Mikania Cordata Research Articles

Toxicological and Antimicrobial Evaluations of Formulated Ointment from Eskwater (Mikania cordata Asteraceae) Leaf Extract against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

<p>Eskwater (Mikania cordata) is a medicinal plant in treating wounds by B’laan tribe. It is a useful treatment in the emerging cases of difficult-totreat infections caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. To validate such claims, this study was conducted to assess the toxicological and antimicrobial properties of eskwater leaf extract through the acute dermal toxicity, antibacterial activity, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), potency test with the standard drug and mutagenicity assay. Toxicity level was attained using female albino rats with the dose of 1000 mg/kg (Sighting study) while 1000 and 2000 mg/kg for Main study. Kirby-Bauer Method was employed for antibacterial activity using Vancomycin and Terbinafine as positive controls. MIC was determined in two-fold serial dilution and Ames test was employed for mutagenic assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Hydrophilic base with low, medium and high doses were incorporated, respectively for ointment formulation. Results showed that eskwater extract was not toxic based from OECD 404 guideline and had partially active action against MRSA ATCC 43300 (13.66 ± 0.5778) and showed no inhibition in fungal growth. MIC was effective at 0.05 g/ml against MRSA only. It exhibited comparable potency with Vancomycin at the concentration of 0.32 mg and lastly, no noticeable mutagenic property was established. One-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison tests were employed in the efficacy of ointment. A significant difference resulted among the formulated ointment and positive control indicating that the three doses of formulated ointment and positive control have different potential to induce inhibition on the growth of MRSA. Ointment evaluated on its physical characteristics appeared greenish brown, has pH 6, good spreadability and washes out easily.</p>

Jenis-Jenis Gulma yang Ditemukan di Perkebunan Karet (Hevea brasiliensis Roxb.) Desa Rimbo Datar Kabupaten 50 Kota Sumatera Barat

Rubber is one of the agriculture commodity in Indonesia as resource of stock-exchange and permeating many labours. Weeds is one of the problem of which is often met in plantation conducting. Existence of weeds at rubber plantation (Hevea brasiliensis Roxb.) are rival to fundamental plants in exploiting mineral, water, light, degrading efficiency usage of manure, and bother tapping. This research aim is to know kinds of weed species in the plantation of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Roxb.).The plantation is located at the Rimbo Datar countryside, sub province of 50 Kota, West Sumatera. The method that used in this research is exploration, by taking of weeds sample, making in to herbarium and identification by using determination book.Pursuant to research got by 20 species which included in 14 familia. From these species can be grouped to become the grasses (Axonopus compressus P.B., Eleusine indica Gaertn, Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon Pers. and Paspalum vaginatum Berg.), seed grasses (Cyperus rotundus L., and Cyperus killingia) and the weeds that have wide leaf (Mikania cordata, Ageratum conyzoides L., Mimosa pudica L., Passiflora foetida L., Gleichenia linearis Clarke., Pityrogramma calomelanos, Blumea lacera, Cibotium barometz, Melastoma affine, Nephrolepis hirsutula, Lygodium flexuosa, Polygala paniculata L., and Melhania incana). Imperata cylindrica and Cibotium barometz which the most dominant species in that rubber plantation.Keywords: Rimbo Datar countryside, rubber plantation, weeds

The anti-ulcerogenic effect of an alkaloidal fraction from Mikania cordata on diclofenac sodium-induced gastrointestinal lesions in rats.

