Migration Trends Research Articles

Analysis of Water Migration and Spoil Slope Stability under the Coupled Effects of Rainfall and Root Reinforcement Based on the Unsaturated Soil Theory

Root reinforcement is an effective slope protection measure due to root water absorption and soil suction. However, the coupled effect of rainfall and root reinforcement remains unclear, resulting in a challenge to evaluate slope stability in complex environments. This paper regards the root–soil composite as a natural fiber composite and quantifies its reinforcement effect using direct shear tests. The unsaturated soil seepage–stress theory was employed to simulate the effect of rainfall on water migration and the stability of spoil, overburden, and vegetated slopes. Field measurements and pore water pressure tests verified the simulation results. Furthermore, the influences of the slope angle, rainfall parameters, and vegetation cover thickness on slope stability were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) The root reinforcement enhanced the soil’s ability to resist shear deformation, substantially improving soil shear strength. The cohesion of the root–soil composite (crs = 33.25 kPa) was 177% higher than that of the engineering spoil (ces = 12 kPa) and 32.21% higher than that of the overburden soil (cos = 25.15 kPa). (2) The overburden and vegetated slopes had lower permeability coefficients and a higher shear strength than the spoil slope, and the effect was more pronounced for the latter, resulting in lower landslide risks. The water migration trend of the vegetated slope was characterized by substantial runoff and a low sediment yield. The safety factors of the spoil slope, overburden slope, and vegetated slope were 1.741, 1.763, and 1.784 before rainfall and 1.687, 1.720, and 1.763 after rainfall, respectively, indicating a significantly higher safety factor of the vegetated slope after rainfall. (3) The slope angle significantly affected slope stability, with lower safety factors observed for higher rainfall intensities and durations. Under these conditions, the slope angle should be less than 30°, and the soil thickness should be 0.5 m for herbaceous vegetation and shrubs and 1.0 m for trees.

Is Agriculture Still the Mainstay of Rural Economies? Insights from Ultra-Poor Households in North-central Nigeria

Aims: Nigeria may be facing aging and decline in the population engaged at food production nodes, posing huge challenge to agri-food systems with poverty at risk of deepening. Current trend in rural-urban migration and occupational mobility raises the open question of: “Is agriculture still a mainstay of rural economy, playing reliant roles in income and employment generation for the ultra-poor in Nigeria rurality?”. Understanding this is important because structural change to agricultural workforce in Nigeria has far-reaching implications on food security, welfare, and poverty. We sought to unfold the dynamics of agriculture as a business among ultra-poor rural households in North-Central Nigeria. First, we investigated engagements of ultra-poor rural households in agriculture. Secondly, we examined their level of commercialization. Lastly, we investigated determinants of ultra-poor’s market participation and its intensity. Study Design: This study used quantitative primary data collected in surveys and qualitative data generated from focus group discussions. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in three states in North-central Nigeria viz: Kwara, Kogi, and Niger with data collected and analyzed between 2020-2022. Methodology: We randomly selected 1588 households (out of 60,427 households) from the “Single Register of the Ultra-poor” operationalized on a World-Bank-Assisted Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programme. We analysed data using descriptive statistics, Household Agricultural Commercialization Index, and Double-Hurdle Model. Results: Only about 18.7% of the ultra-poor households were primarily engaged in agriculture with the focus groups highlighting conflicts issues from indiscriminate grazing activities as primary reason for the abandonment. Determinants of market participation and intensification include: (-) household dependency ratio, distance to markets, (+) linkage to market agents, access to mechanization and input market, CCT-beneficiary status, and farm size (p<0.05). Conclusion: Involvement in primary agricultural production is declining in Nigeria. We recommend a boost to infrastructural development of the rurality to support agricultural transformation and attractiveness to the next wave of youths.

Relations between School and Immigrant Families in Albertan Francophone School: Perspectives of Settlement Workers in Schools – A Secondary Publication

In recent years, Francophone schools in Alberta, a province in western Canada, have seen significant ethnocultural diversification of their school population, thus reflecting recent migratory changes in Canada. The school population of a Francophone school board located in an agglomeration of Alberta reflects these new migratory trends. A partial ethno-demographic portrait carried out in 2003 in six of its schools indicates that 50% of the pupils come from an immigrant background and come from 23 different countries; mostly from sub-Saharan African countries. This demographic reality, confirmed more than a decade later, represents a major structural change for Francophone schools. In Alberta, as in other Canadian provinces, inclusion is at the heart of discourse and educational practices. With a transformative aim, it intends to promote ethnocultural diversity in the classroom and equal opportunities through school equity practices. This article focuses on the Settlement workers in schools responsible for bridging family, community, and school cultures. The analysis of the interviews of the four workers sheds light on and questions both the institutional practices and the personal strategies put in place to face the challenges encountered in this tripartite collaboration.

