Migratory Situation Research Articles

The modelling of migratory flows into the region

In the article, the values of management of migratory processes for labor market stabilizing for the purpose of definition of categories of the population necessary for the country/region and a number of manpower are shown. Also, measures of economic incentives of migratory inflow (outflow) of the population in the necessary scales and directions for an increase in a contribution of external migrations in the demographic and labor capacity of the country, and the changing of the direction of internal migration flows according to the socioeconomic and national interests of Russia and its regions are presented. Mathematical and economic-mathematical modelling in the management of labor migration are considered as a component of the mechanism of region's labor market stabilization. In this regard, the system of indicators allowing most adequately to estimate a migratory situation and its influence on the formation of labor potential and development of regional labor market is analyzed. The assessment is given to the existing methods of the migration modeling used for the management of the labor migration processes, forecasting, planning, and optimum distribution of manpower. As the analysis result, the most acceptable methods of the migration forecasting, which can be used in justification of the measures directed to the achievement of balanced supply and demand of labor and, respectively, ensuring sustained economic growth and transition to an innovative way of economic development, are defined.

Beyond ‘Choice or Force’: Roma Mobility in Albania and the Mixed Migration Paradigm

One of the dichotomies which has affected migration studies for some time is that between ‘forced’ and ‘voluntary’ movements. Yet there is a growing realisation of the importance of understanding how the two overlap. Focusing on the Albanian Roma, this paper adds weight to the argument that a ‘mixed migration’ approach is necessary to understand a number of migratory situations which do not neatly fit the forced/voluntary categorisation. The paper draws on empirical material collected through household questionnaires, in-depth interviews, group discussions and ethnographic observation during 2007–08 within the framework of a broader study on gender, remittances and development in Albania.

Public engagement of women in migratory situation and cultural regrouping in French suburbs

Nous nous interesserons a l’engagement dans l’espace public de femmes vivant dans les espaces urbains, beneficiant des dispositifs de la politique de la ville, ou se multiplient les initiatives pour soutenir la redefinition des rapports de genre. Apres avoir caracterise ces lieux et l’engagement associatif dans un tel cadre, nous analyserons plus particulierement les engagements en situation migratoire. Pour saisir les conditions dans lesquelles se forgent les engagements de femmes immigrees, nous verrons d’abord les changements que connait la famille en situation migratoire. L’analyse des processus de repositionnement des enfants et des parents sera ensuite completee par un eclairage concernant le couple, avant de nous attarder sur l’engagement lui-meme et en illustrant notre propos par un exemple pris dans la region lyonnaise.

The Migratory Situation in Russia in 2009

This Paper deals with a wide scope of migratory issue in the Russian Federation. The author ficuses on labor migration as well as on temporary one.

Moroccan Migrants in Europe and Islamophobia

The major aspiration of Moroccan migrants was, and remains, the realization of their migration project, which is the improvement of their well-being and that of their families. Over the years, the migration project led to the emergence of a nuclear family in the host country, constituting a key component of the migratory situation and engendering challenges for migrants and their children, as well as for the receiving and sending countries. In general, three major features characterize the situation of Moroccan migrants: (1) the first and second generations face social segregation and experience loneliness and homesickness; (2) children are drawn between the culture of the country of origin and that of the host country, a dilemma they themselves have to resolve; and (3) immigrants are subject to the Islamophobia that results from the presumption that Islam is a totalitarian religion that is incompatible with the European (and Western) values of freedom of religion, equality, human rights, and democracy. Multiculturalism and cultural diversity may be considered means for integration and devices for bringing about or preserving cultural, religious, racial, ethnic, linguistic diversity. Multiculturalism, or some form of it, could be invoked by such a host country to promote diversity and discourage homogenizing activities.