A decoction of Mikania cordata (Compositae) is commonly used for the treatment of gastric ulcer in the Rajbari district of Bangladesh. We have evaluated the anti-ulcerogenic effect of the alkaloidal fraction from the whole plant of M. cordata on diclofenac sodium-induced gastrointestinal lesion in rats. Long Evan's rats were divided into five groups. The control group was kept undisturbed. The vehicle group received vehicle after a 48-h fast. The diclofenac group received diclofenac sodium suspension (80 mg kg(-1)) after a 48-h fast. The diclofenac-ranitidine group (anti-ulcer drug used as a standard) received 35 mg kg(-1) ranitidine hydrochloride suspension 1 h after diclofenac sodium administration, after a 48-h fast. The diclofenac-extract group received alkaloidal fraction (50 mg kg(-1)) 1 h after diclofenac administration, after a 48-h fast. The biochemical, morphological and histological changes were studied. The data showed that the pH values of the stomach and duodenum were increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the alkaloidal-administered group compared with the control group (3.09 +/- 0.0429 vs 2.07 +/- 0.0339 and 6.79 +/- 0.1162 vs 6.19 +/- 0.1273, respectively). There were significant changes (P < 0.001) detected in the morphological study. The ulcer index of the stomach (0.268 +/- 0.0346) and of the duodenum (0.050 +/- 0.0129) in the alkaloidal-administered group were significantly lower than the diclofenac-only administered group (0.691 +/- 0.0184 and 0.0933 +/- 0.0138, respectively). According to the grading of tissue damage in the histological study, there were less or no lesions on the gastrointestinal mucosa of the alkaloidal-administered group compared with the diclofenac-only group (0 vs 5, respectively). When the results of the alkaloid extract group where compared with the ranitidine hydrochloride group a similar or more potent effect was observed with the alkaloidal extract group. The results of this study revealed that the bioactive principles of M. cordata have anti-ulcerogenic effects. The results validate the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of gastric ulcer in Bangladesh.

Diversity of understory plants in undisturbed and disturbed tropical lowland forests of Little Andaman Island, India

Species richness and density of understory plants were investigated in eight 1 ha plots, distributed one each in undisturbed and disturbed tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, deciduous and littoral forests of Little Andaman island, India, which falls under one of the eight hottest hotspots of Biodiversity in the world viz. the Indo-Burma. One hundred 1 m−2 quadrats were established in each 1 ha plot, in which all the understory plants (that include herbs, undershrubs, shrubs and herbaceous climbers) were enumerated. The total density of understory plants was 6,812 individuals (851 ha−1) and species richness was 108 species, representing 104 genera and 50 families. Across the four forest types and eight study plots, the species richness ranged from 10 to 39 species ha−1. All the disturbed sites harbored greater number of species than their undisturbed counterparts. Herbs dominated by species (63%) and density (4,259 individuals). The grass Eragrostis tenella (1,860 individuals; IVI 40), the invasive climber Mikania cordata (803; IVI 20) and the shrub Anaxagorea luzonensis (481; IVI 17.5) were the most abundant species. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Acanthaceae, Orchidaceae and Euphorbiaceae constituted the species-rich families represented by 6 species each. The species-area curves attained an asymptote at 0.8 ha level except in sites DD and DL, indicating 1 ha plot is not sufficient to capture all the understory species in disturbed forests. The alien weeds formed about one-fourth of the species richness (31 species; 28%) and density (1,926 individuals; 28.3%) in the study sites, indicating the extent of weed invasion and the attention required for effective conservation of the native biodiversity of the fragile island forest ecosystem.

Assessment of Potential Indigenous Plant Species for the Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Areas of Bangladesh

Soil and water contaminated with arsenic (As) pose a major environmental and human health problem in Bangladesh. Phytoremediation, a plant-based technology, may provide an economically viable solution for remediating the As-polluted sites. The use of indigenous plants with a high tolerance and accumulation capacity for As may be a very convenient approach for phytoremediation. To assess the potential of native plant species for phytoremediation, plant and soil samples were collected from four As-contaminated (groundwater) districts in Bangladesh. The main criteria used for selecting plants for phytoremediation were high bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and translocation factors (TFs) of As. From the results of a screening of 49 plant species belonging to 29 families, only one species of fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), three herbs (Blumea lacera, Mikania cordata, and Ageratum conyzoides), and two shrubs (Clerodendrum trichotomum and Ricinus communis) were found to be suitable for phytoremediation. Arsenic bioconcentration and translocation factors >1 suggest that these plants are As-tolerant accumulators with potential use in phytoextraction. Three floating plants (Eichhornia crassipes, Spirodela polyrhiza, and Azolla pinnata) and a common wetland weed (Monochoria vaginalis) also showed high BCF and TF values; therefore, these plants may be promising candidates for cleaningup As-contaminated surface water and wetland areas. The BCF of Oryza sativa, obtained from As-contaminated districts was >1, which highlights possible food-chain transfer issues for As-contaminated areas in Bangladesh.