Development of migration processes in the context of transformation of international relations

Introduction. The practical study of migration trends in the modern global economy and the increase in the movement of people has become a key area of research. This subject requires reliable theoretical and methodological support due to the rapid pace of change and the ever-changing socio-economic landscape, as well as the challenges of transforming global relations. In fact, migration processes have always been an integral part of international relations, but the conditions and context of their development are constantly changing. Transformations in international relations caused by political, economic, social, and environmental factors have a particular impact on the direction of migration processes. Therefore, it is necessary to reassess existing approaches to global migration policy, taking into account their impact on the socio-economic development of countries with different socio-economic systems. The purpose of the paper is to identify conceptually new approaches to migration processes and to reveal transformational processes in international economic relations. Results. Migration can be defined as the movement across international borders from or within a place of residence. Migration can be viewed from different perspectives, both in a positive sense (moving in search of a new job or better living conditions) and in a negative sense (fleeing political repression, conflict, violence, natural disasters or human rights violations). In principle, migration involves significant changes in the cultural structures of both the migrant and the host country. In the context of socio-economic instability, the model of the migration process development environment should be based on building the potential of intellectual, human and economic security, justifying the priorities of the national economy in the context of limited resources. Methodological assessments of the migration process environment should determine not only the level of pushing the population abroad and attracting migrants to the destination country, but also the optimal containment of labor and educational migration. Conclusion. The global arena is undergoing a process of transformation of international economic relations, which is caused by the approaching systemic crisis caused by capital overhang. This phenomenon affects every country in the world. In the process of global transformation, in order to maintain relations between countries, it is necessary to reform the migration system. It is important that migration policy is regulated at the international level, so that each state can control its population, labour market and support its economy. It also ensures the rights of foreign workers: working conditions, wages, social protection, and health insurance. The prospect of further research is a statistical analysis of the number of migrants and their impact on the economies of the host countries. This includes analysing the impact of migration on the labour market, economic growth and wealth distribution, socio-cultural impact, political implications, security aspects, and technological innovations.

The impact of the new trend of urban‐to‐urban migration on fertility behaviors

AbstractIn China, urban‐to‐urban migration is an emerging migration trend that may have different impacts on fertility behavior. Based on the China General Social Survey, this study provides an in‐depth examination of the impact of urban‐to‐urban migration on fertility behavior. The findings show that urban‐to‐urban migrants tend to adopt more conservative fertility decisions, including lowering the likelihood of having children, delaying the age of first birth, and lengthening birth intervals. Traditional catch‐up and interference hypotheses fail to account for these results, whereas findings from the selectivity hypothesis suggest that urban‐to‐urban migrants anticipate lower numbers of children and maintain more open attitudes towards sexuality, potentially contributing to the conservative fertility behaviors. In addition, the study also reveals that urban‐to‐urban migration appears to promote a more open and liberal attitude towards childbearing, particularly weakening discriminatory attitudes towards women entrenched in feudal notions. This study has not only enriched the theories of migrant fertility behavior but also offered a new perspective on the recent changes in China's fertility rate.

Exploring nurses' experiences: Abandoning the profession and migrating for improved opportunities

AimThis study explores nurses' experiences in migration for employment and professional abandonment in Barcelona (Spain). MethodsEmploying a mixed-design approach comprising 1) a qualitative descriptive phenomenological study, followed by 2) a subsequent cross-sectional study, 20 and 225 nurses participated in each study, respectively. Qualitative data, gathered through 4 focus group discussions, underwent inductive thematic analysis, following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines, while quantitative data were descriptively analyzed. FindingsThree qualitative themes emerged: 1) Migration motives, such as improved job opportunities, permanent contracts, continuous training, and professional recognition; 2) Reasons for leaving or contemplating leaving the profession, including excessive workload, lack of recognition, limited development, and exhaustion; 3) Nurses' needs, encompassing more staffing, improved remuneration, permanent contracts, flexible schedules, greater autonomy, and career growth. The cross-sectional study revealed a 13.5 % professional abandonment rate at some point across all demographics and seniority levels. Migration trends varied by professional experience, with younger nurses seeking better conditions and opportunities elsewhere. ConclusionsMultifactorial causes underlie job migration and professional abandonment, necessitating comprehensive interventions to improve nurses' working and professional conditions.

