under tensile stress induced by sulfate reducing bacteria

The microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of X80 carbon steel under varying tensile stresses with the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was investigated. The stress loads affected the SRB sessile cell counts on the carbon steel, and exerted a significant influence on the rate of MIC to which the carbon steel was subjected. Stresses below 400 MPa elicited a modest promotion effect, whereas the stress of 550 MPa which was approaching the yield strength markedly expedited the corrosion of SRB on X80 carbon steel. Finite element simulation revealed that the elastic stress of 550 MPa led to plastic deformation in the stress concentration zone at the base of the corrosion pit, exacerbating the dissolution of the metal in pits and inducing secondary pitting corrosion. Additionally, this work confirmed that SRB promoted the permeation of hydrogen into the carbon steel matrix. The coexistence of high elastic stress and SRB rendered X80 carbon steel more prone to brittle fracture.

Unraveling the corrosion inhibition behavior of prinivil drug on mild steel in 1M HCl corrosive solution: insights from density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and experimental approaches

Unraveling the corrosion inhibition behavior of prinivil drug on mild steel in 1M HCl corrosive solution: insights from density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and experimental approaches

Mean Stress Correction of S45C Carbon Steel Based on Crack Growth Concept (Proposal of Non-Closure Model)

Abstract Influence of the tensile mean stress on fatigue life and fatigue limit was investigated for carbon steel. Uni-axial fatigue tests were conducted under stress and strain-controlled conditions at room temperature. The fatigue life and fatigue limit were reduced by applying the mean stress for the same stress amplitude. The fatigue life exhibited a better correlation with the strain range than with the stress amplitude. Increase in strain range caused by applying the mean stress correlated well with the decrease in the fatigue life. It was proposed that the mean stress effect on the fatigue life was brought about by the change in crack growth rate caused by applying the mean stress. The mean stress enhanced crack opening and accelerated the crack growth. The reduction in the fatigue limit was also brought about by the same effect. It was shown that the effective strain range considering crack closure effect gave good prediction of fatigue life and fatigue limit with and without the mean stress.

Atmospheric corrosion behavior of ferritic-pearlitic, spheroidized, and bainitic microstructures of a mild steel

The present study investigates the comparative atmospheric corrosion behavior of three microstructural variants of mild steel (MS), namely, ferritic-pearlitic, spheroidized, and bainitic, made by air cooling, air cooling followed by spheroidizing annealing, and austempering, respectively. The samples were kept outdoors for three years for analyzing the extent of atmospheric corrosion. The samples were intermittently removed at 1, 2, 3, 6, 18, 24, and 36 months and corrosion rates were calculated through the weight loss method. The corrosion rates of the steels irrespective of the microstructure were high in the beginning, and later it slowed down due to the formation of stable rust phase, i.e., goethite phase (α-FeOOH). In addition, after three years of exposure, the bainite variant exhibited the lowest corrosion rate. Overall, the initial corrosion rates were found to predominantly depend upon the corrosion damage due to the formation of micro-galvanic couples. However, at the later stage of exposure, the corrosion rates were influenced by the variation of rust phase fractions and their compactness.

A Review of Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel Using Fruit, Vegetable and Rice Husk Extract

A Review of Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel Using Fruit, Vegetable and Rice Husk Extract

A Methodology to Assess Directional and Spatial Variations of Tensile and Fracture Properties in Fabricated Nuclear Components

AbstractIn the present study, directional and spatial variations in the mechanical properties are calculated in two nuclear-grade materials. In practice, multiple ASTM standard specimens are tested to measure mechanical properties of any material. The variations obtained in the properties during the tests are generally neglected assuming such variations are due to experimental uncertainties. However, such variations may indicate some degree of anisotropy and spatial inhomogeneity in the material due to component fabrication. In the present study, multiple miniaturized tensile specimens are tested. These specimen materials are taken across the thickness and at different geometrical locations in the two manufactured nuclear-grade components. The experimental load versus displacement data of all the specimens are then used to evaluate stress-strain data and cohesive zone parameters. These parameters are determined for each tested specimen separately to gather variations over the geometries of the components. Subsequently, TPB specimens are analyzed employing these parameters to calculate variations in fracture initiation toughness over the geometry. The key findings of the present work include higher strengths in circumferential direction in comparison to the longitudinal direction for SA333 Gr6 steel. A new equation is developed to correlate the material toughness with the fracture toughness with a proportionality constant of 2.7778 for low-alloy carbon steels. The study showed that directional and spatial variations in Jini are less pronounced in 20MnMoNi55 compared to SA333Gr6 materials. This finding is crucial for safety analyses in nuclear components and indicates that this methodology can be applied more widely across different materials.