Survey and evaluation of promising mycoherbicides for the control of asyang [Mikania cordata (Burm.F.) B. L. Robinson

The study surveyed and collected diseased specimens of asyang [Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B. L. Robinson] from various places of Leyte and Southern Leyte; isolated and identified the promising fungal pathogens (technically known as mycoherbicide) for the control of asyang; and determined the host range of the promising mycoherbicides. Seventeen fungal isolates were found pathogenic to asyang with 4-9 days incubation period. The isolates from the towns of Capoocan (Cap), Matalom (Mat-2) and Tomas Oppus (TO) consistently caused significantly higher number of lesions per square leaf centimeter of leaf surface causing early death of leaves than the other isolates. Based on lesion and conidial characteristics, Cap isolate was identified as Cercospora mikaniacola Stevens while Mat-2 and TO isolates as Curvularia pallescens Ellis. Moreover, the promising isolates were also found non-pathogenic to different host plants tested.

Gas Exchange Characteristics of the Invasive Species Mikania Micrantha and its Indigenous Congener M. Cordata (Asteraceae) in South China

In South China, the photosynthetic characteristics of an invasive exotic weed Mikania micrantha H.B. Kunth and its indigenous close congener Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) B.L. Robinson were studied. Mikania micrantha exhibited a greater biochemical capacity for photosynthesis than M. cordata, as the former had higher V(subscript cmax) and J(subscript max), which lead to its higher maximum assimilation rate A(subscript max) values. Similar light compensation point, apparent quantum yield (α), and dark respiration (R(subscript d)), suggested a similar shade-tolerance. Higher A(subscript max), light saturating point, and CO2 saturating point give M. micrantha greater potential to acclimate to brighter environments and a larger pool of available carbon. These differences in photosynthetic characteristics could be a basis for their niche partitioning. The leaf traits of the native and invasive Mikania species were as follows; higher construction cost (CC), lower specific leaf area (SLA), as well as lower mass-based leaf N and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) for the native species, but M. micrantha had lower area-based leaf N. The higher water use efficiency (WUE) and δ^13C observed in M.micrantha was probably due to its high photosynthetic capacity and not to reduced stomatal conductance, explaining the absence of any trade-off between WUE and PNUE.

Anti-Stress Agents from Natural Origin

An exponential rise in world population coupled with rapid industrial growth has a direct impact on environment and society thus making man easily vulnerable to stress conditions. These, in-turn, cause disturbances in the normal physiological functioning of the body by way of increased free radical generation culminating in hypertension, neurosis, immune suppression and other physical and mental disorders. Global search is on, for the development of an effective antistress drug from natural source which could effectively tone up the disturbed physiological functioning of the subjects affected by such stress problems. A number of such drugs mostly in the form of their extracts (holistic approach) or in some, as active principles isolated from them, have been evaluated for their antistress activity by a number of tests which include open field behaviour; Y-maze; Swimming endurance; effect on hexobarbitone sleeping time; stress induced ulceration; monitoring corticosterone, Ascorbic acid, MAO, SOD, SDH and neurotransmitter levels in tissues/blood and others. Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Mikania cordata, Tinospora cordifolia, Centella asiatica, Panax ginseng, Glycerrhiza glabra, Annona muricata, Polyalthea cerasoides and many others have been reported with encouraging results.

Anticarcinogenic biological response of Mikania cordata: reflections in hepatic biotransformation systems

The chemopreventive role of an Indian medicinal plant Mikania cordata (Compositae), which is consumed as vegetable and advocated in folk-medicine, has been evaluated through its effects on Phase 1 and 2 of the hepatic drug-detoxifying enzyme system in rats. Although oral administration of a methanolic extract of this plant root (50, 100 or 150 mg/kg for 4, 8 or 12 weeks) has been found to have very little or no effect on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b 5 contents as well as NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, it afforded a marked induction of uridine diphosphoglucuronyl transferase activities of liver microsomes. The extract also significantly increased the activities of microsomal uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate): quinine reductase and cytosolic glutathione s-transferases with a concomittant elevation in the contents of reduced glutathione. All these effects were found to be dose-dependent and maintained during 12 weeks of the extract treatment. Results of the study clearly indicate that the intracellular contents of active intermediates of various xenobiotics including chemical carcinogens would be reduced by the specific enhancement of drug-detoxifying enzymes in the liver of rats treated with the plant extract.

