Migration Trends Research Articles

The system of forming the protection of national values in the member states of the European Union

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the fact that today in Ukraine the state mechanisms for the protection of national values, which are actively developing in the member states of the European Union, in particular in the field of international law, are not functioning effectively enough. Our European partners implement the protection of national values through their organizational and institutional state mechanisms, counting on the entire range of assistance within the EU.
 The purpose of this article is to study the system of formation of the protection of national values in the member states of the European Union, which ensures the development of a democratic legal state and its public administration.
 As a result, the dualism of the system of protection of national values in the member states of the European Union was investigated, which does not mean the mutual absorption of organizational or institutional state mechanisms or the primacy of one over the other. The system of protection of national values should be perceived as an expanded range of capabilities of the EU member states, which are united by a single civilizational dimension and have a completely material basis for building basic interaction among themselves. After all, the majority of EU member states are mononational, although in the context of the global migration trend, large ethnic groups from African and Asian countries are constantly entering the territory of the EU, which brings relevant features to the process of formation and implementation of internal state policy.
 The utilitarian nature of the EU and the system of international legal norms that the Union implements through its organizational and institutional mechanisms is that member states can always count on the entire range of assistance, including in the context of ensuring sustainable development and protecting the system of national values. After all, for the EU and its members, the category of "national values" is taken absolutely literally, that is, in relation to each individual member state, such a system has its own expression and uniqueness.
 Thus, it should be stated that the EU has its own system of basic values, which have been expressed both in separate legal acts and in the general idea of the European community. The latter is enshrined in the preamble of the Treaty on the European Union, where even the unity of the cultural, religious space and common historical past is reflected.

Hidden agenda for cross-cultural training: understanding refugees’ cross-cultural experience through the capability approach

Cross-cultural training (CCT) is important for facilitating more effective interaction in a foreign country, yet theoretical development around CCT rarely captures modern-day migration trends, such as the refugee crisis. Building on the fact that refugees require extra cross-cultural support, as they rarely have sufficient time and resources to prepare pre-departure, we bring the humanitarian context to the field of international human resource management in general and to CCT literature in particular. Through a multidisciplinary review, we offer a theoretical model based on the capability approach to understand existing studies and guide future research. We especially examine the target social groups for CCT, the various components of the training, engagement by receiving community stakeholders, and the relationship of training to individuals’ cross-cultural experiences in a foreign country. CCT is vital for refugees to rebuild their lives and careers in a way that enhances their substantive choices and freedoms to achieve what they value in their new country, and our review suggests scholarship has more work to do to reflect contemporary trends in its theorizing of CCT.

MIGRATION AND WELDING OF AN ESTUARINE BARRIER-SPIT DRIVEN BY DELTA EVOLUTION AND STORMS

As sea levels rise globally in response to anthropogenic climate change, coastal depositional systems that persist in dynamic equilibrium with accommodation space, sediment supply and hydrodynamic processes may begin to respond by redistributing sediment, causing erosion or migration of landforms that may have appeared as stable over previous decades to centuries. In contrast, systems that have adjusted to inherited or changing boundary conditions over historical times offer insights on the modes and timescales of potential future change in remobilised coastal systems. We investigate the coupled evolution of an estuarine sand barrier-spit and tidal delta over the past century, focusing on storm-driven erosion and overwash during recent decades that triggered recurrent barrier migration (rollover), ultimately welding it to the bedrock valley framework. Historical aerial photographs and recent high-resolution satellite and aerial imagery are analysed to map morphological change and calculate decadal trends in shoreline and barrier migration. Ocean wave and water level conditions between image dates capturing notable responses are analysed using wave and tide records from nearby measurement stations.

Dataset of Multi-Aspect Integrated Migration Indicators

Nowadays, new branches of research are proposing the use of non-traditional data sources for the study of migration trends in order to find an original methodology to answer open questions about cross-border human mobility. New knowledge extracted from these data must be validated using traditional data, which are however distributed across different sources and difficult to integrate. In this context we present the Multi-aspect Integrated Migration Indicators (MIMI) dataset, a new dataset of migration indicators (flows and stocks) and possible migration drivers (cultural, economic, demographic and geographic indicators). This was obtained through acquisition, transformation and integration of disparate traditional datasets together with social network data from Facebook (Social Connectedness Index). This article describes the process of gathering, embedding and merging traditional and novel variables, resulting in this new multidisciplinary dataset that we believe could significantly contribute to nowcast/forecast bilateral migration trends and migration drivers.

