Migration Law Research Articles

Retracted: Simulation of Migration Law of Organic Pollutants in Circulating Wells

Retracted: Simulation of Migration Law of Organic Pollutants in Circulating Wells

Effects of coal permeability rebound and recovery phenomenon on CO2 storage capacity under different coalbed temperature conditions during CO2-ECBM process

During the permeability evolution process, coal permeability rebound and recovery is an important behaviour. Currently, studies on it mainly focus on the effects of reservoir pressure changes, but the influence of temperature is also significant. In the study, a binary gas permeability evolution model was constructed, which considers the competition mechanism between effective stress, gas adsorption/desorption, and thermal expansion. The model was employed to study the dynamic evolution of various parameters during CO2 injection into CH4-containing coal at different temperatures. The findings demonstrate a complex permeability evolution over time, characterized by a rapid decrease followed by a significant increase and then another gradual decrease. And the time required for permeability rebound and recovery increases as the temperature increases. Moreover, by monitoring the law of gas migration at fixed points and other methods to obtain the changing trend of CO2 flow rate and CO2 cumulative storage volume on a time scale. The results showed that both CO2 flow rate and CO2 cumulative storage volume decreased with increased permeability rebound and recovery time. Inspired by the abovementioned laws, this study proposed using the stage-pressure injection method in high-temperature coal. Results indicate that the stage-pressure method can increase the CO2 injection effect.

Legal Personality in International Migration: the Personological Aspect

The article examines the legal nature and content of legal subjectivity of international migrants using the cutting-edge methodology of international legal personology. The relevance of the research topic is the need to apply the personology methodology to the study of the personal component of the international legal system, especially in the context of Russian aggression which poses a threat to the lives of Ukrainian refugees. The purpose of the article is to determine the legal nature and content of international migration legal personality of a person using the latest methodology of international legal personology. The methodological basis of the study is an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach which made it possible to formulate the conceptual framework of international migration legal personality of a person with due regard for the modern doctrine and practice of international law. The work uses a number of general theoretical and special scientific methods: objectivity; dialectical; historical and legal; formal and logical; special legal; systemic and structural; comparative legal; sociological; the person-centered method was developed by the author specifically for the study of the problems of the subject of law in general and the subject of international law in particular. It posits that the 1948 mistranslation of the traditional legal concept of “legal personality” (person before the law) as “legal subjectivity” in Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has had negative methodological consequences for domestic studies of personative legal reality. In their research, the scholars typically focused on the legal status, rights and duties of the legal subject rather than legal personality per se. The study of specific qualitative traits of legal personality (such as personative capacity, under the umbrella term of “legal capacity”, or negative capacity, in the narrow framework of criminal capacity) has been fragmentary, sporadic, and categorically vague. Only when legal personology cohered as an academic approach did it became possible to use an adequate person-centric methodology to study the personative element of any legal system. A personological analysis of the traditional concept of “legal capacity” identified three aspects: 1) normative: the capacity of a social actor to bear a legal status, possess rights and duties (normative capacity before the law); 2) personative: the capacity of a social actor to be a subject of law, a legal personality, a bearer of a personative legal form of a physical, legal or sovereign person (personative capacity before the law); 3) communicative: the capacity of a social actor to take part in legal communications, to be a party of legal relations (communicative capacity before the law). Further personological study of international migration law found that a person bears all the features of an international legal personality that possesses the corresponding sectoral personative capacity and active capacity at the universal, regional, and particular level. Meanwhile, a significant number of environmental (climate), anthropogenic and political migrants remain outside the purview of international legal regulation at the universal level, where they are conventionally referred to by the rather restrictive term “refugee”. At the regional and especially at the bilateral level, there is a risk that the generally recognised rights and fundamental freedoms of forced migrants during accelerated readmission, which underscores the necessity of academic scrutiny of this relatively new institution of international migration law.

Characteristics of cuttings migration with new cuttings removal device in horizontal well

Cuttings accumulation in horizontal wells has become an important engineering problem. In this research, the influence of normal drill pipe and cuttings removal device on debris migration behavior are studied by using the CFD-DEM (Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method) coupling approach. The efficiency of cuttings removal is evaluated by the cuttings concentration and cuttings removal time. In addition, the experiment is employed to study the cuttings migration law under different rotational speed of drill pipe, fluid inlet velocities and drill string assembly. According to the numerical and experimental results, cuttings concentration and removal time are obviously decreased by improving inlet fluid velocity and drill pipe rotating speed. The cuttings removal time with cuttings removal device is decreased in range of 32.9%–71.8% compared with the normal drill pipe. The reliability of the designed device is validated by results, which provides guidance for cuttings removal in horizontal wells.

Wetting front migration model of ion-adsorption rare earth during the multi-hole unsaturated liquid injection

In the process of ion-adsorption rare earth ore leaching, the migration characteristics of the wetting front in multi-hole injection holes and the influence of wetting front intersection effect on the migration distance of wetting fronts are still unclear. Besides, wetting front migration distance and leaching time are usually required to optimize the leaching process. In this study, wetting front migration tests of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole fluid injection (the spacing between injection holes was 10 cm, 12 cm and 14 cm) and single-hole fluid injection were completed under the constant water head height. At the pre-intersection stage, the wetting front migration laws of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole fluid injection and single-hole fluid injection were identical. At the post-intersection stage, the intersection accelerated the wetting front migration. By using the Darcy's law, the intersection effect of wetting fronts during the multi-hole liquid injection was transformed into the water head height directly above the intersection. Finally, based on the Green-Ampt model, a wetting front migration model of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole unsaturated liquid injection was established. Error analysis results showed that the proposed model can accurately simulate the infiltration process under experimental conditions. The research results enrich the infiltration law and theory of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole liquid injection, and this study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the liquid injection well pattern parameters of ion-adsorption rare earth in situ leaching in the future.

Diffusion Characteristics of Airflow and CO in the Dead-End Tunnel with Different Ventilation Parameters after Tunneling Blasting.

After tunnel blasting, a large amount of CO will be produced and accumulated in the dead-end tunnel. If the ventilation discharge is not proper and the entry time into the dead-end tunnel is not appropriate, then it can cause workers to suffer from poisoning, hypoxia, and suffocation. Therefore, to understand the airflow and diffusion characteristics of CO in the dead-end tunnel after excavation and improve the working environment quality of the heading excavation tunnel, this paper uses numerical simulation and on-site verification to study the influence of different ventilation parameters on the airflow and CO diffusion characteristics in the dead-end tunnel after excavation and blasting. The research results show that the higher the air velocity of the duct, the smaller the distance between the duct and the working face, and the higher the hanging height of the duct, the easier it is for CO to be discharged from the dead-end tunnel. The larger the distance between the duct and the side wall, the more vortices there are in the dead-end tunnel and the more difficult it is to discharge CO from the tunnel. This study provides theoretical guidance for the research of the migration law of CO after tunnel blasting and has important value for ensuring a safe working environment and clean production in tunnel excavation.

Study on the Coupling Effect of Stress Field and Gas Field in Surrounding Rock of Stope and Gas Migration Law

In the process of working face mining, the permeability of the coal seam and the crack evolution characteristics of overlying strata are very important for efficient gas drainage. In this study, the distribution characteristics of the stress field and crack field in the working face and their relations are analyzed mainly by 3DEC numerical simulation. Furthermore, combined with the on-site measurement of coal seam stress, gas pressure, and gas seepage in front of the working face and the gas seepage in overlying strata before and after mining, the coupling effect of stress field and gas field and the law of gas migration and distribution in the working face are deeply explored. The results show that the changing trend of gas seepage and gas pressure is controlled by the stress change of the working face, and with the increase of stress, gas pressure and gas seepage also increase. The peak position of gas pressure is the farthest from the coal wall, about 22.5~25 m, followed by the peak of stress and gas seepage. When the permeability of coal and rock mass increases, the gas seepage increases and the gas pressure decreases. The coal seam stress and gas seepage in the working face and gas seepage in the overlying strata fracture zone along the tailgate side are generally greater than those on the headgate side, but the gas pressure is the opposite. Mining cracks and strata separation provide a good channel and space for gas migration and accumulation. Along the strike and tendency of the working face, gas is mainly concentrated in the overlying strata crack space above the separation zone and the roof and overlying strata crack space on the side of the tailgate, respectively. Based on this, the directional borehole gas drainage technology and borehole layout scheme in the fractured zone are put forward, which effectively reduce the gas concentration in the working face by 30~36%.

Study on dust pollution characteristics and optimal dust control parameters during tunnel excavation by CFD simulation

Aiming at the difficult problem of dust diffusion pollution in tunnel excavation, an air-dust coupling model was established by Euler-Lagrange method to study the dust migration law under different air conditions and the dust control mechanism in the large eddy was analyzed. The results show that when the air volume ratio is greater than 1.33, the dust diffuses to the rear of the tunnel, but the dust concentration in the manned area remains at a low level. When the air volume ratio is less than 1.0, dust can be effectively controlled in the eddy dust collection area. When the Hmp, the hole area rate of the air volume control board, is 30–60 %, the dust control effect is better, especially when the Hmp is 30–40 %, the swirl air distribution effect can be better. When the air volume ratio is 1.0, the air blowing volume and the air exhaust volume are in the range of 273–600 m3/min, and the dust can be controlled in the eddy dust collection area. Field measurement shows that the maximum relative error of dust concentration in the simulation results is 14.16 %, indicating that the numerical simulation results are basically accurate. The similarity experiment shows that the actual dust diffusion distance corresponding to the tracer fog is 9.6 m, indicating that the technology has a strong dust control effect.

Research on the Progress of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Management in China: A Review

In the 1980s, China began to recognize the gravity of the problem of non-point agricultural source pollution and conduct research on it. Agricultural non-point source pollution in China, on the other hand, differs from foreign agricultural non-point source pollution and industrial point source pollution. Because the features of agricultural non-point source pollution are complicated, it is critical to investigate a whole-chain management policy system appropriate for China’s agricultural pattern. Based on the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China, this study summarizes the four stages of agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control policies, namely the discovery stage with macro policies as the main focus, the exploration stage with single research indicators, the initial systematic strengthening stage, and the focused stage with targeted characteristics. Simultaneously, it examined the technological approaches that are suitable for China’s national circumstances and have been investigated by relying on international experience in present-day Chinese management. However, there are still some problems and challenges in agricultural non-point source pollution management policies, such as a lack of non-point source information support, a lack of coordination between different departments, a lack of support in measurement and retroactive calculation and treatment, a lack of an in-depth concept of zoning and classification, a lack of policy, an institutional system, and insufficient capital investment. Based on these problems and combining them with Green Agriculture, Beautiful China, and other goals, this paper puts forward suggestions to strengthen the policy data support of the agricultural non-point source pollution management system, enhance the research and development of the law of pollutant migration and transformation, encourage the innovation of low-cost and high-benefit treatment technology, improve the construction of the management system, strengthen the collaboration of departments, increase the investment of funds, and make other suggestions so as to promote the treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution with high quality and efficiency.

Numerical simulation of proppant migration and sedimentation behavior in complex fractures based on computational fluid dynamics

The migration and sedimentation behavior of proppant in complex fractures plays a vital role in the formation of fractures with high conductivity. Most of the existing studies on proppant sedimentation and migration are based on a single vertical fracture model that propagates in the same direction. However, due to in situ stress and reservoir heterogeneity, the propagation of fractures in reservoirs will produce multiple branch fractures that intersect with the main fractures and have a certain inclination angle. Therefore, it is necessary to study the sedimentation and migration behavior of proppants in inclined complex fractures. In this paper, the proppant particles sedimentation law in fractures is studied based on computational fluid dynamics. By changing the particle size, volume fraction, and inlet flow velocity of proppant, the migration and sedimentation law of proppant in a single fracture is simulated and verified. Then, through the establishment of a complex fracture model with multiple branches, and from the four dimensions of the vacant length of the front edge of the sand embankment, the length of the sand embankment, the highest point of the sand embankment, and the effective laying area of the proppant, the angle between the main and branch fractures in the complex fractures, the fracture angle and the inlet flow velocity, as well as the location relationship of the branch fracture setting and the migration and sedimentation of the proppant in the complex fractures are explored.

Progress in Migration and Asylum Law scholarship – International, Intersectional, and Interdisciplinary

Progress in Migration and Asylum Law scholarship – International, Intersectional, and Interdisciplinary

Analysis of Migration Characteristics of Supercritical CO2 and Mechanism of Oil and Gas Production in Condensate Gas Reservoirs

At present, circulating gas injection is the most effective development method for condensate gas reservoirs in China, but the phenomenon of dry gas overlap has seriously affected the development effect of circulating gas injection in condensate gas reservoirs, while CO2 injection is used to drive gas, which can make CO2 widely used in removing retrograde condensation of condensate gas reservoirs, improving the development effect of gas reservoirs. This paper by comparing the migration laws of injected dry gas and injected CO2 obtains that the dry gas with a smaller density flows to the upper space of the reservoir, while the CO2 with a larger density settles to the lower part. With the injection of CO2 into the reservoir, the content of CO2 in the crude oil increases, the volume of condensate oil expands significantly, and the flow capacity of condensate oil in the formation is improved. Injecting CO2 into the formation can reduce the viscosity of condensate. The mixture of CO2 injected into the formation and formation water is slightly acidic, which can dissolve some cement in the rock. With the increase of CO2 injection, the interfacial tension between oil and water will also increase, which is unfavorable for the stability of the oil-water system and is easy to emulsify. After demulsification, the viscosity will decrease and the condensate oil will flow more easily. The dissolved carbon dioxide in the water is in a weak acid state, which is easy to corrode and shed particles, improving the reservoir space and seepage conditions near the well. It will provide theoretical support for the effective development of a condensate gas reservoir.

Long-distance migration law of radon in overburden of abandoned goaf during coal spontaneous combustion

The surface isotope radon measurement method (SIRMM) is widely used in fire source detection in abandoned mines. However, studies on the long-distance migration of radon during coal spontaneous combustion are lacking, which hinders the further popularization of this technology in coal fire prevention and control. For this reason, the migration law of radon in overlying strata in fire areas was studied through experiments and numerical simulation. The radon exhalation concentration of coal was found to increase at first and then decrease in the range of 30–350 °C through experiments. The radon concentration reaches the maximum value (557.1 Bq/m3) at 150 °C, which is 6.3 times higher than that at 30 °C. Based on the radon source term obtained by fitting the experimental data, the radon migration model of coal spontaneous combustion in abandoned goaf was constructed, and the dynamic distribution characteristics of the airflow, temperature, and radon concentration fields in the overlying strata area were analyzed. The internal relationship between surface radon and underground fire source was discussed. The simulation results revealed the sharp change in the porosity of the overlying rock causes radon concentration at the interface between the caving and fissure zones to increase continually with the process of spontaneous combustion, providing material and energy support for the long-distance radon migration. When the maximum temperature of the coal pile reaches 70 °C, the concentration of radon released from the coal pile increases rapidly to 13696 Bq/m3, and the radon from the underground space appears on the surface at this temperature. In the range of 70–150 °C, with rapid increase in radon released from coal piles, the surface concentration of radon also increased rapidly to 225 Bq/m3. At the high-temperature stage exceeding 150 °C, the concentration of radon released from coal piles exhibited a downward trend, resulting in a decrease in the rate of increase of radon concentration on the surface. A close relationship between the surface radon concentration and underground fire source temperature in the process of coal spontaneous combustion was observed. In the spatial position, the peak position of radon on the surface was highly consistent with that of the fire source longitudinally, which ensures the accuracy of the SIRMM to determine the location of the hidden fire source. This suggests that the SIRMM can accurately evaluate the fire source's temperature and fire area's development trend.

Experimental Study on the Permeability of Ecological Slopes under Rainfall Infiltration Conditions

This paper investigates the influence of different vegetation on the permeability of the shallow soil layers of slopes under rainfall infiltration. Firstly, four large slopes are filled in an outdoor natural environment, and the overburdens of the four slopes are Magnolia multiflora, Cynodon dactylon, Magnolia multiflora mixed with Cynodon dactylon, and no vegetation. Secondly, the four slopes are cultivated in an outdoor natural environment for one year. After the vegetation overburdens are matured, the field artificial rainfall test is carried out through a self-developed artificial rainfall device to monitor the water migration law inside the four slopes in real time. Finally, the unsaturated permeability coefficients of the shallow soil layers of slopes are calculated. The results show that the infiltration rate of rainwater in each overburden slope from fastest to slowest is Magnolia multiflora overburden slope, no vegetation slope, Cynodon dactylon overburden slope, and Magnolia multiflora mixed with Cynodon dactylon overburden slope. In the early stage of rainfall, Magnolia multiflora increases the permeability coefficient of the shallow soil layer of the slope, thus weakening the anti-seepage ability of the slope, but the influence of Magnolia multiflora is not obvious in the later stage. Cynodon dactylon and Magnolia multiflora mixed with Cynodon dactylon can significantly reduce the permeability coefficient of the shallow soil layers of the slopes, thereby increasing the anti-seepage ability of the slopes, and the mixed planting of Magnolia multiflora and Cynodon dactylon can minimize the permeability coefficient of the shallow soil of the slope, resulting in the best anti-seepage effect.

Energy Dissipation of Hydraulic Support Columns under Rockfall Impact Load in Steeply Dipping Coal Seams

Rockfall disasters have long restricted the further improvement of the safety level of steeply dipping coal seams (SDCSs). When a rockfall disaster occurs, it causes damage to the hydraulic support and other equipment at the working face. An effective way to carry out protection design is using the law of rockfall migration and energy evolution. Therefore, this study used the polyhedral rockfall migration and its impact process on the hydraulic support equipment of the working face as the research object and analyzed the influence of relevant parameters on the maximum contact deformation, maximum impact force, and energy absorption of the column during the collision and contact between the rockfall and the hydraulic support column. Firstly, with hexahedral rockfall as an example, the migration process of rockfall was simulated using PFC3D software. Secondly, according to the Hertz contact theory, the contact model of the shock process between the rockfall and the hydraulic support column was constructed, and the maximum deformation and maximum impact force of the collision contact between the rockfall and the column were obtained. Finally, the Hamilton principle and the Galerkin discrete method were used to construct the dynamic model of the collision between the rockfall and the column, and the energy evolution law of the shock process between the rockfall and the column was studied. The conclusions of this paper can provide a certain theoretical basis for the prediction of rockfall disasters and the design of rockfall protection devices.

Study on water–heat coupling migration law and frost heave effect of soil slope in seasonal frozen regions during groundwater recharge

Study on water–heat coupling migration law and frost heave effect of soil slope in seasonal frozen regions during groundwater recharge

Study on the migration law of biogenic substances under different scheduling schemes of reservoirs

In order to study the migration process of biogenic substances in river basins under reservoir regulation and quantify the migration characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River cascade reservoir basin. This article constructs a simulation model for the migration of biogenic substances in the Lancang River Basin based on the SWAT model, and preliminarily simulates the migration process of nitrogen and phosphorus in the basin. The results indicate that the model has good applicability in the Lancang River basin, with the NSE coefficient of 0.76 and the R2 coefficient of 0.78. Moreover, there is a roughly positive correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus production and rainfall distribution in the basin, but rainfall is not the only factor determining the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load. By inputting different reservoir regulation schemes into the reservoir regulation module, the migration processes of nitrogen and phosphorus in various sections of the watershed under natural conditions, conventional regulation, power generation regulation, and ecological regulation schemes are calculated. The results indicate that the conventional and power generation scheduling schemes have a significant impact on the migration of total nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed, leading to a certain retention and accumulation effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in the reservoir. However, the ecological scheduling scheme to some extent reduces the impact of reservoir scheduling on the migration of biogenic substances.

Mass Transfer Analysis of CO2-Water-Rock Geochemical Reactions in Reservoirs

It is difficult to exploit low-permeability reservoirs, and CO2 flooding is an effective method to improve oil recovery from low permeability reservoirs. However, in the process of CO2 flooding, acidic fluids dissolved in formation water will react with rock to cause dissolution and precipitation, resulting in pores and precipitates, changing the evolution law of seepage channels, destroying formation integrity, and affecting the effect of CO2 oil displacement. The change in rock’s physical properties and the mass transfer law between CO2-water-rock are unclear. This paper considers the coupling effects of seepage, mechanics, and chemistry when CO2 is injected into the formation. The mass transfer model of CO2-water-rock in the geochemical reaction process is established on this basis. The physical properties of the reservoir after CO2 injection are quantitatively studied based on the microscopic mechanism of chemical reaction, and the migration law of solute in the reservoir rock during CO2 flooding under the coupling effects of multiple fields is clarified. The experimental results show that with the increase in reaction time, the initial dissolution reaction of formation rocks will be transformed into a precipitation reaction of calcite, magnesite, and clay minerals. The porosity and permeability of the rocks near the well first increase and then decrease. The far well end is still dominated by dissolution reactions, and the average values of formation porosity and permeability show an upward trend. Although the dissolution reaction of CO2-water-rock can improve the physical properties of reservoir rocks to a certain extent, the mutual transformation of the dissolution reaction and precipitation reaction further exacerbates the heterogeneity of formation pore structure, leading to the instability of CO2 migration, uneven displacement, and destruction of formation stability. The research results of this paper solve the problem of quantitative calculation of physical parameters under the coupling effect of multiple fields after CO2 injection into reservoirs and can predict the changes in formation physical properties, which can provide a certain theoretical basis for evaluating formation integrity and adjusting CO2 injection under the condition of CO2 flooding.

Influence of Irrigation on Vertical Migration of Soil Organic Carbon in Arid Area of Inland River

Soil organic carbon is very important to increase crop yield. Understanding the composition changes and migration characteristics of SOC under different irrigation conditions in arid oasis areas is of great significance for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystem and the estimation of carbon balance of farmland ecosystem in arid areas. In this paper, classical statistics and geostatistics were used to study the leaching characteristics and migration laws of soil organic carbon under different irrigation conditions in Minqin Oasis, and the leaching amount and loss process and mechanism of SOC under different irrigation conditions were quantified. The research results showed that: (1) Irrigation increased the average 0–100 cm SOC content. After irrigation, SOC content decreased first and then increased with the increase in soil depth, with the maximum value of 8.56 g/kg and the minimum value of 1.82 g/kg. Compared with that before irrigation, SOC content in 0–30 cm surface layer was in leaching state, SOC content in 30–70 cm surface layer was accumulated, and SOC content in 70–100 cm surface layer had no obvious change. (2) Water was an important factor affecting soil carbon. The greater the irrigation amount, the higher the carbon leaching rate and the greater the migration amount. The SOC content in 0–30 cm soil layer was most significantly affected by irrigation, and the migration amount of SOC gradually decreased with the increase in soil depth. The maximum leaching rate of SOC was 36.8%, the minimum leaching rate was 13.5%, and its average leaching rate was 23.4%. (3) Due to the influence of soil infiltration rate under water, SOC content in different irrigation periods showed that the greatest SOC occurred in the 0–70 cm layer, and SOC content in soil was basically the same as that in non-irrigated areas on the fifth day after irrigation. (4) Precipitation, plastic film mulching, soil physical and chemical properties and other environmental factors were important factors affecting the migration and change in SOC content.

Non-Incorporation of the Principle of Non-Refoulement in the Chilean Immigration and Aliens Law

This paper critically analyses the non-incorporation of the principle of non-refoulement in the Chilean Immigration and Aliens Law 21.325 of 20 April 2021. It was published in the context of migratory pressures within the Latin American region, deriving mainly from the Venezuelan socio-political crisis. It was also published after the recommendations given by the CMW in the last two periodic reviews of 2011 and 2021 to update the previous version dictated during the Pinochet dictatorship. As a state party to the core international human rights treaties and the American Convention on Human Rights, an urgent claim existed in Chile to adapt its migration law. Following a heated debate in 2019, the parliament eliminated the recognition of the principle of non-refoulement contained in the draft law arguing it was already recognised in refugee legislation. