Migration Of Graduates Research Articles

MIGRATION OF THE HIGHLY EDUCATED: EVIDENCE FROM RESIDENCE SPELLS OF UNIVERSITY GRADUATES*

ABSTRACT We examine the inter‐regional migration of university graduates from 1991 to 2003 in Finland. The results show that time matters: two‐years before and during the graduation year the hazard rates of migration increase, and then decrease thereafter. Although university graduates are particularly mobile, we find that most of them do not move from their region of studies within 10 years after graduation. The out‐migration, i.e., brain drain, is much higher among graduates in the more peripheral universities than in the growth centers (Helsinki in particular). Migration is also substantially more likely for those studying away from the home region than for those studying at home.

Internal migration and wages of Italian university graduates

AbstractIn this paper, we estimate wage gains due to geographic mobility of Italian university graduates three years after graduation. By means of a matching procedure we quantify wage premia associated with the choice of studying far from home, moving after graduation and moving back home after graduation. We find evidence of large heterogeneity in the returns to different migration patterns. The results show large gains for those who move after graduation and smaller gains for those who migrate to study. Conversely, those who choose to go back home after having studied in regions different from that of origin suffer small losses. Our findings are robust to a finer definition of mobility and to the subsample of individuals originating from the South.

The Migration of High School Graduates to College

The National Center for Education Statistics reports that over 250,000 high school graduates moved across state lines to enroll in college in 2008. The choices made by these high ability individuals may have long-lasting implications for state economies; not only do they contribute to state and local economies through their tuition and daily living costs while studying, but many of them will be retained in the workforce in the state in which they graduate. This paper argues that inadequate attention has been paid to the spatial processes that underpin such migrations. Specifically, models are required that simultaneously consider the characteristics of both migration origins and destinations and their relative spatial arrangements. Thus, the purpose of this research is to present an alternative, explicitly spatial, approach to modeling the migration of high school graduates to college. Our results provide new insights into the factors that determine such flows and have direct relevance to policy-making in this sphere.

Balancing the Act

In this article I examine the phenomenon of international migration of medical graduates. The debate involving the ethical aspects of medical migration as well as the obstacles faced by doctors to practice unreservedly in their host countries are addressed. The situation of Australia in this context is also scrutinised. Finally, I propose a series of strategies aimed at minimising the unfavourable consequences of the international migration of doctors. This commentary favours a reform in the way institutions and society respond to the process of medical migration and to the needs of migrant doctors. Continued research on this health care topic is required in order to identify the major factors that play a role in this process.

Where does all the talent flow? Migration of young graduates and nongraduates, Canada 1996–2001

It has recently been suggested that cities and regions should focus upon attracting talented individuals as a means to develop. Such a suggestion implies two things: first that it is possible to meaningfully alter migration flows by way of local policy, and second that these flows have an effect on local growth (and not the reverse as has generally been admitted). In this paper, we begin to investigate the empirical foundations of such assertions by examining some structural determinants of graduate migration flows by comparing them, in a gravity model context, to flows of nongraduates. Our contention is that, if migration flows are structured by such factors, then policies aimed at modifying flows—and any research purporting to give such policy advice—must first take them into account. We show that migration flows are strongly dependent on basic gravity variables such as size and distance, but that these and other variables (such as income differences, presence of graduates and border effects) do not affect all flows equally. Furthermore, we show that certain factors that are assumed to be local (such as wage levels) in fact only operate at a provincial level. Thus policies implemented locally may have little or no effect if they are manipulating factors that operate at a different scale.

Internal Migration, Identity and Livelihood Strategies in Contemporary Russia

This article applies the concept of ‘livelihood strategies’ to analyse the motivations of migrants within European Russia in the years 1999–2005. While not ignoring the economic rationale for migration—the obvious draw of Moscow, where wages are several times higher than those in the provinces—it also examines the aspirations and norms which help to dictate the choice of migration in preference to other strategies. It argues that the current boom in popularity of higher education in Russia reflects the emergence of a new social norm, prompting the adoption of more entrepreneurial livelihood strategies by millions of parents. For small-town and rural households, this often implies the temporary labour migration of fathers, with mothers expected to manage the household smallholding as well as hold down a low-paid local job. Successful migration of both graduates and older adults is still highly dependent on personal connections. These are facilitated by dense urban–rural networks, perpetuated by the custom of city-dwellers spending their summer holidays with rural relatives, in a society where foreign holidays are still the luxury of a minority.