Relations Between School and Immigrant Families in Albertan Francophone School: Perspectives of Settlement Workers in Schools — A Secondary Publication

In recent years, Francophone schools in Alberta, a province in western Canada, have seen significant ethnocultural diversification of their school population, thus reflecting recent migratory changes in Canada. The population of a Francophone school board located in an agglomeration of Alberta reflects these new migratory trends. A partial ethnodemographic portrait carried out in 2003 in six of its schools indicates that 50% of the pupils come from an immigrant background and come from 23 different countries; mostly from sub-Saharan African countries. This demographic reality, confirmed more than a decade later, represents a major structural change for Francophone schools. In Alberta, as in other Canadian provinces, inclusion is at the heart of discourse and educational practices. With a transformative aim, it intends to promote ethnocultural diversity in the classroom and equal opportunities through school equity practices. This article focuses on the settlement workers in schools responsible for bridging family, community, and school cultures. The analysis of the interviews of the four workers sheds light on and questions both the institutional practices and the personal strategies put in place to face the challenges encountered in this tripartite collaboration.

Changing Trends of Migration in Nepal

This paper aims at analyzing the changing trends of migration that have turned the world into a global village. The study focuses on how migration has affected all aspects of life including social, economic and demographic; and how it is affected by different factors like spatial variation in labour supply and demand, determined by economic concepts guided by wage differences, geographical opportunities and constraints. In the past, migration was limited to Tibet for trade and India for labour and trade. Later, as Lahure and British Gorkhali, they moved to Pakistan and India to serve as army. The major findings of this study shows that the top destination for the migrants who aspire for better survival are Malaysia, GCC countries remained the destination for economic reasons with moderate education level and the developed countries became the destination for high economic class step there for accomplishing their further study. The ratio of Male and female migrants has not only vast differences but also their prioritized destination also differs due to the kind of work they chose. Nepalese labour migration was badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to restriction despite having labour approvals. Later many new destinations have been opened with options of work type. This article is mainly based on secondary data collected from different articles published in journals related to migration, regular reports published by CBS, NLMR, IOM and others.

Distribution Pattern of Suitable Areas and Corridor Identification of Endangered Ephedra Species in China.

The suitable habitat of endangered Ephedra species has been severely threatened and affected by climate change and anthropogenic activities; however, their migration trends and restoration strategies are still relatively understudied. In this study, we utilized the MaxEnt model to simulate the suitable habitats of five endangered Ephedra species in China under current and future climate scenarios. Additionally, we identified significant ecological corridors by incorporating the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. Under the current climate scenario, the suitable area of Ephedra equisetina Bunge, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex Mey, Ephedra sinica Stapf, and Ephedra monosperma Gmel ex Mey comprised 16% of the area in China, while Ephedra rhytidosperma Pachom comprised only 0.05%. The distribution patterns of these five Ephedra species were primarily influenced by altitude, salinity, temperature, and precipitation. Under future climate scenarios, the suitable areas of E. equisetina, E. intermedia, and E. sinica are projected to expand, while that of E. monosperma is expected to contract. Notably, E. rhytidosperma will lose its suitable area in the future. Our identified ecological corridors showed that the first-level corridors encompassed a wider geographical expanse, incorporating E. equisetina, E. intermedia, E. sinica, and E. monosperma, while that of E. rhytidosperma exhibited a shorter length and covered fewer geographical areas. Overall, our study provides novel insights into identifying priority protected areas and protection strategies targeting endangered Ephedra species.

The creation of culturally responsive school environments in Ireland: Factors that assist in reducing the gap between policy and practice

Ireland’s cultural identity has transformed significantly in the past few decades as a result of large-scale inward migration. Consequently, the creation of culturally responsive school environments has become a major concern in policy discourses in recent years. Despite the prevalence of such discourses, research on the cultural responsiveness of the four major primary school types in Ireland, and what factors influence the gap between policy and practice across these school types has remained sparse. Addressing this lacuna in research, this exploratory multi-method study draws on data collected from teachers, principals, and parents. This study highlights several factors that assist students from culturally and religiously diverse backgrounds to develop a sense of school belonging and explores the challenges associated with implementing policies related to creating culturally responsive classrooms in Irish primary schools. This study holds international relevance as it highlights key factors facilitating schools’ response to the growing migration trend experienced throughout Europe.