Stimulation of tissue repair by Mikania cordata root extract in carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver injury in mice

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the efficacy of the Mikania cordata root extract in the tissue repair activities in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). We have estimated total plasma protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea, hepatic microsomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) and cytochrome P‐450 level. Acute single intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 (1 mL of 20% v/v in olive oil/kg body weight) decreased albumin and increased globulin level and thereby reduced the albumin‐globulin ratio. A lower blood urea level was also noticed after treatment of mice with CCl4. A 1 h pretreatment with the root extract tended to reverse these features which were found to be dose‐dependent, but the results were statistically significant in the dose range of 100–150mg/kg. The M. cordata root extract (at 150mg/kg) dramatically improved the level of hepatic microsomal RNA (42.2%; p&lt;0.001) and cytochrome P‐450 content (70.2%; p&lt;0.001) that were altered in CCl4‐induced liver damage. Based on these observations, it is considered that M. cordata root extract may alleviate the deleterious effects of CCl4, protect the liver cells and activate the hepatic reticuloendothelial system‐mediated defence mechanism as well as the regeneration of protein synthesis.

Mikania cordata root extract in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reduction of enzyme leakage in mice with carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage

AbstractThe effects of Mikania cordata root extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver injury were investigated. Lipid peroxidation, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were used as the marker for functional efficiency of the liver cells. A 7.8% inhibition of lipid peroxide levels in liver homogenate was noted at a dose of 10 mg/kg and the inhibition was more prominent (68.7%) at the optimum dose level of 150 mg/kg. The inhibitory values were 4.3% and 30.4% at the low and the high (optimum) doses tested, respectively, in the case of lipid peroxide levels in the hepatic lipid fraction. At a dose of 150 mg/kg, a maximum inhibition of the increased enzyme levels was observed (i.e. SGOT, 15.6%; SGPT, 13.4%; LDH, 22.8%). This observation suggests that Mikania cordata root extract induced a recovery from the damage caused in liver tissue during CCl4 administration.

Inhibition of Leukotriene and Platelet Activating Factor Synthesis in Leukocytes by the Sesquiterpene Lactone Scandenolide

The sesquiterpene lactone scandenolide, isolated from the Philippines medicinal plant Mikania cordata, at a dose of 100 microM completely inhibited whole blood chemiluminescence in response to the activators PMA and zymosan. In isolated inflammatory rat leukocytes this compound inhibited both leukotriene B4 and 5-HETE production with IC50 of 15 microM and 30 microM, respectively. The formation of the cyclooxygenase product thromboxane B2 was not inhibited in the concentration range 10 to 200 microM of scandenolide. The formation of the potent inflammatory mediator platelet activating factor (PAF) was suppressed by microM concentrations of scandenolide with an IC50 of less than 20 microM. The presence of a compound in M. cordata which inhibits some of the inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and PAF may explain at least in part some of its medicinal properties.

CONTROL OF MIKANIA CORDATA (BURM. f.) B. L. ROBINSON IN PLANTATION CROPS USING PARAQUAT

Summary. A single application of paraquat at 0·56 kg/ha applied in 224 l/ha gave short‐lived control of Mikania cordata. An increase in duration of control was obtained either by increasing the dose from 0·28 kg/ha to 1·12 kg/ha with a constant volume rate (224 l/ha) or by using a constant dose (0·56 kg/ha) and reducing the volume from 896 l/ha to 112 l/ha. Complete eradication of M. cordata was achieved by applying paraquat at 0·56 kg/ha or 0·28 kg/ha followed 2‐3 weeks later by a second application at 0·28 kg/ha in 112 l/ha. La lutte contre Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B. L. Robinson dans les cultures au moyen du paraquat

Inventarization of potential plant for phytoremediation on degraded land and water mined

One of the most important problems in degraded mined ecosystem is contamination of soil and water by toxic substances, mainly heavymetal such as Pb and others such as cyanide. Phytoremediation could be used as an alternative technique to overcome this problem.Phytoremediation is defined as clean up of pollutans primarily mediated by photosynthetic plants. These plants have several beneficialcharacteristics such as the ability to accumulate metal in their shoots and an especially high tolerance to heavy metals. This research wascarried out to study the potencies of local species to accumulate Pb and cyanide. Seventeen species were collected from mined waste area(namely tailing area) and then the cyanide and Pb accumulated in each species were analyzed. The result showed that some speciesaccumulated Pb and cyanide in high concentration such as Ipomoea sp. (35.70 ppm cyanida) and Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Robinson(11.65 ppm Pb). A series of research is needed to prove that these species are potential as heavy metal and cyanide accumulators.© 2005 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKeywords: phytoremediation, heavy metal, gold mined