Corrosion of some metallic materials embedded in gypsum

AbstractIn the construction area, as well as in the restoration of old and historical buildings, different metallic materials are frequently in contact with gypsum plaster. Due to the high porosity of gypsum plaster, and particularly in high relative humidity environments, the risk of corrosion exists. In the present work, carbon, galvanized and stainless steel, as well as copper, were embedded in gypsum plaster (with varying water/gypsum ratios) and exposed to different environmental conditions, and the corrosion rate was assessed by electrochemical techniques. Stainless steel showed very low corrosion rates, carbon and galvanized steel showed considerable corrosion rates, and copper showed moderate corrosion rates. The higher the humidity, the higher the corrosion rate, independently of the water/gypsum ratio. A comparison with results obtained for the same materials embedded in mortar was performed. Except for stainless steel, the corrosion rates obtained in gypsum are higher than those obtained in mortar, being this difference up to two orders of magnitude. The differences in the pH of both matrices explained the lower corrosion rates measured in mortar.

Thermal, Microstructural, and Mechanical Analysis of Complex Lattice Structures Produced by Direct Energy Deposition.

Lattice structures have gained attention in engineering due to their lightweight properties. However, the complex geometry of lattice structures and the high melting temperature of metals present significant manufacturing challenges for the large-scale fabrication of these structures. Direct Energy Deposition (DED) methods, such as the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique, appear to be an interesting solution for overcoming these limitations. This study provides a detailed analysis of the manufacturing process of carbon steel lattice structures with auxetic geometry. The study includes thermal analysis using infrared thermography, microstructural characterization through metallography, and mechanical evaluation via hardness and mechanical testing. The findings reveal the significant impact of heat input, thermal cycles, and deposition sequence on the morphology and mechanical properties of the lattice structures. Fast thermal cycles are related to areas with higher hardness values, smaller strut diameters, and porous formations, which shows that controlling heat input and heat dissipation is crucial for optimizing the properties of lattice structures produced using WAAM.

Corrosion of Carbon Steel in a Tropical Marine Environment Enhanced by H2S from Sargassum Seaweed Decomposition

This article aims to investigate the atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in a marine environment abundant in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) resulting from the decomposition of Sargassum seaweed. To accomplish this, four sites with varying degrees of impact were chosen along the coast of Martinique. The corrosion rates of steel were evaluated through mass loss measurements. After one year of exposure, the corrosion rates were notably high, particularly in atmospheres rich in Cl− ions and H2S, ranging from 107 µm to 983 µm. Complementing these findings, surface and product morphologies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analyses revealed a significant degradation of the corrosion surface in the most affected atmospheres compared to those unaffected by Sargassum seaweed strandings. Lepidocrocite (γFeOOH) was identified as the predominant product regardless of the exposure atmosphere. However, goethite (αFeOOH) was found to be present in atmospheres most impacted by H2S.

Analysis of the Effect of Voltage and Zinc Plating Duration on Low Carbon Steel A36 by Electroplating Process on Corrosion Rate

Analysis of the Effect of Voltage and Zinc Plating Duration on Low Carbon Steel A36 by Electroplating Process on Corrosion Rate

Innovative perspective for the cleaning of historical iron heritage: novel bio-organogel for the combined removal of undesired organic coatings and corrosion

An innovative green organogel was designed to simultaneously tackle inorganic compounds (i.e., iron corrosion) and organic substances (i.e., acrylic coatings) as undesired materials possibly present on the surface of altered indoor metal artworks. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), ethyl lactate (EL), and deferoxamine B (DFO) were employed in the formulation as thickening agent, organic solvent, and complexing agent, respectively, aiming to propose a sustainable and less harmful chemical cleaning method for metal care. The components were selected because they are bio-sourced, renewable, biodegradable, and non- or low-toxic materials. A multi-modal protocol of analysis was carried out to characterise the newly designed PHB-EL-DFO organogel. The cleaning performance of the novel formulation was assessed on mild steel mock-ups presenting both corrosion and organic coating to be removed. The conducted multi-analytical approach verified that the PHB-EL-DFO gel was able to tackle the two undesired materials simultaneously in an adjustable and easy-to-use way thanks to a modular application.