Aperçu de la migration interne aux États-Unis

"This article briefly looks at internal migration in the United States, with [particular] reference to the reversal of the tendency that was observed in the early seventies, when the South became a region that clearly gained from migratory exchanges with the other regions. The phenomenal growth of the Sun Belt during the seventies constitutes, without doubt, one of the outstanding demographic features of this decade, in the United States. With data from the 1980 Census, this article examines the migratory situation at the state level, during the 1975-1980 period." Consideration is given to the likelihood of the continuation of the migration balance in favor of the Sun Belt in the future. (summary in ENG, SPA)

Plant speciation in continental island floras as exemplified byNigellain the Aegean Archipelago

Continental shelf island systems, created by rising sea levels, provide a premier setting for studying the effects of geographical isolation on non-adaptive radiation and allopatric speciation brought about by genetic drift. The Aegean Archipelago forms a highly fragmented complex of mostly continental shelf islands that have become disconnected from each other and the mainland in relatively recent geological times (ca <5.2 Ma). These ecologically fairly homogenous islands thus provide a suitable biogeographic context for assessing the relative influences of past range fragmentation, colonization, gene flow and drift on taxon diversification. Indeed, recent molecular biogeographic studies on the Aegean Nigella arvensis complex, combining phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population level approaches, exemplify the importance of allopatry and genetic drift coupled with restricted gene flow in driving plant speciation in this continental archipelago at different temporal and spatial scales. While the recent (Late Pleistocene) radiation of Aegean Nigella, as well as possible instances of incipient speciation (in the Cyclades), is shown to be strongly conditioned by (palaeo)geographic factors (including changes in sea level), shifts in breeding system (selfing) and associated isolating mechanisms have also contributed to this radiation. By contrast, founder event speciation has probably played only a minor role, perhaps reflecting a migratory situation typical for continental archipelagos characterized by niche pre-emption because of a long established resident flora. Overall, surveys of neutral molecular markers in Aegean Nigella have so far revealed population genetic processes that conform remarkably well to predictions raised by genetic drift theory. The challenge is now to gain more direct insights into the relative importance of the role of genetic drift, as opposed to natural selection, in the phenotypic and reproductive divergence among these Aegean plant species.

Vulnerability to HIV infection among Luo female adolescent orphans in Western Kenya

Large-scale surveys have reported that about 55% of orphans worldwide are adolescents. In Kenya, the majority of HIV-infected adolescents are females. The current study used the anthropological methods of in-depth case studies to analyse how migratory life situations of individual female adolescent orphans in the Luo community of Western Kenya may increase their exposure to HIV. The study shows that the ability of the female adolescent orphans to adopt risk-preventive behaviour in relation to HIV is determined by a range of factors beyond their control of individual sexual behaviour. Although analysis of a single case study limits generalisation of the findings, the results provide insights into the reason for sex differentials in HIV infection rates among adolescents as reported in some large-scale surveys. The paper recommends that HIV prevention strategies for adolescents should examine the specific life situations of female orphans by focusing on the impacts of HIV and AIDS and poverty on the protective role of the family. It also recommends that keeping female adolescent orphans in school or in vocational training can be an effective HIV prevention strategy for them.

Innate preference for magnetic compass direction in the Alpine newt, Triturus alpestris (Salamandridae, Urodela)?

Magnetic compass orientation was first discovered for migrating/homing birds in which all individuals of a population or species prefer a predictable magnetic direction during a particular migratory situation. If all other sensory cues are absent, the Earth’s magnetic field may serve as a reference for other orientation mechanisms. It will be demonstrated that alpine newts (Triturus alpestris, Salamandridae) spontaneously align according to the natural or the deviated magnetic field lines of the Earth. They are able to do this in the dark and by apparently seeking to maintain a specific angle with respect to the magnetic field vector. When the horizontal component of the magnetic vector was eliminated, animals became disoriented, and orientation became random. We infer that the animals observed had learned to prefer a particular magnetic direction following environmental/geographical cues. Alternatively, the magnetic directional alignments are innate as, e.g. in migrating birds, but these may be modified/altered according to season, age, hormonal status, and environmental factors such as “landmarks”, light-, sound-, or olfactory cues. Numerous observations of the aligning showed that the preference for a certain magnetic compass direction/axis was not only individual but also specific for the population-subgroups tested. Specimens roughly preferred magnetic directions close to east or west. However, the larvae were able to learn to align to obviously attractive hiding spots (tubes) that were provided in a direction that deviated with respect to the first magnetic preference. The new conditioned alignments were, again, referred to magnetically by the animals and remained stable, even if the hiding tubes were absent. Animals preferred that direction until, eventually, a new directional cue became attractive.

