Mild Dependence Research Articles

Phase structure of the N=1 $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory at finite temperature

Supersymmetry (SUSY) has been proposed to be a central concept for the physics beyond the standard model and for a description of the strong interactions in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. A deeper understanding of these developments requires the knowledge of the properties of supersymmetric models at finite temperatures. We present a Monte Carlo investigation of the finite temperature phase diagram of the N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (SYM) regularised on a space-time lattice. The model is in many aspects similar to QCD: quark confinement and fermion condensation occur in the low temperature regime of both theories. A comparison to QCD is therefore possible. The simulations show that for N=1 SYM the deconfinement temperature has a mild dependence on the fermion mass. The analysis of the chiral condensate susceptibility supports the possibility that chiral symmetry is restored near the deconfinement phase transition.

Experimental study of the steady fluid–structure interaction of flexible hydrofoils

This paper presents results from an experimental study of the hydrodynamic and hydroelastic performance of six different flexible hydrofoils of similar geometry; four metal hydrofoils of stainless steel (SS) and aluminum (AL), and two composite hydrofoils of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). The two CFRP hydrofoils had differing layups, one with fibers at 0° and the other at 30° relative to the spanwise axis of the hydrofoil. All hydrofoil models have the same unswept trapezoidal planform of aspect ratio 3.33. Two section profiles were chosen, a standard NACA0009 (Type I) and a modified NACA0009 (Type II) with a thicker trailing edge for improved manufacture of CFRP hydrofoils. Hydrofoils were tested in a water tunnel mounted from a six-component force balance. Forces and deformations were measured at several chord-based Reynolds numbers up to Rec=1.0×106 and incidences beyond stall. Hysteresis, force fluctuations, and the natural frequency of the hydrofoils in air and in water were also investigated. Pre-stall forces on the metal hydrofoils were observed to be Reynolds number dependent for low values but became independent at 0.8×106 and greater. Forces on the CFRP hydrofoils presented an increasing or decreasing lift slope for all Rec depending on the orientation of the carbon unidirectional layers. The change in loading pattern is due to the coupled bend–twist deformation experienced by the hydrofoils under hydrodynamic loading. Forces and deflections in the Type I hydrofoils were observed to be stable up to stall and non-dimensional tip deflections were found to be independent of incidence and Rec. Type II metal hydrofoils had a mild Rec dependence, attributed to the blunt trailing edge, and Type II CFRP hydrofoils had a stronger incidence and Rec dependence. The natural frequency under stall conditions of all but one of the CFRP hydrofoils was in agreement with added mass and finite element analysis estimates. The disagreement was observed in the CFRP hydrofoil with layers aligned at 30° and is attributed to the complex behavior of the carbon layers and to the coupled bend–twist deformation experienced under hydrodynamic loading of the hydrofoil.

EFFECTS OF LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENT ON THE ASSEMBLY HISTORY OF CENTRAL GALAXIES

We examine whether large-scale environment affects the mass assembly history of their central galaxies. To facilitate this, we constructed dark matter halo merger trees from a cosmological N-body simulation and calculated the formation and evolution of galaxies using a semi-analytic method. We confirm earlier results that smaller halos show a notable difference in formation time with a mild dependence on large-scale environment. However, using a semi-analytic model, we found that on average the growth rate of the stellar mass of central galaxies is largely insensitive to large-scale environment. Although our results show that the star formation rate (SFR) and the stellar mass of central galaxies in smaller halos are slightly affected by the assembly bias of halos, those galaxies are faint, and the difference in the SFR is minute, and therefore it is challenging to detect it in real galaxies given the current observational accuracy. Future galaxy surveys, such as the BigBOSS experiment and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which are expected to provide observational data for fainter objects, will provide a chance to test our model predictions.

