Migration Strategies Research Articles

Technologies in Migration Processes: Mediation in Communication and Social Capital

Aim. This article presents an ethnographic exploration of technology use among migrants. The main question explored is how migration processes are mediated by communication between migrants and their support network, considering the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs).
 Methods. Multi-situated and virtual ethnography have allowed researchers to access and obtain relevant discourse on the experiences, perceptions, and strategies of migrants in a non-invasive way.
 Results. In pre-digital contexts, support networks of friends and family provided sources of information in the development of migration projects. With the spread of technology, Facebook’s virtual communities are a means of facilitating migration strategies. Likewise, ICTs bring migrants and their families closer to the “there”, bolstering their bonding social capital and therefore their emotional well-being. Despite the language barriers, and the stereotypes and prejudices held by native-born residents, virtual social networks allow migrants to strengthen their bridging social capital, facilitating the integration of different Latin American migrant groups in the destination society.
 Conclusion. Today, ICTs have transformed migration strategies and expanded bonding social capital, allowing migrants to share common interests with their family setting, despite the distance. Limited interaction between migrants and native-born residents restricts bridging social capital, but the virtual sphere allows the Latin American diaspora to pursue common interests and overcome cultural barriers.

Woodland loss differently affects seed dispersal by resident and migratory avian frugivores in olive grove-dominated landscapes

Seed dispersal by frugivores is a key ecological process underpinning the functionality of woodland patches and their capacity to maintain biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Resident and migratory avian frugivores differ in temporal span of their local occurrence, as well as in mobility and territoriality. However, whether landscape homogenization by agriculture affects seed dispersal by avian frugivores differing in migratory strategy remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized a positive role of woodland patches on avian frugivore abundance and seed-dispersal frequency, and a differential impact of woodland loss and landscape simplification on resident and migratory frugivorous birds. We tested these hypotheses in 20 farms distributed along a gradient of woodland loss and olive cropland expansion in south Spain, considering woodland patches and olive fields as two habitats to survey avian frugivore abundance and frequency of seed dispersal. We confirmed that both the abundance and seed-dispersal frequency of avian frugivores were higher in woodland patches than in olive fields, and also that both decayed with decreasing woodland cover. This was largely mediated by a few European (winter) migrants and secondarily by some resident species. However, the woodland patches were unable to intercept sub-Saharan (summer) migrants in sufficient numbers as to make their contribution to dispersal of summer fruits meaningful. Woodland patches with higher seed-dispersal function were located predominantly in landscapes with high woodland cover and/or fruit availability. Moreover, a relatively high woodland cover in the landscape enhanced the seed dispersal function in woodland patches through a balance between high overall frugivore abundance and dispersal frequency, and some increased activity of resident and summer migrants. Our results also inform that the presence of particularly fruit-rich woodland patches can compensate the woodland cover required to maintain the function by enhancing the frequency of seed dispersal of all migratory groups. In contrast, to maintain the function of fruit-poor woodlands their cover at landscape scale should increase. Preserving and restoring woodland patches at landscape scale and enhancing their abundance and diversity of fruits could boost the activity of different disperser groups and their functional complementarity across agricultural landscapes.

A 10-m resolution impervious surface area map for the greater Mekong subregion from remote sensing images

High-resolution and multi-temporal impervious surface area maps are crucial for capturing rapidly developing urbanization patterns. However, the currently available relevant maps for the greater Mekong subregion suffer from coarse resolution and low accuracy. Addressing this issue, our study focuses on the development of accurate impervious surface area maps at 10-m resolution for this region for the period 2016–2022. To accomplish this, we present a new machine-learning framework implemented on the Google Earth Engine platform that merges Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar images and Sentinel-2 Multispectral images to extract impervious surfaces. Furthermore, we also introduce a training sample migration strategy that eliminates the collection of additional training samples and automates multi-temporal impervious surface area mapping. Finally, we perform a quantitative assessment with validation samples interpreted from Google Earth. Results show that the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the final impervious surface area maps range from 92.75% to 92.93% and 0.854 to 0.857, respectively. This dataset provides comprehensive measurements of impervious surface coverage and configuration that will help to inform urban studies.

Fitness, behavioral, and energetic trade-offs of different migratory strategies in a partially migratory species.