Spatial evolution and decomposition of energy-related CO2 emissions in China's mining industry: from the perspective of regional heterogeneity.

To ensure China's energy security, the mining industry faces increasing emissions reduction and energy conservation pressures. This study combined index and production-theoretical decomposition analyses to decompose the energy-related CO2 emissions in mining industry (ERCEMI) influencing factors into seven major effects and adopted a gravity model to dynamically visualize the transfer path and gravity distribution from 2000 to 2015. As investment effects were introduced into the decomposition analysis, the results fully considered the regional heterogeneity and spatiotemporal dynamics. The main findings were as follows: (i) a typical heavy emissions trend along the Heihe-Tengchong line, with a concentration of large ERCEMI values; (ii) the gravity center of ERCEMI had shifted to the southwest, and the migration trends were divided into three stages; (iii) the ERCEMI had strong regional heterogeneity, with a diffusion trend from north to south and shrinking from east to west; (iv) the potential energy intensity and investment efficiency effects had significantly inhibited the ERCEMI, while the investment scale had boosted it. Implications for regional layouts, energy intensity reductions, and investment optimization are discussed. This research provides a comprehensive regional analysis for ERCEMI reductions and the sustainable development of the mining industry and provides a reference for local industrial development planning.

폴란드의 유럽연합 가입 10년 결산 연구

On May 1, 2014, 10 years have passed since Poland joined the European Union. In 2004 Poland joined the European Union as one of the poorest countries in Europe. Among them, serious problems in the labor market, such as extreme unemployment, were also included. The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the situation at the time of the first 10 years of joining and present the results, after examining the state of Poland’s economy and its weaknesses at the time of joining to the European Union. It will also be able to look at the losses incurred by joining to the European Union along with the gains it has brought. These include matters such as - the financial impact of becoming a membership, the consequences of the European Union’s participation in the Common Regional Policy and the New Cohesion Policy, the economic development of trade within the scope of the Single European Market, and the trends of Polish migration abroad to the Western European labor market.

KONSELING LINTAS AGAMA DAN BUDAYA DALAM FENOMENA HIJRAH DAN PERILAKU BERAGAMA MILENIAL DI MEDIA SOSIAL (Kajian Pada Fenomena Pamer Kebaikan di Media Sosial)

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of migration which has recently been happening to millennials on social media, which has made changes to the religious behavior of the millennials themselves. Millennials tend to show off their religious activities on social media which should be part of private rather than public affairs. But now, social media has given birth to a new culture where religious behavior is no longer a personal matter between humans and their God, but is also part of the activities that are usually displayed in the media display space, especially social media. The migration trend carried out by millennials brings new changes to religious behavior on social media, someone can easily be called someone who is devoutly religious just by sharing posts about religion, and sharing alms by uploading them on social media. The purpose of this study is to find out that the phenomenon of migration and religious behavior that likes to show off the goodness and piety of millennials on social media is overcome by providing cross-religious and cultural counseling. The research method used is library research or library research with a qualitative type. The results of the study show that cross-religious and cultural counseling is deemed capable of dealing with the trend of showing off kindness and piety on social media.

Changes in the Patterns of Population Distribution and Built-Up Areas of the Rural–Urban Fringe in Post-Socialist Context—A Central European Case Study

The rapid and significant expansion of urban areas is observed worldwide; however, considerable differences are detected within the characteristics of the process. The rural–urban fringe is changing most dynamically from the aspect of land use and this tends to be relevant in the case of post-socialist cities in Central Europe even with a stagnating or decreasing population. Debrecen (Hungary) and its hinterland adequately represent the migration trends of Hungarian cities and the great administrative area provided wide intra-urban suburbanization processes. The current study put the emphasis on the analysis of the spatial pattern of built-up areas and the distribution of residents. In order to discover the processes of the post-socialist transition period, detailed point layers were created to illustrate every built-up parcel in the rural–urban fringe of Debrecen (for the years 1980, 2000, and 2020). The most important characteristics were discovered with the help of GIS methods—Kernel-density, grid pattern analysis of the object density, and analysis of land cover/land use changes using Corine Land Cover Change (CLCC) databases. The dynamic and extended expansion of built-up areas was seen until 2000, in which the outskirts (including hobby gardens) densified spectacularly. The urban sprawl has been less intensive since the millennium and the increase in built-up areas has become more concentrated. As a consequence of the transition period, extended territories—primarily the least dense parts of the rural–urban fringe—are faced with the disappearance of buildings due to agricultural cultivation reasons.