Migration and Integration Policies in Türkiye

Türkiye, a country with significant population movements, is already a critical hub for many migrant mobility. In this study, Türkiye's immigration policy and integration process, which has developed under the influence of global, political, economic, and social conditions, are discussed. The study focuses on Türkiye's historical migration trends and integration policies, drawing attention to the importance of migration in changing population size and characteristics. As a spatial movement, migration affects social, cultural, and economic aspects, reshaping both migrants and host societies. The history of migration in the Republic of Turkey includes various waves of migration from population exchanges to the recent Syria studies. In this process, Türkiye has the characteristics of being a receiving, sending and transit country in migration movements. In addition to socio-economic concerns, Türkiye has been managing the integration process of the refugee population from Syria since 2011. The determinants that accelerate the integration process, such as the age group of the migrant population, common cultural and linguistic characteristics, and access to the labor market, are planned to support the preservation of social balance. This study, which aims to evaluate Türkiye's responses to this population movement and the policies that shape refugee integration, also reveals the different impacts of various waves of migration to Türkiye on the country and social structure. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of migration policies for the regulation of migrant movements.

Response of the cultivation suitability of Pu'er tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) to climate conditions and change in China.

Crop cultivation suitability plays a vital role in determining the distribution, quality, and production of crop and can be greatly affected by climate change. Therefore, evaluating crop cultivation suitability under climate change and identifying the factors influencing it can optimize crop cultivation layout and improve production and quality. Based on comprehensive datasets including geographical distribution points, climate data, soil characteristics, and topography, our study employed the MaxEnt model to simulate the potential distribution of Pu'er tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) cultivation suitability in Yunnan Province from 1961 to 2020. Furthermore, we assessed the consistency between the simulated suitable areas and the actual production of Pu'er tea. The results showed that precipitation of the warmest quarter, precipitation of the driest month, and average temperature in January were the three dominant environmental variables affecting the cultivation distribution of Pu'er tea. The high suitable areas for Pu'er tea cultivation in Yunnan Province were mainly distributed in the western and southern regions, accounting for 13.89% of the total area of Yunnan Province. The medium suitable areas are mainly distributed in the central and western regions of Yunnan Province, accounting for 20.07% of the total area of Yunnan Province. Over the past 60years, the unsuitable area for Pu'er tea has increased, while the suitable area has shown a trend of migration to the southwest. Changes in precipitation and temperature were found to be the main drivers of the changes in the distribution of suitable areas for Pu'er tea. We also found a mismatch between the cultivation suitability and the actual production of Pu'er tea. Our study provides an accurate assessment and zoning analysis of the suitability of Pu'er tea cultivation in Yunnan Province, which can help optimize the layout of Pu'er tea cultivation and reduce potential climate risks.

Modern problems of state legal regulation of migration in Kyrgyzstan

Relevance. Today, a reasonable approach to solving problems related to migration processes, which largely determine the socio-economic and political landscape of the country, is an important task on the way to successful state development, which is especially relevant for Kyrgyzstan.Purpose. The aim is to identify the elements related to the peculiarities of legislative regulation of migration processes in Kyrgyzstan by analysing various factors of state policy in the sphere.Methodology. The main methods of research were statistical, using which the indicators of migration process in the Republic were determined, and historical, using which the stages of formation of the legal framework in the sphere of employment of citizens abroad were named.Results. In the course of studying the dynamics of migration policy in Central Asian countries, the issues of legal regulation and the formation of a legislative framework for the protection, information, and service support of labour migrants were the main topics of discussion on the agenda at different levels of government. The most difficult situation was observed in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, where the able-bodied population is actively moving within the region and around the world in order to find work and secure a safer life. Analysing migration trends in the context of searching for certain regularities, the following features can be traced: if in the early 1990s people with higher education left Kyrgyzstan en masse, by the end of the 1990s � low-skilled workers, then in the beginning of the XXI century, there is an increase in migration processes among scientists, teachers, and representatives of other academic specialities.Conclusions. The results and conclusions of the work can be used as a practical basis for future scientific research on this topic, as well as for the development of strategies to regulate migration policy.