What Affects International Migration of European Science and Engineering Graduates?

Using a dataset of science and engineering graduates from 12 European countries, we analyse the determinants of labour migration after graduation. We find that not only wage gains are driving the migration decision, but also differences in labour market opportunities, past migration experience, and international student exchange are strong predictors of future migration. Contrary to our expectations, job characteristics such as the utilisation of skills in the job and involvement in innovation hardly affect the migration decision. When analysing country choice, countries such as the USA, Canada and Australia appear to attract migrants due their larger R&D intensity. Moreover, graduates with higher grades are more likely to migrate to these countries.

Where have all the graduates gone? Internal cross-state migration of graduates in Germany 1984–2004

The present paper analyzes the out-migration of graduates to other German states or abroad based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Our duration analysis shows that the decision to out-migrate is mostly a matter of socio-economic variables than of state specific economic conditions. The longer the graduates stay in their state of study, the lower will be the propensity to leave. On the contrary, nonresident students seem to exhibit a significantly higher probability to out-migrate after graduation.

When Have All the Graduates Gone? Internal Migration of Graduates in Germany 1984-2004

The present paper analyzes the out-migration of graduates to other German states or abroad based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Applying duration analysis, it can be shown that, ten years after graduation, slightly more than seventy percent of the graduates still live in the state where they completed their studies. The parametric estimation model identifies personal characteristics that are highly correlated with out-migration and permanent residence respectively. The analysis confirms previous results that nonresident students exhibit a significantly higher emigration propensity than resident fellows.

Migration of computer science graduates from South Asia to Europe and North America

This paper addresses the influx of computer science graduates from South Asia into Europe and North America. It analyses the need and supply chains between two points and identifies the pros and cons of the education imparted to these graduates. The effects of social disorder due to migrations are addressed. The resulting technological vacuum in the donor countries is also analysed. It concludes with recommendations to reduce the impact on both the donor and receiving countries.

Higher education, participation and devolution: the case of Northern Ireland

This paper outlines some of the key changes in higher education participation in Northern Ireland from the mid-1980s onwards and places the discussion of participation in the evolving policy context of devolution in the United Kingdom. The paper draws upon research conducted on participation and the migration of students and graduates. Changes in student numbers by level and mode are complemented by a consideration of social class, religion, and gender. The analysis distinguishes between different reasons for migration or staying in Northern Ireland. The discussion highlights some of the early consequences of devolution in the UK for higher education participation and suggests that the UK system previously regarded as unified is set to become increasingly differentiated.

Professional identification and affiliation of the 1992 graduate class of the colleges of osteopathic medicine.

This survey of the 1992 graduates of colleges of osteopathic medicine included questions regarding their identification with the osteopathic medical profession from application to medical school through residency training and practice. Findings of the study demonstrate that a large majority of graduates regard the profession positively. However, many express concerns about the limited training in advanced osteopathic manipulative skills, with several indicating a low level of confidence in integrating osteopathic techniques into clinical practice. Study respondents also assert that the osteopathic medical profession has yet to effectively project and promote its distinctiveness to the general public. These factors affect the overall identification and affiliation of the respondents to the osteopathic medical profession. Previous anecdotal and research reports suggested that a migration of graduates into nonosteopathic postgraduate training programs and the de-emphasis of osteopathic manipulative medicine in clinical training sites have created an identity crisis within the profession. These reports stimulated the undertaking of this study. Challenges to the profession addressed in this paper include: (1) requiring advanced training in osteopathic manipulative medicine after the second year of medical school; (2) creating an awareness of the need for increased professional visibility; (3) producing effective public relations strategies to portray the osteopathic medical profession accurately; and (4) generating sufficient funds to carry out these strategies.