Alternative migratory strategies can coexist within animal populations and species. Anthropogenic impacts can shift the fitness balance between these strategies leading to changes in migratory behaviors. Yet some of the mechanisms that drive such changes remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the phenotypic differences, and the energetic, behavioral, and fitness trade-offs associated with four different movement strategies (long-distance and short-distance migration, and regional and local residency) in a population of white storks (Ciconia ciconia) that has shifted its migratory behavior over the last decades, from fully long-distance migration toward year-round residency. To do this, we tracked 75 adult storks fitted with GPS/GSM loggers with tri-axial acceleration sensors over 5 years, and estimated individual displacement, behavior, and overall dynamic body acceleration, a proxy for activity-related energy expenditure. Additionally, we monitored nesting colonies to assess individual survival and breeding success. We found that long-distance migrants traveled thousands of kilometers more throughout the year, spent more energy, and >10% less time resting compared with short-distance migrants and residents. Long-distance migrants also spent on average more energy per unit of time while foraging, and less energy per unit of time while soaring. Migratory individuals also occupied their nests later than resident ones, later occupation led to later laying dates and a lower number of fledglings. However, we did not find significant differences in survival probability. Finally, we found phenotypic differences in the migratory probability, as smaller sized individuals were more likely to migrate, and they might be incurring higher energetic and fitness costs than larger ones. Our results shed light on the shifting migratory strategies in a partially migratory population and highlight the nuances of anthropogenic impacts on species behavior, fitness, and evolutionary dynamics.

Drivers of partial migration in the reddish egret Egretta rufescens

The reddish egret Egretta rufescens is North America's rarest Ardeidae and is listed as ‘Near Threatened' by the IUCN, as endangered in Mexico, and as a species of conservation concern throughout much of its range in the United States. Little is known about the migratory behavior of the reddish egret. Individuals that were banded during the breeding season in Texas, USA, have been resighted away from breeding areas; however, records are limited and the extent of migration is unknown. Using GPS transmitters, we found reddish egrets breeding in southern Texas exhibited a partial migration strategy, with 39% of the marked population migrating from breeding sites. We assessed the dominance, body size, and arrival time hypotheses to better understand the drivers of partial migration. We did not find support for the body size hypothesis and found mixed support for the dominance hypothesis; both males and females migrated, and migratory status of individuals did not change across the years of study. Long‐distance migrants were also larger than resident individuals. We found some support for the arrival time hypothesis; residents began breeding earlier than long‐distance migrants and had moderately greater nest success. However, within long‐distance migrants, an earlier arrival to breeding areas did not necessarily equate to earlier nesting or greater nest success. This study is the first to examine the migratory behavior of adult reddish egrets and assesses the dominance, body size, and arrival time hypotheses as explanations for partial migration in this species. Further, the results of this study emphasize the need for international conservation efforts.

PBCLR: Prediction-based control-plane load reduction in a software-defined IoT network

The exponential growth of devices and applications in Internet of Things (IoT) networks has caused control-plane traffic to escalate. Experts have suggested Software-Defined Networking (SDN) as a solution for complicated IoT network management. Nevertheless, SDN encounters obstacles in managing the substantial control-plane traffic many IoT devices produce. Prior findings have identified the dynamic switch migration technique as a viable solution for control plane load oscillation. However, their tendency to migrate switches during instances of controller overload restricts the efficiency of traditional migration strategies. As a result, these approaches lead to inefficiencies in the switch migration process, resulting in elevated latency. The present study introduces a prediction-based novel approach for mitigating the control-plane workload by leveraging the dynamic switch migration technique. The proposed method proactively and predictively migrates the switches anticipated to generate excessive control-plane traffic to an alternative controller. We use the learning technique along with time-series analysis to predict the future workload based on the historical control-plane traffic data. The proposed methodology is evaluated through simulation and the results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional techniques in enhancing load balancing efficacy on a distributed control plane and decreasing migration cost and controller response time by 30.6% on average.