MIGRATION TRENDS AND POLICIES: A REVIEW OF AFRICAN AND USA PERSPECTIVES

Migration is a global phenomenon that significantly shapes the demographic, economic, and social landscapes of nations. This Review provides a concise overview of the migration trends and policies in Africa and the United States, exploring commonalities, differences, and the implications for both regions. In the African context, migration is a multifaceted process influenced by economic, political, and environmental factors. The continent experiences both voluntary economic migration and forced displacement due to conflicts and environmental challenges. This review delves into the diversity of migration policies across African nations, highlighting the tension between regional integration and the need for border controls. The African Union's role in shaping continental migration policies is examined, emphasizing the importance of balancing economic interests with humanitarian considerations. The United States, historically a destination for immigrants, has a complex immigration system shaped by changing societal needs and political landscapes. This Review outlines the various forms of migration to the U.S., including family reunification, employment-based immigration, and asylum-seeking. The dynamic interplay between federal regulations and state-level initiatives contributes to a nuanced policy framework. This review explores the historical evolution of U.S. immigration policies, from periods of openness to more restrictive measures based on economic conditions and security concerns. Comparatively analyzing migration trends and policies in Africa and the USA reveals common themes such as economic aspirations, geopolitical influences on forced migration, and the importance of comprehensive policy frameworks. Recognizing migration as a shared global challenge underscores the need for collaborative approaches. This Review emphasizes the significance of international cooperation to address the root causes of migration, promote economic development, and safeguard the rights of migrants. In conclusion, this Review encapsulates the intricate dynamics of migration in Africa and the USA. By understanding the shared challenges and embracing collaborative solutions, nations can work towards creating more inclusive, humane, and sustainable migration policies that benefit individuals and societies on a global scale.
 Keywords: Perspectives, Policies, USA, Africa, Migration, Review.

Vertical migration behavior simulation and prediction of Pb and Cd in co-contaminated soil around Pb-Zn smelting slag site

Heavy metal migration in soil poses a serious threat to the soil and groundwater. Understanding the migration pattern of heavy metals (HMs) under different factors could provide a more reasonable position for pollution evaluation and targetoriented treatment of soil heavy metal. In this study, the migration behavior of Pb and Cd in co-contaminated soil under different pH and ionic strength (NaCl concentration) was simulated using convective dispersion equation (CDE). We predicted the migration trends of Pb and Cd in soils after 5, 10, and 20 years via PHREEQC. The results showed that the migration time of Cd in the soil column experiment was about 60 days faster than that of Pb, and the migration trend was much steeper. The CDE was proved to describe the migration behavior of Pb and Cd (R2 > 0.75) in soil. The predicted results showed that Cd migrated to 15–20 cm of soil within 7 years and Pb stayed mainly in the top 0–6 cm of soil within 5 years as the duration of irrigation increased. Overall, our study is expected to provide new insight into the migration of heavy metal in soil ecosystems and guidance for reducing risk of heavy metal in the environment.

Polymedia, de-territorialization, and cultural transformation: Pakistani students’ digitally mediated acculturation journeys in China

ABSTRACT In light of the increasing trend of inter-Asian migration within China, this qualitative research explores the socio-cultural and technological implications of the de-territorial and digitally-mediated acculturation journeys of Pakistani higher education students in China. A comprehensive analysis of the polymedia experiences of Pakistani higher education students reveals paradoxical trends. The research findings illustrate China’s controlled approach to cultural and technological diversity. The study highlights the dominance of Chinese apps, notably WeChat, and VPN services in strengthening co-national bonds, fostering transnational connections, and cultivating cultural belonging. Conversely, the article contends that the students’ polymedia interactions demonstrate China’s evolving cultural and technological landscape. For instance, digital access, availability, and literacy empower sojourners to reinforce their ethnic identities and communities, promote increased usage of US-based digital platforms, and further accelerate the adoption of the English language within China’s socio-cultural landscape. Understanding these digitally influenced creative pathways and information ecologies presents a significant opportunity for Chinese institutions to foster stronger connections with the expanding South Asian student communities.