Regional Disparities of Education Levels in Japan

In former geographical studies, the regional disparities of education levels were little emphasized in Japan. But education levels and locations of educational institutions and their inflow areas cannot be examined separately. Also, the disparities of education level are closely related to that of social level and economic conditions. So the regional disparities of education levels are closely related to those of social level and economic conditions. Therefore the regional disparities of education level between core and peripheral regions correspond with that of economy which are closely connected with the social level. Furthermore, to understand the regional disparities it is important to study the distribution of educational opportunities.The purpose of this paper is to make clear the regional disparities and longitudinal change in education levels in Japan and to analyze mechanisms of regional disparities.The results obtained are summarized as follows;1) The location of institutions of higher education tended to be concentrated in larger cities, especially in core regions of Japan, such as the southern Kanto and Keihanshin metropolitan areas. The national educational policy played an important role in this location.2) In peripheral regions, students who wish to go to colleges go out to core regions because of the small capacity of institutions of higher education in their own region. On the contrary, core regions absorbed them. These processes created the great regional disparities in the number of undergraduate students between core and peripheral regions.3) Return migration of university graduates decreased the disparities of higher education level between core and peripheral regions. But the regional disparities of job opportunities and quality of jobs made students stay in the core region and migrate to the core region. These processes made the higher educated concentrate in the core region.4) Since the 1970s, the institutions of higher education have increased in the peripheral region assisted by the location policy of institution of higher education.So the capacity of students in higher education increased. And job opportunities were enlarged in the peripheral region. So the regional differences in educational level decreased. Nevertheless, the higher educated still tend to leave peripheral areas, and the core areas continue to absorb them. This shows us that the mechanisms of increasing regional disparities are still at work.

COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE USSR: AN INITIAL INVESTIGATION

Several aspects of the distribution of institutions of higher education and their graduates are compared for the Soviet Union and the United States. The concentration of institutions and students is found to be greater in the USSR. Differences in regional enrollment rates relative to the location of institutions and students may be partly explained by differences in the curriculum structure of American and Soviet institutions of higher education and the greater degree of local control over higher education in the United States. A direct relationship exists in both countries between the percentage of graduates in a region and percentage urban and per capita income. Regional inequality in the percentage of graduates in urban versus rural areas is much greater in the USSR while regional inequality in the percentage of male and female graduates was only somewhat greater in the United States. Level of urbanization, migration of students and graduates, economic opportunity and economic structure are seen as imp...

Migration of Baroda medical graduates, 1949--72.

1. The migration of doctors from Medical College, Baroda, is studied in detail. 2. From 1949 to 1972, 584 doctors migrated to other countries and only twenty-nine doctors have returned so far. The incidence of migration is to the extent of 39-75%. 3. Among those who migrated 77-7% have gone to U.S.A. and 11-7% have gone to the U.K. 4. Ninety-four women graduates out of 241 passed prior to 1971 are abroad.. 5. The majority migrate for better and more comfortable living conditions. A small number migrate for better research facilities and encouragement. Those who are denied the opportunity of a post-graduate training also migrate. 6. Migration of doctors, though universal, is disturbingly high in India and a major cause of concern to the government and the educationist.

Migration of foreign physicians to the United States: the perspective of health manpower planning.

Effective health manpower planning in the United States, on both the national and state levels, is complicated by the interstate and international movement of health professionals. Migration of foreign medical graduates into the United States, which is one major aspect of this movement, is an extremely complex problem, involving both quantitative and qualitative issues. Background information and available data on immigration, demographic and professional characteristics, and performance of foreign medical graduates are summarized in the paper. Past recommendations and recent trends are discussed. The need for implementation of a coherent set of national policy guidelines is highlighted.