UV-CONTINUUM SLOPES OF >4000z∼ 4-8 GALAXIES FROM THE HUDF/XDF, HUDF09, ERS, CANDELS-SOUTH, AND CANDELS-NORTH FIELDS

We measure the UV-continuum slope beta for over 4000 high-redshift galaxies over a wide range of redshifts z~4-8 and luminosities from the HST HUDF/XDF, HUDF09-1, HUDF09-2, ERS, CANDELS-N, and CANDELS-S data sets. Our new beta results reach very faint levels at z~4 (-15.5 mag: 0.006 L*(z=3)), z~5 (-16.5 mag: 0.014L*(z=3)), and z~6 and z~7 (-17 mag: 0.025 L*(z=3)). Inconsistencies between previous studies led us to conduct a comprehensive review of systematic errors and develop a new technique for measuring beta that is robust against biases that arise from the impact of noise. We demonstrate, by object-by-object comparisons, that all previous studies, including our own and those done on the latest HUDF12 dataset, suffer from small systematic errors in beta. We find that after correcting for the systematic errors (typically d(beta) ~0.1-0.2) all beta results at z~7 from different groups are in excellent agreement. The mean beta we measure for faint (-18 mag: 0.1L*(z=3)) z~4, z~5, z~6, and z~7 galaxies is -2.03+/-0.03+/-0.06 (random and systematic errors), -2.14+/-0.06+/-0.06, -2.24+/-0.11+/-0.08, and -2.30+/-0.18+/-0.13, respectively. Our new beta values are redder than we have reported in the past, but bluer than other recent results. Our previously reported trend of bluer beta's at lower luminosities is confirmed, as is the evolution to bluer beta's at high redshifts. beta appears to show only a mild luminosity dependence faintward of M(UV,AB) ~ -19 mag, suggesting that the mean beta asymptotes to ~ -2.2 to -2.4 for faint z>~4 galaxies. At z~7, the observed beta's suggest non-zero, but low dust extinction, and they agree well with values predicted in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations.

Octet-baryon axial-vector charges andSU(3)-breaking effects in the semileptonic hyperon decays

The octet-baryon axial-vector charges and the g1/f1 ratios measured in the semileptonic hyperon decays are studied up to O(p^3) using the covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with explicit decuplet contributions. We clarify the role of different low-energy constants and find a good convergence for the chiral expansion of the axial-vector charges of the baryon octet, g1(0), with O(p^3) corrections typically around 20% of the leading ones. This is a consequence of strong cancellations between different next-to-leading order terms. We show that considering only non-analytic terms is not enough and that analytic terms appearing at the same chiral order play an important role in this description. The same effects still hold for the chiral extrapolation of the axial-vector charges and result in a rather mild quark-mass dependence. As a result, we report a determination of the leading order chiral couplings, D=0.623(61)(17) and F=0.441(47)(2), as obtained from a completely consistent chiral analysis up to O(p^3). Furthermore, we note that the appearance of an unknown low-energy constant precludes the extraction of the proton octet-charge from semileptonic decay data alone, which is relevant for an analysis of the composition of the proton spin.

A cycloartane glycoside derived from Actaea racemosa L. modulates GABAA receptors and induces pronounced sedation in mice.

23-O-Acetylshengmanol 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (Ac-SM) isolated from Actaea racemosa L.-an herbal remedy for the treatment of mild menopausal disorders-has been recently identified as a novel efficacious modulator of GABAA receptors composed of α1-, β2-, and γ2S-subunits. In the present study, we analyzed a potential subunit-selective modulation of GABA-induced chloride currents (IGABA) at GABA concentrations eliciting 3-8% of the maximal GABA response (EC3-8) through nine GABAA receptor isoforms expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by Ac-SM with two-microelectrode voltage clamp and behavioral effects 30 minutes after intraperitoneal application in a mouse model. Efficacy of IGABA enhancement by Ac-SM displayed a mild α-subunit dependence with α2β2γ2S (maximal IGABA potentiation [Emax] = 1454 ± 97%) and α5β2γ2S (Emax = 1408 ± 87%) receptors being most efficaciously modulated, followed by slightly weaker IGABA enhancement through α1β2γ2S (Emax = 1187 ± 166%), α3β2γ2S (Emax = 1174 ± 218%), and α6β2γ2S (Emax = 1171 ± 274%) receptors and less pronounced effects on receptors composed of α4β2γ2S (Emax = 752 ± 53%) subunits, whereas potency was not affected by the subunit composition (EC50 values ranging from α1β2γ2S = 35.4 ± 12.3 µM to α5β2γ2S = 50.9 ± 11.8 µM). Replacing β2- with β1- or β3-subunits as well as omitting the γ2S-subunit affected neither efficacy nor potency of IGABA enhancement by Ac-SM. Ac-SM shifted the GABA concentration-response curve toward higher GABA sensitivity (about 3-fold) and significantly increased the maximal GABA response by 44 ± 13%, indicating a pharmacological profile distinct from a pure allosteric GABAA receptor modulator. In mice, Ac-SM significantly reduced anxiety-related behavior in the elevated plus maze test at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg, total ambulation in the open field test at doses ≥6 mg/kg, stress-induced hyperthermia at doses ≥0.6 mg/kg, and significantly elevated seizure threshold at doses ≥20 mg/kg body weight. High efficacy and long biologic half-life of Ac-SM suggest that potential cumulative sedative side effects upon repetitive intake of A. racemosa L. preparations might not be negligible.