The epidemiological and clinicopathological features of breast cancer in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

To investigate the epidemiological and clinicopathological features of breast cancer (BC) in Saudi Arabia to improve decisions regarding resource allocation, disease control, and management. We retrieved the records of all patients who presented with histologically proven BC at King Fahad Medical City between 2019 and 2020. The data were analyzed quantitatively, and the results were expressed as percentages and frequencies. This study comprised 419 patients. The mean age was 50.13 (± 10.96) years. The majority of the patients were obese (56.6%), and approximately a quarter had a history of oral contraceptive pill use, breast biopsy, or an affected family member. Most cases were from the central region (80.1%), followed by the southern provinces (12.7%). Breast lumps were the most common complaint (89%), whereas hypertension and diabetes mellitus were the most common comorbidities. Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common pathologic type (89.7%). Most patients presented with TNM stages II and III (55.2%), and 27.7% had metastasis. The main therapeutic modalities included radical mastectomy (63.8%), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (60.4%), and adjuvant radiotherapy (82.9%). In Saudi Arabia, a trend of BC incidence migration towards older patients may be ensuing. However, prediction of an advanced and aggressive presentation requires the enhancement of screening programs and standardized protocols for disease management.

Prediction of potential distributions of Morina kokonorica and Morina chinensis in China.

Changes in the habitats of species can provide insights into the impact of climate change on their habitats. Species in the genus Morina (Morinoideae) are perennial herbaceous plants that are mainly distributed in the South Asian Mountains and Eastern Mediterranean. In China, there are four species and two varieties of this genus distributed across the Yunnan, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu provinces. This study used the optimal MaxEnt model to simulate past, current, and future potentially suitable habitats of Morina kokonorica and Morina chinensis. Seventy data of M. kokonorica occurrences and 3 of M. chinensis were used in the model to predict potentially suitable habitats. The model prediction results indicated that both M. kokonorica and M. chinensis exhibited trends of northward migration to higher latitudes and westward migration along the Himalayas to higher elevations, suggesting that the northern valleys of Hengduan Mountains and northern and eastern parts of the Himalayas were potential refugia for M. kokonorica, and the potential refugia for M. chinensis was located in the eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results of this niche analysis showed that the two species had higher levels of interspecific competition and that the environmental adaptability of M. chinensis was stronger. This research could help further understand the response pattern of Morina to environmental change, to understand the adaptability of species to the environment, and promote the protection of species.

Can the giant planets of the Solar System form via pebble accretion in a smooth protoplanetary disc?

Context. Prevailing N-body planet formation models typically start with lunar-mass embryos and show a general trend of rapid migration of massive planetary cores to the inner Solar System in the absence of a migration trap. This setup cannot capture the evolution from a planetesimal to embryo, which is crucial to the final architecture of the system. Aims. We aim to model planet formation with planet migration starting with planetesimals of ~10−6−10−4 M⊕ and reproduce the giant planets of the Solar System. Methods. We simulated a population of 1000-5000 planetesimals in a smooth protoplanetary disc, which was evolved under the effects of their mutual gravity, pebble accretion, gas accretion, and planet migration, employing the parallelized N-body code SyMBAp. Results. We find that the dynamical interactions among growing planetesimals are vigorous and can halt pebble accretion for excited bodies. While a set of results without planet migration produces one to two gas giants and one to two ice giants beyond 6 au, massive planetary cores readily move to the inner Solar System once planet migration is in effect. Conclusions. Dynamical heating is important in a planetesimal disc and the reduced pebble encounter time should be considered in similar models. Planet migration remains a challenge to form cold giant planets in a smooth protoplanetary disc, which suggests an alternative mechanism is required to stop them at wide orbits.

Determinants of global migration: The impact of ESG investments and foreign direct investment

In response to global economic, social, and environmental problems, ESG investment principles have changed the approach to directing and structuring foreign direct investment. Additionally, they are becoming an essential factor in attracting migrants. This article aims to determine the impact of foreign direct investment on global migration trends and their peculiarities with the introduction of ESG investment principles. For this purpose, global foreign direct investment flows, global ESG investment flows, and global migration trends have been analyzed from 1995 to 2022. Pairwise correlation calculation was used as the primary analysis method through R-Studio software with integrated R programming language. The results indicated a 35% correlation between the volume of global ESG investment flows and the number of international migrants (as a percentage of the total population, which varies between 3.2% and 3.6%) for 2010-2022. Subsequently, regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between critical variables: investment flows and the level of migration in four European countries (France, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Germany). It was determined that investment inflows led to new jobs, accelerated economic growth, and improved business climate, thus encouraging reduced outflow and increased inflow of migrants. Investments based on ESG principles also reduce emigration as they enhance the quality of life in the host country, provide better environmental protection, and promote more transparent corporate management. However, it should be noted that investments have no apparent impact on migration caused by external factors such as wars or political conflicts, so such analysis should not include periods of global economic and political unrest.