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Economic Quality Difference between North and South China

Based on the “Five development Concepts”, this paper uses the entropy method to measure the economic quality of 336 prefecture-level regions and above in China from 1991 to 2020, and uses Dagum Gini coefficient, Kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation and standard deviation ellipse to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of North-South economic quality differences. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) From 1991 to 2020, the economic quality of the north and south continues to grow, and the spatial distribution pattern shows a relatively significant feature of “the south is relatively high, the north is relatively low” and “the coastal economic belt is relatively high, and the inland city is relatively low”. 2) In the past 30 years, the relative difference between the north and south regions has fluctuated and decreased, while the absolute difference has increased. 3) The economic quality of southern cities has a more significant spatial agglomeration. HH agglomeration and LL agglomeration are dominant in the south, while LL agglomeration is more inclined in the north. 4) The economic mass center of gravity in the north and the south showed a migration trend of “northeast-north” and “northwest-southwest” respectively.

Remote Sensing Identification and the Spatiotemporal Variation of Drought Characteristics in Inner Mongolia, China

In the context of global warming, timely and accurate drought monitoring is of great importance to ensure regional ecological security and guide agricultural production. This study established the Drought Severity Index (DSI), based on the potential evapotranspiration (PET), evapotranspiration (ET) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from 2001 to 2020, to compensate for the low accuracy of drought spatial and temporal evolution due to the uneven distribution of stations. The DSI index was established to reveal the spatial and temporal variation of droughts in Inner Mongolia in the past 20 years, using trend analysis, gravity shift and geographic probes, and to explore the influence of different factors on the DSI. The results were as follows. (1) The results showed that the spatial distribution of DSI in Inner Mongolia during 2001–2020 had strong spatial heterogeneity, and generally showed distribution characteristics of drought in the west and wet in the east. In addition, the changes in DSI all exhibited a rising tendency, with the highest tendency in deciduous broadleaf forests (DBF) and the lowest tendency in grassland (GRA). (2) The center of gravity of wet, normal and arid areas showed a migration trend from northeast to southwest, with migration distances of 209 km, 462 km and 826 km, respectively. (3) The four combinations of temperature and elevation, temperature and slope, temperature and land use, and temperature and rainfall contributed the most. The results obtained in this study are important for the scheduling of ecological early warnings and drought prevention and control.

Chinese Heritage Language Maintenance in the Context of Superdiversity

Situated in the context of migration trends toward superdiversity in Anglophone countries, this study conceptualizes Chinese heritage language (CHL) learners as complex social beings with increasingly diverse language repertories, migration histories, and socioeconomic statuses. Failing to understand such diversity in language maintenance and language shift may lead to oversimplifying the process of Chinese language maintenance and consequently perpetuating educational inequities in overseas Chinese education. The study analysed questionnaire data from 56 CHL learners who identified as dialect speakers in a New Zealand university. Findings show that CHL learners are indeed a linguistically and socioculturally diverse group. There is a clear shift towards English among participants as they approached adulthood, with some also speaking non-Chinese languages like Khmer. While Chinese dialects remain prevalent within their homes, younger generations exhibit a decrease in the number of Chinese dialects spoken. Surprisingly, Mandarin, despite being the primary language resource for Chinese education, is underutilized and tends to remain at a low proficiency level. This study concludes by offering implications to policymakers and Chinese curriculum developers to provide genuine support for maintaining and learning the Chinese language within the increasingly diverse Chinese diaspora.

Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover and its influencing factors in Shandong Province based on GEE.