Sensitivity of seismic measurements to frequency‐dependent attenuation and upper mantle structure: An initial approach

AbstractThis study addresses the sensitivity of seismic attenuation measurements to dissipative mechanisms and structure in the Earth's upper mantle. The Andrade anelastic model fits experimental attenuation data with a mild power law frequency dependence and can be scaled from laboratory to Earth conditions. We incorporate this anelastic model into 400km 1‐D thermal profiles of the upper mantle. These continuous‐spectrum models are approximated by multiple relaxation mechanisms that are implemented within a finite‐difference scheme to perform wave propagation simulations in 1‐D domains. In two sets of numerical experiments, we evaluate the measurable signature of the intrinsic attenuation structure. The two sets are defined by thermal profiles with added step functions of temperature, varying in (i) amplitude and depth or (ii) amplitude and sharpness. The corresponding synthetic data are processed using both the conventional t* approach, i.e., a linear regression of the displacement frequency spectrum, and an alternative nonlinear fit to identify the integrated value of attenuation and its frequency dependence. The measured sensitivity patterns are analyzed to assess the effects of the anelastic model and its spatial distribution on seismic data (in the absence of scattering effects). We have two straightforward results: (1) the frequency dependence power law is recoverable from the measurements; (2) t* is sensitive to both the depth and the amplitude of the step, and it is insensitive to the sharpness of the step, in the 0.25 to 2 Hz band. There is much potential for gaining information about the upper mantle thermodynamic state from careful interpretation of attenuation.

How CAGE, RAPS4-QF, and AUDIT Can Help Practitioners for Patients Admitted with Acute Alcohol Intoxication in Emergency Departments?

Aims: To help clinicians to identify the severity of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) from optimal thresholds found for recommended scales. Especially, taking account of the high prevalence of alcohol dependence among patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) for acute alcohol intoxication (AAI), we propose to define thresholds of severity of dependence based on the AUDIT score.Methods: All patients admitted to the ED with AAI (blood alcohol level >0.8 g/L), in a 2-month period, were assessed using the CAGE, RAPS-QF, and AUDIT, with the alcohol dependence/abuse section of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) used as the gold standard. To explore the relation between the AUDIT and the MINI the sum of the positive items on the MINI (dependence) as a quantitative variable and as an ordinal parameter were analyzed. From the threshold score found for each scale we proposed intervals of severity of AUDs.Results: The mean age of the sample (122 males, 42 females) was 46 years. Approximately 12% of the patients were identified with alcohol abuse and 78% with dependence (DSM-IV). Cut points were determined for the AUDIT in order to distinguish mild and moderate dependence from severe dependence. A strategy of intervention based on levels of severity of AUD was proposed.Conclusion: Different thresholds proposed for the CAGE, RAPS4-QF, and AUDIT could be used to guide the choice of intervention for a patient: brief intervention, brief negotiation interviewing, or longer more intensive motivational intervention.

Matrix model for deconfinement in aSU(Nc)gauge theory in2+1dimensions

We use an effective matrix model to study deconfinement in a pure SU(Nc) gauge theory, without quarks, in d=2+1 dimensions. Expanding about a constant background A0 field we construct an effective potential for the eigenvalues of the thermal Wilson line for general Nc and in the large-Nc limit. The numerical results are presented using one, two, and four free parameters, which are determined by fitting directly to the lattice data for the pressure. The matrix model shows a good agreement with numerical lattice simulations for the pressure and the interaction measure, starting from the perturbative limit up to the critical temperature. For the pressure, the details of A0- dependent nonperturbative terms are relevant only in a narrow transition region below ~1.2 Td. This is also the range where the Polyakov loop deviates notably from one. In accordance with the lattice results we find that, up to a trivial factor Nc^2-1, there is only a mild dependence on the number of colors.