Global migration strategies: Albanian migration after 1990

Abstract The migration is a form of mobility that is carried out in many ways, in different times and different distances. In the migration process, apart from the motives, the distance and the place are important. Today, thanks to traffic systems, the migration flows tend to become more and more massive and global. Also, the culture and economy in the globalization process is distributed widely, motivating even more international migration. On the other hand, human migration can contribute to economic and cultural globalization. The migratory movements have traditionally played a very important role in developing and distributing the population all over the world. But what are the causes, consequences and strategies of Albanian migration after 1990? The used methodology consists of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The migration of Albanians has played an important role in demographic developments in Albania after 1990 and is one of the biggest problems of the country. In these conditions, it is imperative that in all the projects and strategies that were developed for Albania, to take into account the changes and effects that the migration process brings in different spatial ranges.

Dynamic video service migration in flying edge computing networks

Recently, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) and service migration policies have shown promising results to improve the user experience and optimize infrastructure resources. In addition, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) appear as a promising solution to provide cloud service in collaboration with traditional MEC scenarios. However, in conjunction with the resources available on users' devices, contextual information has been ignored by most policies. In this article, we propose a service migration strategy based on contextual information and evaluate the influence of user mobility on migration strategies, called DVSM. Simulation results highlight the superior performance of the DVSM compared to state-of-the-art algorithms and a performance equivalent to the optimal solution when the collection and analysis of context information are carried out correctly.

Adapting to change: Exploring reverse migration as a coping strategy among internal migrants in Bangladesh

The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed down economic growth and disrupted labor markets throughout the world, including Bangladesh. A significant proportion of people lost income sources in the formal and informal sectors, triggering them to return to villages, and the transition introduces us to the new phenomenon known as “reverse migration”. This study explores and synthesizes the COVID-19 induced changing patterns of migration and returnees' coping strategies based on their level of preparedness as well as resource mobilization. A mixed-method research approach was applied to conduct the research. The study area was Rangpur (Pirganj, Taraganj, and Kaunia). For collecting primary data, semi-structured survey questionnaires were used and conducted 84 field survey data, 12 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), 6 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs), 2 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and participant observations. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo software were used to present the findings of this study. The findings of the study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic fueled informal job holders’ returning to their homeland due to a low level of preparedness and mobilized resources. The study found that most respondents were in severe level unemployment. As a result, a lack of physical assets, they could not start new income-generating ventures and encountered food insecurity due to unexpected price hikes. The alarming result indicates that internal reverse migration is gendered, and the adverse impact is more prevalent among female migrants rather than male migrants. Along with the governmental organizations, the highlights of this study would be essential for non-governmental organizations and development practitioners.

A gradual migratory divide determines not only the direction of migration but also migration strategy of a social migrant bird.

Migratory divides separate populations of migratory animals, facilitating the evolution of intraspecific differences in migration strategies. Migration strategies are expected to be different for birds using different flyways and environments, but the knowledge regarding the impact of the flyway on individual migration strategies is scarce. By using satellite tracking and neckband resightings, we reveal the existence and structure of a gradual migratory divide between two European flyway populations of greylag geese Anser anser. Birds breeding at the far end of the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea coast use the Western Flyway, those breeding in the Gulf of Finland the Central Flyway and those breeding between these extremes scatter to the two flyways. By using Gaussian process modelling, we show that migration strategies differed between the flyways. The birds using the Western Flyway migrated earlier in autumn, performed longer annual migration and made a clear stopover during migration, whereas the birds using the Central Flyway flew directly to their wintering sites. The gradual migratory divide that also divides migration strategies provides insights into migratory divides on birds with learned migration. Distinct migration strategies in different flyways provide exciting possibilities to further study the factors driving migration strategies.

Weather, sex and body condition affect post-fledging migration behaviour of the greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus

BackgroundUnderstanding which intrinsic and extrinsic factors dictate decision-making processes such as leaving the natal area or not (migratory vs resident strategy), departure time, and non-breeding destination are key-issues in movement ecology. This is particularly relevant for a partially migratory meta-population in which only some individuals migrate.MethodsWe investigated these decision making-processes for 40 juvenile greater flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus fledged in three Mediterranean colonies and equipped with GPS-GSM devices.ResultsContrary to the body size and the dominance hypotheses, juveniles in better body condition were more likely to migrate than those in worse conditions, which opted for a residence strategy. Flamingo probability of departure was not associated with an increase in local wind intensity, but rather with the presence of tailwinds with departure limited to night-time mostly when the wind direction aligned with the migratory destination. Moreover, a positive interaction between tailwind speed and migration distance suggested that juveniles opted for stronger winds when initiating long-distance journeys. In contrast to previous studies, the prevailing seasonal winds were only partially aligned with the migratory destination, suggesting that other factors (e.g., adults experience in mix-aged flocks, availability of suitable foraging areas en route, density-dependence processes) may be responsible for the distribution observed at the end of the first migratory movement. We found potential evidence of sex-biased timing of migration with females departing on average 10 days later and flying ca. 10 km/h faster than males. Female flight speed, but not male one, was positively influenced by tailwinds, a pattern most likely explained by sexual differences in mechanical power requirements for flight (males being ca. 20% larger than females). Furthermore, juveniles considerably reduced their flight speeds after 400 km from departure, highlighting a physiological threshold, potentially linked to mortality risks when performing long-distance non-stop movements.ConclusionThese results suggest that not only intrinsic factors such as individual conditions and sex, but also extrinsic factors like weather, play critical roles in triggering migratory behaviour in a partially migratory metapopulation. Furthermore, social factors, including conspecific experience, should be taken into consideration when evaluating the adaptive processes underlying migration phenology, flight performance, and final destination selection.

An Analysis of Cyber Threat in the Merger and Acquisition Process and the Role of Cyber-security for a Successful Merger

Businesses are increasingly giving cybersecurity the attention it deserves to facilitate successful mergers and acquisitions. Cyber security due diligence is not only essential for just the acquiring company. Excellent cybersecurity benefits both sides of the M&A process. A clean bill of health concerning cybersecurity can make a target firm more attractive, and cybersecurity best practices on both ends make for a smoother, more secure transition period. This Research paper analysis the major cyber threat possible in Merger and Acquisition cases and provide deep understanding of the cyber risk in merger deals, the role of due diligence in Cyber Security and migration strategies for Cyber Risk in merger. This paper concludes that cybersecurity is a critical consideration in the M&A process, with data breaches and cyber threats posing significant risks to both acquiring and target companies. By adopting a proactive and multi-layered approach to cybersecurity, businesses can mitigate risks, protect sensitive data, and foster a smooth post-merger integration. Prioritizing cybersecurity throughout the M&A lifecycle is essential in today's digital landscape to safeguard against evolving cyber threats.

Hong Kong Migrants’ Divergent Experiences in Australia: A Multi-level Spatio-temporal Approach

This study compares the social field for recent Hong Kong immigrants in the Australian cities of Melbourne, Sydney, and Darwin. We explore how migrants’ experience differs in terms of their capital, migration trajectories, and interactions with Australians and in the workplace. Drawing on 31 in-depth interviews, this study features migrants’ precarious experience and (self-)selection to cities and regional areas which are shaped by the convertibility of migrants’ resources as well as state-based criteria of desirability. Compared to Melbourne and Sydney, the Northern Territory has a relatively more welcoming immigration policy. This lower bar offers a lower risk for Darwin’s immigrants seeking permanent residency. At the meso-level, Darwin’s transient population and its more multicultural ethnic composition facilitates opportunities for migrants from Hong Kong to both form social relationships outside their ethnic group and to enter standard employment. While the Australian government’s introduction of the “Hong Kong stream” migration could have attracted migrants whose permanent residency in Melbourne and Sydney would otherwise have been unobtainable, a sense of uncertainty mounted given the “incidental” nature and the paradigm of temporariness in migration policies. Our paper illuminates the interconnectedness of the macro, meso, and micro levels through a spatial-temporal understanding of divergent migration experience and strategies.

Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged daylength in a New World sparrow