Economic development has rapidly progressed since the implementation of reform and opening up policies, posing significant challenges to sustainable development, especially to vegetation, which plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem service functions and promoting green low-carbon transformations. In this study, we estimated the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) in Shandong Province from 2000 to 2020 using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The spatial and temporal changes in FVC were analyzed using gravity center migration analysis, trend analysis, and geographic detector, and the vegetation changes of different land use types were analyzed to reveal the internal driving mechanism of FVC changes. Our results indicate that vegetation cover in Shandong Province was in good condition during the period 2000 to 2020. The high vegetation cover classes dominated, and overall changes were relatively small, with the center of gravity of vegetation cover generally shifting towards the southwest. Land use type, soil type, population density, and GDP factors had the most significant impact on vegetation cover change in Shandong Province. The interaction of these factors enhanced the effect on vegetation cover change, with land use type and soil type having the highest degree of influence. The observational results of this study can provide data support for the policy makers to formulate new ecological restoration strategies, and the findings would help facilitate the sustainability management of regional ecosystem and natural resource planning.

IMR Country Report — The Changing Dynamics of International Migration in Ethiopia

Over the last 50 years, Ethiopia has experienced several socio-economic, environmental, and political crises, leading to significant migration internally and across borders. The IMR Country Report provides a concise overview of Ethiopia's migration history and the present state of international migration trends, which is a crucial migration hub in the Horn of Africa region. The report examines the changing dynamics of migration to, from, and through Ethiopia, including crucial insights from the complex migration journeys of individuals over the years. Migration outflows and drivers have shifted in scale, and the demographic profile of migrants, their countries of origin and destination, has also evolved. Additionally, over the last decade, there has been an increase in the involuntary repatriation of Ethiopian domestic workers from Gulf countries.

Patterns and Trends of Out-migration in Syangja District of Nepal

When migration occurs, it has a significant impact on the lives and livelihoods of individuals, communities, societies, and the nation. In this regards, the paper aims to examine the patterns and trends of out-migration in Syangja district of Nepal. As key data sources, government records, Nepal Census Data 2021, and related reports were used for analysis. This research has employed a descriptive research approach for the analysis of the trends and patterns of migration in Syangja district. On the basis of secondary data, the information on the population growth, migration pattern and trend, causes of migration, and the preferred destination has been presented and discussed. The article has also discussed the factors influencing decisions on migration. The study reveals that people of Syangja had chosen to migrate both within the country and outside. The main reasons for migration were primarily employment and education, which is considerably lacking in Syangja. The findings indicate that migrants expect a higher standard of living as a result of their migration. Understanding the migration patterns and trends which are helpful for the policymakers and decision makers to formulate the district specific policy and strategy as well as to regulate and harness the benefits of migration.

Distribution pattern and change prediction of Phellodendron habitat in China under climate change.

Phellodendron has always been of great significance in promoting human health and ecological restoration. However, human activities and climate change have severely affected habitat, population dynamics and sustainable use of Phellodendron. Little is known about the geographical distribution pattern and their responses to climate change of Phellodendron. In order to reveal the impact of climate change on Phellodendron, we conducted a study based on natural distribution data of two species (297 occurrence points), 20 environmental factors, and an optimized MaxEnt model. Our results identified the main environmental factors influencing Phellodendron, predicted their potential geographical distribution, and assessed migration trends under climate change in China. Our analysis showed that Ph. amurense and Ph. chinense have potential suitable habitats of 62.89 × 104 and 70.71 × 104 km2, respectively. Temperature and precipitation were found to play an essential role in shaping the present geographical distribution of Phellodendron populations. Based on two future climate scenarios, we forecasted that the potential suitable habitat of Ph. amurense would decrease by 12.52% (SSP245) and increase by 25.28% (SSP585), while Ph. chinense would decline by 19.61% (SSP245) and 15.78% (SSP585) in the late-21st century. The potential suitable habitats of Ph. amurense and Ph. chinense would shift to northward and westward, respectively. Hydrothermal change was found to be the primary driver of the suitable habitat of Phellodendron populations in the future. We recommend establishing nature reserves for existing Phellodendron populations, especially Ph. chinense. Our study provided a practical framework for the impact of climate change on the suitable habitat of Phellodendron species and guided regional cultivation, long-term conservation, and sustainable use.