Cosmological constraints from the large-scale weak lensing of SDSS MaxBCG clusters

We derive constraints on the matter density \Om and the amplitude of matter clustering \sig8 from measurements of large scale weak lensing (projected separation R=5-30\hmpc) by clusters in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey MaxBCG catalog. The weak lensing signal is proportional to the product of \Om and the cluster-mass correlation function \xicm. With the relation between optical richness and cluster mass constrained by the observed cluster number counts, the predicted lensing signal increases with increasing \Om or \sig8, with mild additional dependence on the assumed scatter between richness and mass. The dependence of the signal on scale and richness partly breaks the degeneracies among these parameters. We incorporate external priors on the richness-mass scatter from comparisons to X-ray data and on the shape of the matter power spectrum from galaxy clustering, and we test our adopted model for \xicm against N-body simulations. Using a Bayesian approach with minimal restrictive priors, we find \sig8(\Om/0.325)^{0.501}=0.828 +/- 0.049, with marginalized constraints of \Om=0.325_{-0.067}^{+0.086} and \sig8=0.828_{-0.097}^{+0.111}, consistent with constraints from other MaxBCG studies that use weak lensing measurements on small scales (R<=2\hmpc). The (\Om,\sig8) constraint is consistent with and orthogonal to the one inferred from WMAP CMB data, reflecting agreement with the structure growth predicted by GR for an LCDM cosmological model. A joint constraint assuming LCDM yields \Om=0.298 +/- 0.020 and \sig8=0.831 +/- 0.020. Our cosmological parameter errors are dominated by the statistical uncertainties of the large scale weak lensing measurements, which should shrink sharply with current and future imaging surveys.

Multiple Detachment of the SF6– Molecular Anion with Shaped Intense Laser Pulses

Interaction of molecular SF6(-) anions with intense near-IR laser pulses is found to produce cationic fragments by nonsequential multiple detachment. Dissociative ionization channels that lie more than 20 eV above the threshold energy for double detachment are observed. Mass-resolved product yields are presented and analyzed as a function of the femtosecond laser pulse energy, pulse shape, and polarization ellipticity. The observed strong suppression of multiple detachment by pre-pulses, induced with negative third-order dispersion of the transform-limited fs laser pulse, is interpreted as suppression of a nonsequential process by early single detachment. However, in contrast to the relatively simple picture of a rescattering mechanism characterized by acute sensitivity to polarization ellipticity that dominates double ionization of neutral species and was reported for the atomic F(-) anion, multiple detachment of the molecular anion is found to exhibit only mild ellipticity dependence.

Investigation of the Effects of Nicotine Dependence Levels on Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nicotine dependence levels on quality of life and depressive symptoms. Material and Method: The study initially comprised 85 individuals who smoked. Twelve subjects were excluded because of missing data and other reasons, so the study was completed with 73 subjects with a mean age of 33.55 ± 11.09 years. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to assess the levels of nicotine dependence, quality of life and depression symptoms, respectively. The subjects were divided into three groups according to nicotine dependence levels and were classified as mild, moderate and severe nicotine dependence. The resulting data were analyzed with KruskalWallis test. Results: Three groups were created according to nicotine dependence levels and there were 22 subjects in the mild group, 30 in the moderate group and 21 in the severe group. According to mild, moderate and severe nicotine dependence levels, NHP scores were 65.75 ± 50.18, 101.47 ± 73.40, 219.78 ± 161.43, respectively and BDI scores were 7.64 ± 6.20, 9.53 ± 7.82, 16.10 ± 10.46, respectively. A statistically significant difference between the groups was determined. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that when the nicotine dependence level increased, there was a negative effect on quality of life and mood of individuals. In addition to the physical problems due to smoking, smoking cessation programs should be extended to prevent depression and provide a better quality of life, and the level of public awareness should be improved, particularly through mediums such as the media.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a One Point Psycho-Educational Intervention for Smokeless Tobacco Users Delivered in an Outpatient Department in India

Introduction: In a recent review it was reported that 51.3% people in India consume SLT. This usage is highest in males living in rural areas and the most common forms of SLT consumed are Khani, Gutka, Beetle quid with tobacco and powdered tobacco. Aims and Methods: We aimed at 1) studying the prevalence and understanding the demographic variables associated with SLT consumption in patients presenting to our out patient department(OPD). 2) Evaluating the effectiveness of single psychoeducation session on tobacco cessation. After assessing patients based on our inclusion criteria, we administered a Fagerstorm Nicotine Dependence Test, Smokeless Tobacco (FTND-ST) at baseline. Subsequently they were given a structured session of psycho-education and they were then followed up after a month using the same scale and change in the score was recorded. Results: Our results indicate the following: 1) Maximum SLT consumption was seen in males coming from rural areas. 2) At baseline 39 % were in the category of mild dependence, 41% in moderate dependence and 20% in severe dependence and following up after the single psychoeducation session, 50% were mildly dependent, 47% were moderately dependent and 3% were severely dependent. (p<0.001). 3) Maximum reduction was seen in the time taken to consume SLT after waking up and the number of SLT pouches/cans consumed per day(p<0.001) Conclusions: The problem of SLT consumption is multi-factorial with social, economic and health repercussion. Though we did not see complete abstinence with our intervention, it served the purpose of reducing the consumption of SLT among our participants in a significant manner. There is no gold standard for tobacco cessation including pharmacological interventions. Thus our findings have to be viewed as a part of collective and long-term effort towards de-addiction.