Education, Income, and Ability

Current estimates of the contribution of education to economic growth have been questioned because they ignore the interaction of education with ability. Whether the neglect of ability differences in the analyses of the income-education relationship results in estimates that are too high was considered in an earlier paper by one of the authors (Griliches 1970), and a negative answer was conjectured. In this paper, we pursue this question a bit further, using a new and larger body of data. Unfortunately, a definitive answer to this question is hampered both by the vagueness and elasticity of "education" and "ability" as analytical concepts and by the lack of data on early (preschooling) intelligence. The data examined in this paper are based on a 1964 sample of U.S. military veterans. The variables measured include scores on a mental ability test, indicators of parental status, region of residence while growing up, school years completed before service, and school years completed during or after service. These have allowed us to inquire into the separate effects of parental background, intelligence, and schooling. The basic problem and analytical framework can be set out very simply. Let income be a linear function of education and ability, or, Y a + P1E + P(2G + u, where Y is income, E is education, G is ability,

Migration of Medical Manpower

An international conference on the Migration of Medical Manpower, sponsored by the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation of New York city, met at the Villa Serbelloni, Bellagio, Italy, on Oct 4 to 9, 1970. There were 19 participants representing 14 countries —Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Great Britain, India, Iran, Jamaica, Pakistan, the Philippines, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States—and the World Health Organization. The papers and discussions focused on the migration of recent medical graduates from developing (donor) to developed (recipient) countries, who go on the basis of individual choice; without government sponsorship; and who usually have no assured appointment in their homeland upon the completion of their overseas training. It was evident that sponsored visitors present no major problem. The conference participants agreed that it is important that there should be no governmental or statutory restrictions on the international movement of doctors. However, the continued and significant loss of

Vertical mobility and community type as factors in the migration of college graduates

Internal migration statistics are generally inadequate. One of the chief sources of this is the lack of direct data relating to migration. There appears also to be a lack of interest on the part of researchers in pursuing the study of the relationship between vertical mobility and migration. This study is designed to determine the relative importance of intergenerational vertical mobility and type of community or place of origin in contributing to the migration of college graduates by using direct mobility and migration data.The study sample consists of 850 employed male graduates of eight private colleges in Iowa between 1954 and 1958. Data were obtained through the colleges and consist, among other things, of information about fathers' occupations, graduates' occupations, and the addresses of graduates both at matriculation and at the time of the study. Information about communities or places of origin is dichotomized on the basis of whether they are located in Standard Metropolitan Areas (SMA's) in 1950 or whether they are located in non-SMA's (NSMA's). Upward mobility is treated as a product of higher education and as an antecedent of migration.Hypotheses asserting the existence of associations between mobility and migration and between type of community or place of origin and migration are tested. Associations are established showing (1) that upwardly mobile graduates are more likely to migrate than others and (2) that graduates from NSMA's are more likely to migrate than graduates from SMA's.The relative influence of the two factors is determined by partialing the associations between each factor and migration while holding the other factor constant. Type of community or place of origin is found to be of greater importance for migration than is upward mobility. Graduates from NSMA's are more likely to migrate than those from SMA's, regardless of their relative mobility. Graduates from SMA's are likely to migrate only if they are also upwardly mobile.

Migration of Rural High-School Graduates

Data gathered during the summer of 1936 in forty-five agricultural villages' shows, as does evidence which for some time has been accumulating, that rural youth have been piling up in rural communities since 1930. The presence of many youths on farms and in villages in excess of the limited economic opportunities available presents a problem that is more than rural; it is a national problem of the first magnitude. This cumulative effect of the depression years from 1930 to 1936, inclusive, is more apparent among the open-country youth than among the village youth,2 and, geographically speaking, the piling-up is greater among the youth in the South and the Middle West than in other regions of the United States. The greatly diminished migration of youth from rural territory since 1930 has been especially pronounced in areas remote from industrial centers. Differences in migration of the two sexes according to the present study were not large, contrary to the general rule of migration as experienced in the 1920'S, when the migration of young women was at a younger age and in greater numbers than that of young men. The study on which these generalizations are based included high-