통합 전환기 루마니아인의 사회 인구통계학적 추이

Today’s socio-demographic changes are based on parameters such as natural population growth rates, such as births and deaths, and migration abroad by emigration and immigration. Migration phenomena record the permanent evolution of inflows and outflows of people affected by a variety of factors. The factors that caused migration are very diverse, and depending on the era, they were influenced by social (war, invasion, and disease), natural (natural phenomena, earthquakes, floods), political (exportation), and economic (low wages, high costs, high prices, etc.) factors. Among these, economic factors, especially economic power and purchasing power, and the gap in wage levels between countries of origin and destination have the greatest influence. Migration flows from countries with low economic and purchasing power to developed countries are significant. After World War II, Romania's demographic history experienced three inflection points. The first is the temporary population increase caused by Ceausescu’s fertility policy in the 1960s and the continued decline thereafter. The second is the decline in the birth rate due to the economic situation immediately after the fall of socialism and the gradual decline in mortality due to the development of universal welfare and medical technology. The third is the ongoing change of population in the freedom of migration due to the integrated transition. Romanian international migration before 1989 is based on two mechanisms. One was permanent migration due to political and ethnic issues, and the other was temporary migration for study or employment based on an agreement between the governments of the other countries. However, since 1989, the main reasons for international migration have changed from political and racial issues to unified economic reasons. Thus, the trend of temporary migration has increased both in the number and percentage of total migrants. The world economy and Romania's integration into the EU have brought important changes in terms of economic development, purchasing power and population mobility within the EU. Migration refers to the change of residence of a person under the influence of various economic, political and social factors in relation to the country of origin or destination. During the transition to integration since 2007, international migration in Romania is characterized by two parallel trends: ‘emigration’ and ‘immigration’. The former is the emigration of Romanian citizens abroad, the latter is mainly the Republic of Moldova and foreign nationals from third countries to Romania. One of the most striking phenomena today is that the purpose of international migration is no longer driven by money or economic motives, but by various issues such as culture, education, society and health.

Spatial-temporal variation and driving forces of the synergy of “pollution reduction, carbon reduction, green expansion and economic growth”: evidence from 243 cities in China

IntroductionPollution reduction, carbon reduction, green expansion and economic growth—the synergistic effects of the four—have become essential in maintaining urban ecological security and promoting a green and low-carbon transition. And it is inherently consistent with the globally accepted concept of sustainable development. MethodsBased on the evaluation index system and the coupling mechanism of the four, we adopt the entropy method and the coupling coordination model to measure the synergistic level of “pollution reduction, carbon reduction, green expansion and economic growth” in 243 cities above prefecture level in China from 2005 to 2020. Furthermore, the study examined the temporal and spatial evolution and regional differences by utilizing the center of gravity-standard deviation ellipse, Dagum Gini coefficient method, Kernel density estimation, and Markov chain. In addition, the spatial econometric model was used to analyze the driving factors affecting the synergistic development.ResultsThe results show that the overall synergistic level is rising, the spatial distribution characteristics of “high in the east and low in the west.” The standard deviation ellipse shows a “northeast–southwest” pattern, and the center of gravity moves in a “southeast–northwest–southwest” migration trend. Regional differences are mainly rooted in inter-regional differences. The intra-regional differences are East > West > Central, with the most prominent East–West inter-regional differences. Without considering the spatial factor, the synergistic level shows a steady increase and has continuity. Under the spatial condition, the synergistic level has a positive spatial correlation. However, the positive spatial correlation decreases significantly as the years go by. Also, the probability of “rank locking” of synergistic development has been reduced, and there is a leapfrog shift. In terms of driving factors, the innovation level, level of external openness, population size, and industrial structure positively drive synergistic development. While government intervention negatively affects synergistic development. DiscussionsBased on the above findings,policy recommendations are proposed to strengthen the top-level design and build a policy system, play the radiation linkage, apply precise policies according to local conditions, and optimize the industrial structure fully. Which is of great significance for improving the urban ecological resilience and helping to achieve the “double carbon” target.

Rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation promote cold tolerance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) by physiological substances transformation and cryoprotectants accumulation.