EPA-0843 - Relationship between psychophysiological processes involved in alcohol dependence

Current data suggest that at least three psychophysiological paradigms are involved in Alcohol Dependence: attentional bias; affective modulation of the startle reflex and behavioural inhibition. These three paradigms have not been studied together in a sample of alcohol dependent subjects. To show that the performance on these three psychophysiological processes allows discriminating alcohol dependent subjects (with different severity) from healthy controls. 59 alcohol dependent subjects were assessed with the following three psychophysiological tasks: The dot probe task (which assesses attentional bias), the startle response when viewing alcohol cues (which evaluates affective modulation of the startle reflex), and the Modified- Stop Signal-Task (which measures behavioral inhibition). The Severity of Alcohol Dependence Scale (SAD) was used for grouping patients based on their dependence severity. 52 healthy subjects were assessed as the control group. All three paradigms correctly discriminated between patients and controls. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to their scores on the SAD (mild, moderate and severe dependence). The performance of the three groups in the three paradigms studied was also different. Patients with more severe dependence had more attentional bias for alcohol cues, exhibited lower magnitudes of startle response when viewing alcohol cues, and showed lower capacity to inhibit their behaviour when words related to alcohol were being seen. Subjects with alcohol dependence showed different psychophysiological response patterns compared to controls in the three paradigms studied. These response patterns seem to be associated with the severity of dependence, and they could be used to determine the outcome of the treatment in patients with alcohol dependence.

Capacidade funcional de idosos atendidos em unidades básicas de saúde do SUS

O estudo objetivou analisar a capacidade funcional dos idosos cadastrados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Guarapuava-PR, Brasil. Participaram 359 idosos, entrevistados de janeiro a abril de 2010, utilizando-se a seção I e IV do questionário Brazil Old Age Schedule. Os resultados demonstraram que 89,9% apresentaram algum grau de dependência, dos quais 70,8% apresentaram dependência leve e 19,2% moderada ou grave. As mulheres possuem maior grau de dependência leve (70,5%) e moderada e grave (62,3%). Os fatores associados com o grau de dependência entre idosos residentes em Guarapuava foram faixa etária, grau de escolaridade, arranjo familiar, trabalho remunerado, local de residência, estado conjugal e renda familiar. Conclui-se que a maior parte dos idosos na comunidade é acometida por limitações e convive com algum tipo de dependência para a realização de atividades básicas da vida diária.

Photosystem I Reduction in Diatoms: As Complex as the Green Lineage Systems but Less Efficient

Diatoms occupy a key branch in the evolutionary tree of oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms. Here, the electron transfer reaction mechanism from cytochrome c₆ to photosystem I from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been analyzed by laser-flash absorption spectroscopy. Kinetic traces of photosystem I reduction fit to biphasic curves, the analysis of the observed rate constants indicating that electron transfer occurs in a cytochrome c₆/photosystem I transient complex, which undergoes a reorganization process from the initial encounter complex to the optimized final configuration. The mild ionic strength dependence of the rate constants makes evident the relatively weak electrostatically attractive nature of the interaction. Taken together, these results indicate that the "red" Phaeodactylum system is less efficient than "green" systems, both in the formation of the properly arranged (cytochrome c₆/photosystem I) complex and in the electron transfer itself. The results obtained from cross-reactions with cytochrome c₆ and photosystem I from cyanobacteria, green algae, and plants shed light on the different evolutionary pathway of the electron transfer to photosystem I in diatoms with regard to the way that it evolved in higher plants.