When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade‐offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and can diverge with both latitude and migratory strategy. In terms of offspring size, growth rate can deviate in nestlings of the same or similar species due to the correlated influences of weather events, predation pressure, food availability, number of nestmates and parental provisioning. Furthermore, a longer photoperiod for species nesting at higher latitudes increases the duration over which a nestling can be fed each day, and increased nestling provisioning has been positively correlated with growth rate. Whether the amount of time a bird is fed during development drives this variation in growth rate and morphology is unknown. By removing supplemental environmental stressors (e.g. weather, predation) and standardizing feeding rate and environment, we explored the influence of daily duration of nestling provisioning on dark‐eyed junco Junco hyemalis nestlings. We hand‐reared 65 chicks of a sedentary junco subspecies J. h. carolinensis under both their natural photoperiod and the longer photoperiod of a closely related migratory subspecies J. h. hyemalis and compared growth rate, mass, morphology and the amount of food consumed. Average growth rate, fasted mass, wing length and total daily food consumption were all greater in birds hand‐reared under the longer, more northern photoperiod treatment. These findings suggest that increased daily photoperiod at higher latitudes may allow for greater total food provisioning and thus may play a role in the ability of parents in compressed breeding seasons to produce high quality offspring. This points to a trade‐off between provisioning effort and nestling growth rate in lower latitude (shorter photoperiod) populations and points to an important role of developmental plasticity on growth rate and morphology.

Multilevel climatic responses in migratory insects

Abstract Evidence is mounting that migration in ectotherms is more widespread than formerly believed. Thus, a number of insects living in temperate climates, including locusts, butterflies, moths and dragonflies, following seasonal migration strategies show high responsiveness to alterations in climatic processes, similar to a broad taxonomic range of birds. On global scales, migratory insects include iconic large butterflies, dragonflies and also a number of crop pests. However, insect migrations are ecologically distinct from those of vertebrates, often relying heavily on seasonal winds and multiple generations to complete a full annual cycle, due to short insect life spans. Here, we review publicly available online resources to identify key patterns of spatial, taxonomic scales and complexity of climatic responsiveness to environmental predictors in migratory insects. We found that migratory insects respond to various levels of complexity in climatic patterns, and these responses are predicted by life history and ecological traits: (i) responses to climatic effect type were predicted by climate zone(s) of the distribution area, whereas (ii) response to climatic complexity was predicted by body size. In conclusion, migratory insects respond to various levels of complexity in climatic processes, and this responsiveness is governed by a substantially wider array of environmental predictors than demonstrated in vertebrates.

A Network Fault Prediction-Based Service Migration Approach for Unstable Mobile Edge Environment

How to perform efficient service migration in a mobile edge environment has become one of the research hotspots in the field of service computing. Most service migration approaches assume that the mobile edge network on which the migration depends is stable. However, in practice, these networks often fluctuate greatly due to the fault of edge devices, resulting in unexpected service interruptions during the migration process. Besides, most of the existing solutions do not consider the migration cost and path selection in the event of edge network fault. Aiming at the above problems, we propose a service migration approach based on network fault prediction (SMNFP) for mobile edge environment. The SMNFP method first introduces the software-defined network as a global controller, which is used to monitor and collect the changing of the edge network and schedule the migration tasks. Second, a network fault prediction model based on Wide&Deep model is proposed to predict the upcoming faults in the network according to the alarm information of network equipment. Finally, the service migration problem is constructed as a Markov decision process, and a fault penalty function is introduced to avoid faulty nodes, together with the deep Q-learning method to solve the migration strategy. Simulation experiments are conducted on the public metro network fault dataset, and results show the proposed method can effectively predict network faults and complete service migration.

From rookeries to foraging grounds: understanding regional connectivity and genetic diversity in hawksbill turtles

This study investigated the genetic structure, diversity, and migratory patterns of hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) from two nesting locations in Papua New Guinea (PNG) using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and satellite telemetry. Tissue samples collected from nesting female hawksbill turtles (n=75) in PNG revealed a total of 6 haplotypes from the Conflict Group site and 5 haplotypes from Kavieng site, with the Conflict Group and Kavieng samples significantly differing from one another and all other known Asia-Pacific stocks. This finding expands our understanding of the genetic stock structure of hawksbill turtles in the Asia-Pacific region, resulting in 9 Management Units (MUs) now published. Satellite tracking of 15 hawksbill turtles revealed that all individuals migrated from the Conflict Group westerly towards foraging areas in eastern Australia (93%) and PNG (7%). With a mean migration path distance of 1241 ± 108 km, three distinct migration strategies were used by the 10 hawksbill turtles that made it to their foraging grounds in the I) eastern Torres Strait, II) Far North Queensland, and III) western PNG waters. A broad scope of home-range strategies and sizes (95% UD) were used, and in comparison to other studies further postulates that hawksbills are connected to non-specific foraging grounds associated with food source availability. This study provides for the first time in PNG essential insights into hawksbill turtle population structure and connectivity in the western Pacific region, highlighting the importance of effectively conserving and managing this critically endangered species as distinct population stocks. Furthermore, we make recommendations for national and regional conservation strategies and transboundary management to ensure the long-term survival and recovery of western Pacific’s hawksbill turtle populations.