Insect response to cold stress is often associated with adaptive strategies and chemical variation. However, low-temperature domestication to promote the cold tolerance potential of Bactrocera dorsalis and transformation of main internal substances are not clear. Here, we use a series of low-temperature exposure experiments, supercooling point (SCP) measurement, physiological substances and cryoprotectants detection to reveal that pre-cooling with milder low temperatures (5 and 10°C) for several hours (rapid cold hardening) and days (cold acclimation) can dramatically improve the survival rate of adults and pupae under an extremely low temperature (-6.5°C). Besides, the effect of rapid cold hardening for adults could be maintained even 4 h later with 25°C exposures, and SCP was significantly declined after cold acclimation. Furthermore, content of water, fat, protein, glycogen, sorbitol, glycerol and trehalose in bodies were measured. Results showed that water content was reduced and increased content of proteins, glycogen, glycerol and trehalose after two cold domestications. Our findings suggest that rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation could enhance cold tolerance of B. dorsalis by increasing proteins, glycerol, trehalose and decreasing water content. Conclusively, identifying a physiological variation will be useful for predicting the occurrence and migration trend of B. dorsalis populations.

Coupling or contradiction? The spatiotemporal relationship between urbanization and urban park system development in China

The urban park system (UPS) is an essential determinant of a city’s vitality and construction quality, playing an important role in the process of the high-quality construction of new urbanization. To explore the coupling and coordination relationship between UPSs and urbanization, a multidimensional evaluation system for urbanization and UPSs is constructed for 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2020, and the indexes are calculated using the entropy weight method. Then, a coupling coordination degree (CCD) model and relative development degree (RDD) model are used to comprehensively analyze the spatiotemporal evolutionary pattern in the coupling coordination between systems from a systematic perspective to a holistic perspective. On this basis, the spatial clustering of the CCD is identified by spatial autocorrelation methods. The research results indicate the following: (1) The urbanization indexes and UPS index both improved over the research period and both exhibit a significantly higher index in eastern provinces than in other regions. (2) The CCD between systems generally improved to a higher level overall. The spatiotemporal patterns indicate that the CCD showed a trend of deepening development from the edge to the middle. (3) Regarding the RDD, there was a widespread lack of synergy between UPSs and urbanization systems. In 2020, most provinces showed that the development of UPSs lagged behind urbanization. (4) The cold and hot spots of spatial clustering revealed a spatial evolution and migration trend, albeit to a limited extent. The cold spots were always distributed in the west with a gradually shrinking scope, while the hot spots were concentrated in the east, with their scope gradually expanding.

Conservation planning for the endemic and endangered medicinal plants under the climate change and human disturbance: a case study of Gentiana manshurica in China.

Human activities and climate change have significantly impacted the quantity and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa, a high-quality original species of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma, has significant medicinal value. However, wild resources have experienced a sharp decline due to human excavation, habitat destruction, and other factors. Consequently, it has been classified as an Endangered (EN) species on the IUCN Red List and is considered a third-level national key-protected medicinal material in China. The effects of climate change on G. manshurica are not yet known in the context of the severe negative impacts of climate change on most species. In this study, an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the current and future potential distribution of G. manshurica. In addition, land use data in 1980, 2000, and 2020 were used to calculate habitat quality by InVEST model and landscape fragmentation by the Fragstats model. Finally, using the above-calculated results, the priority protection areas and wild tending areas of G. manshurica were planned in ZONATION software. The results show that the suitable area is mainly distributed in the central part of the Songnen Plain. Bio15, bio03, bio01, and clay content are the environmental variables affecting the distribution. In general, the future potential distribution is expected to show an increasing trend. However, the species is expected to become threatened as carbon emission scenarios and years increase gradually. At worst, the high suitability area is expected to disappear completely under SSP585-2090s. Combined with the t-test, this could be due to pressure from bio01. The migration trends of climate niche centroid are inconsistent and do not all move to higher latitudes under different carbon emission scenarios. Over the past 40 years, habitat quality in the current potential distribution has declined yearly, and natural habitat has gradually fragmented. Existing reserves protect only 9.52% of G. manshurica's priority conservation area. To avoid extinction risk and increase the practicality of the results, we clarified the hotspot counties of priority protection area gaps and wild tending areas. These results can provide an essential reference and decision basis for effectively protecting G. manshurica under climate change.