Coulomb Scattering in the Massless Nelson Model I. Foundations of Two-Electron Scattering

We construct two-electron scattering states and verify their tensor product structure in the infrared-regular massless Nelson model. The proof follows the lines of Haag-Ruelle scattering theory: Scattering state approximants are defined with the help of two time-dependent renormalized creation operators of the electrons acting on the vacuum. They depend on ground state wave functions of the (single-electron) fiber Hamiltonians with infrared cut-off. Convergence of these approximants as $t\to \infty$ is shown with the help of Cook's method combined with a non-stationary phase argument. Removal of the infrared cut-off in the limit $t\to \infty$ requires sharp estimates on the derivatives of these ground state wave functions w.r.t. electron and photon momenta, with mild dependence on the infrared cut-off. These key estimates, which carry information about the localization of electrons in space, are obtained in a companion paper with the help of iterative analytic perturbation theory. Our results hold in the weak coupling regime.

Caregivers’ reported functional limitations in activities of daily living among middle-aged adults with intellectual disabilities

This study was conducted to describe the functioning of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and to examine socio-economic effects on ADL functioning among adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) aged 45 years and older (N=480) in Taiwan. The Barthel Index (BI) was used to determine a baseline level of ADL functioning in the study participants. There are five categories of functional impairment using the following cut-off values in Taiwan: total dependence (BI score 0-20), severe (BI score 21-60), moderate (BI score 61-90), mild (BI score 91-99), and total independence (BI score 100) (Taiwan Department of Health, 2012). The results revealed that 2.3% of adults with ID were in total dependence, 11.9% were in severe dependence, 27.9% were in moderate dependence, 8.1% had a mild dependence, and 49.8% were totally independent. In the multiple linear regression model of the ADL score, we determined that educational level, comorbid Down's syndrome, and disability level are the variables able to significantly predict ADL score (R(2)=0.190) after controlling for the factors of age, marital status, and other comorbidity conditions. Those ID adults with a lower education level (primary vs. literate, β=4.780, p=0.031; intermediate vs. literate, β=6.642, p=0.030), with comorbid Down's syndrome (β=-7.135, p=0.063), and with a more severe disability condition (severe vs. mild, β=-7.650, p=0.007; profound vs. mild, β=-19.169, p<0.001) had significantly lower ADL scores. The present study highlights the need to support mobility in older adults with ID as much as possible to optimize independence in this group.

An Experimental Study of the Ability of Similarity Theory to predict Water Evaporation Rate for Different Convection Regimes

In the present study, the applicability of a standard model (similarity theory) has been experimentally investigated for natural, forced and combined convection regimes. A series of experimental measurements are carried out over a wide range of water temperatures and air velocities for \({0.01 \leq {\rm Gr}_{\rm m} /{\rm Re}^{2} \leq 100}\) in a heated rectangular pool. The results show that for forced convection regime due to the appearance of ripples on the water free surface, similarity theory underpredicts the evaporation rate. In the free convection regime, the similarity theory considers correctly the effects of both vapor pressure difference and vapor density difference. For mixed convection regime, although the similarity theory is not able to predict the mild nonlinearity dependence of water evaporation rate to the vapor pressure difference, but satisfactory results can be achieved using the modified correlation proposed in this study.

Comparative study of patients with recurrent falls and hip fracture in an orthogeriatric unit

Objectives.– To study the factors that increase the risk of recurrent falls. Patients and methods.– In patients older than 69 years hospitalized for hip fracture was assessed the independent association of different variables (clinical, functional and therapeutic) with the risk of recurrent falls by building a logistic regression model using the Odds Ratio (OR) and confidence interval 95% (95%) as a measure of association. We also checked the discriminative ability of the final model by calculating the area under the ROC curve (rock). Results.–Were identified in the finalmodel as independent risk factors for relapse: the level of dependence (OR vs mild dependence. Independence 5.42 95% CI 1.68 to 17.5, OR severe dependence vs. independence to 16.97 95% 3, 74 to 77.0), osteoarthritis (OR 2.56, 95%CI1.03 to6.38), historyofprevious surgery (OR4.57, 95%CI1.63 to 12.8) anxiety-depression (OR 4.01, 95% CI 1.49 10.8), taking neuroleptics (OR 4.01, 95% CI 0.77 to 13.4) and the use of ACE inhibitors (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.09 7.30). Themodel showed good discriminative ability with rock (0.84, 95% 0.77 to 0.91). Conclusions.– In patients over 69 years, we identified several risk factors for recurrent falls, especially those related to the degree of dependence and mood disorders It would be possible, with these variables, discriminate patients with an increased risk of frequent falls and act accordingly.