Silk-protein-based gradient hydrogels with multimode reprogrammable shape changes for biointegrated devices

Biocompatible and morphable hydrogels capable of multimode reprogrammable, and adaptive shape changes are potentially useful for diverse biomedical applications. However, existing morphable systems often rely on complicated structural designs involving cumbersome and energy-intensive fabrication processes. Here, we report a simple electric-field-activated protein network migration strategy to reversibly program silk-protein hydrogels with controllable and reprogrammable complex shape transformations. The application of a low electric field enables the convergence of net negatively charged protein cross-linking networks toward the anode (isoelectric point plane) due to the pH gradient generated in the process, facilitating the formation of a gradient network structure and systems suitable for three-dimensional shape change. These tunable protein networks can be reprogrammed or permanently fixed by control of the polymorphic transitions. We show that these morphing hydrogels are capable of conformally interfacing with biological tissues by programming the shape changes and a bimorph structure consisting of aligned carbon nanotube multilayers and the silk hydrogels was assembled to illustrate utility as an implantable bioelectronic device for localized low-voltage electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve in a rabbit.

A Multi-Scale Progressive Collaborative Attention Network for Remote Sensing Fusion Classification.

With the development of remote sensing technology, panchromatic images (PANs) and multispectral images (MSs) can be easily obtained. PAN has higher spatial resolution, while MS has more spectral information. So how to use the two kinds of images' characteristics to design a network has become a hot research field. In this article, a multi-scale progressive collaborative attention network (MPCA-Net) is proposed for PAN and MS's fusion classification. Compared to the traditional multi-scale convolution operations, we adopt an adaptive dilation rate selection strategy (ADR-SS) to adaptively select the dilation rate to deal with the problem of category area's excessive scale differences. For the traditional pixel-by-pixel sliding window sampling strategy, the patches which are generated by adjacent pixels but belonging to different categories contain a considerable overlap of information. So we change original sampling strategy and propose a center pixel migration (CPM) strategy. It migrates the center pixel to the most similar position of the neighborhood information for classification, which reduces network confusion and increases its stability. Moreover, due to the different spatial and spectral characteristics of PAN and MS, the same network structure for the two branches ignores their respective advantages. For a certain branch, as the network deepens, characteristic has different representations in different stages, so using the same module in multiple feature extraction stages is inappropriate. Thus we carefully design different modules for each feature extraction stage of the two branches. Between the two branches, because the strong mapping methods of directly cascading their features are too rough, we design collaborative progressive fusion modules to eliminate the differences. The experimental results verify that our proposed method can achieve competitive performance.

RHPM: Using Relative Hotness to Guide Page Migration for Hybrid Memory Systems

Modern computing systems and data-intensive applications are eager for larger and faster memory. Building hybrid memory systems with different memory technologies has become a dominant trend to satisfy these demands. For hybrid memory systems, page migration schemes that dynamically migrate frequently accessed hot pages into faster memory are crucial for improving performance. However, existing migration schemes are either too aggressive, resulting in unnecessary extra traffic, or too conservative to quickly adapt to changes in access patterns. Besides, the extra latency introduced by querying metadata is often ignored or handled in an unscalable manner. In this paper, we propose a Relative Hotness Page Migration (RHPM) strategy, which discovers hot pages in a set of pages by competing with each other rather than comparing with a threshold. The migration is performed only when a new page wins the competition. To overlap latency due to access metadata, RHPM fetches metadata and data in parallel. In addition, it enables a small metadata buffer to speed up metadata access. Compared to the state-of-the-art scheme, RHPM requires only 1/512 of the on-chip capacity, significantly reducing on-chip hardware overhead. Evaluation of RHPM with simulations of 25 workloads shows that RHPM outperforms the state-of-the-art scheme by an average of 13.34% in performance and saves 44.19% on energy, demonstrating better resilience to changes in access patterns.