Oxidation resistance and hardness of high entropy alloy composite coating Al70(Cr-Fe-Ni)(30-X)(SiC)X prepared on AISI 1018 substrate by mechanical alloying

ABSTRACT We successfully coated low carbon steel with high entropy alloy (HEA) composite coating Al70(Cr-Fe-Ni)(30-x)(SiC)x to increase its oxidation resistance. The coating was applied using mechanical alloying (MA), and the phase and microstructure, including hardness, were characterised thoroughly. All samples covered the substrate with a thickness of the coating layer ranging from 103.637 ± 10.5 to 222.751 ± 8.5 μm. The sample with 10 at.% of SiC gave optimal results with a better coating layer thickness, fewer nodules formed, the lowest weight gain value, the best oxidation rate constant, and the ability to produce a larger thickness of Al2O3.

Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in 1.0 M HCl from Thiadiazole Derivative Schiff Bases and Their Complexes with Co(II) and Ni(II): Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Study, and Monte Carlo Simulation

Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in 1.0 M HCl from Thiadiazole Derivative Schiff Bases and Their Complexes with Co(II) and Ni(II): Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Study, and Monte Carlo Simulation

Regio- and chemoselective synthesis of new isoxazolyl-linked benzimidazolones via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: Characterization, corrosion studies, density functional theory, and Monte Carlo simulations

In this study, novel compounds, isoxazolyl-benzimidazolone (AE1) and isoxazolinylbenzimidazolone (AE2), were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic methods. This involved employing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition techniques with 2,4,6-trimethoxylbenzonitrile N-oxide and mesitonitrile-oxide in combination with “1-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl-3-propargyl-benzimidazolone” or “1-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl-3-allylbenzimidazolone”. The structural identification of these newly formed cycloadducts was achieved through comprehensive analytical and spectral analyses. The two heterocyclic compounds, AE1 and 2, have been investigated into their corrosion inhibition potential of mild steel (MS) in 1.0 M HCl, utilizing diverse analysis methods such as Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The outcomes revealed significant corrosion inhibition, with AE1 displaying the highest effectiveness (97.2 %), followed closely by AE2 (95.8 %) at 10−4M. The inhibitors were observed to adhere to the MS surface following Langmuir isotherms, and their adsorption and thermodynamic characteristics were thoroughly assessed. Moreover, Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations corroborated the robust adsorption capability of these organic chemicals on the MS surface.

Effect of Electric Current Pulse on the Interfacial Reaction Between Molten Steel and SEN During Continuous Casting of Ultra-Low Carbon Steel

Effect of Electric Current Pulse on the Interfacial Reaction Between Molten Steel and SEN During Continuous Casting of Ultra-Low Carbon Steel

Corrosion Behavior and Corrosion Prediction of Carbon Steel under Dynamic Atmospheric Corrosion Environment in Harbin

Corrosion Behavior and Corrosion Prediction of Carbon Steel under Dynamic Atmospheric Corrosion Environment in Harbin

Implementation of Heat Exchanger Palm Fruit Cooker for Optimum Production of Palm Oil

Palm oil as a product of palm fruit, is currently in high demand in Nigeria. The demand for the product is far higher than the supply. With this increase in demand, the price of the product is significantly in the increase. There is need to develop ways of efficiently producing the product from the available palm fruit. The heat exchanger palm fruit cooker designed has two chambers; the inner and outer chamber, the outer is for water content and the inner for the palm fruit to undergo the cooking process. The component has heat energy requirement of 46kJ with use of 45kg of fuel (firewood) to cook the palm fruit. It is made up of mild steel consisting of 6mm for the outer chamber and 2mm for the inner chamber for easy conduction of heat from the boiled water in the outer chamber. The study concludes by showing the economic benefits of constructing the cooker which produces more oil than the normal cooking pots in use.