The Japanese in Latin America: on the uses of diaspora

AbstractInternational migration only began to affect Japan in the late nineteenth century, but since then there have been three waves of emigration, two of them customarily regarded as diasporas. Recent discussions of the concept of diaspora have highlighted a tendency for the broadening of the definition to encompass many different migratory situations. This article considers the debate over the characteristics of diaspora and examines a set of five criteria for a definition that can be used, among other things, to distinguish diaspora from immigrant settlement and transnationalism. These criteria are then set against the case of the first Japanese diaspora which led to the establishment of significant communities of Nikkeijin in the Americas from the 1890s to the 1970s. The Nikkeijin are shown to be a model diasporic group, except for a lack of transnational contacts within the diaspora. The paper also considers further theoretical propositions concerning the evolution of ‘homeland’ society views of the diaspora. It is shown that these may have considerable importance in determining any ‘return’ migration that may occur. In the Japanese case, the migration of Nikkeijin to Japan since 1990 has been problematic. Constructions of the continuing Japanese‐ness of the diaspora population have been contested, and differences rather than similarities have been stressed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Migration in Europe: Challenges To Citizenship

The world's population is currently six billion, 80 per cent of whom live in developing areas, and 50 per cent live under the absolute poverty line. Available forecasts indicate that soon 90 per cent of all population growth will take place in these same developing areas where today 80 per cent of the world population is already concentrated. The political answer of Europe from the 1980s onwards to the demographic unbalances of the world and to the movements of escape from violence from developing regions has been an increasing closure of its borders to the inflow of economic migrants and an extreme reluctance to take in refugees and asylum seekers. In this work I will discuss the European migratory experience and its current migratory situation. I will attribute the current situation to a marked rupture between immigrants' and refugees' individual rights and European collective interests.

Dynamique identitaire en situation migratoire : à propos de jeunes issus de l’immigration hmong

The identity dynamic in a migratory situation about the young born into the hmong immigrants The young Hmong people, who are said to be from the «second generation», are marked by the patterns of two cultures and build their cultural identity from these two. After a devaluation of their parental culture during their teenage years, they enter the world of adults through a union with a member coming from the same ethnic group and this cannot be done any other way. They are all driven by the same desire to claim at the same time their ethnic identity and their French cultural background. The ethnic community is then the mould of the cross-cultural identity of these young people who put forward their differences while wishing to integrate into the French environment.

Sunset orientation of robins, Erithacus rubecula, with different fields of sky vision

Migratory orientation of robins (Erithacus rubecula) at sunset was recorded using orientation cages, under clear autumn skies. The aim of the experiments was to examine the importance of different visible sky sections for the orientation of robins. I obtained the following results: (1) Robins tested with the visible sky section limited to 90° around zenith (≥45° above the horizon) showed a mean orientation that coincided with the average sunset azimuth, with little scatter around the mean angle (Fig. 2). (2) When the birds were allowed a more extensive field of sky vision (maximum 160°), they chose headings on an approximate north-south axis, significantly different from tests with a restricted view of the sky (Fig. 3). (3) Experiments were also performed in which the response of robins to a mirror deflection (about 120° counterclockwise) of visual cues in the lower parts of the sunset sky was examined. The outcome indicated that visual information in the lower part of the sky may be critical for the orientation of robins (Fig. 5). These results, together with recent findings that robins captured and tested at two nearby sites show distinctly different orientation behavior in relation to experimental manipulations of the magnetic field, suggest that priorities among orientation cues may differ depending on the migratory situation encountered.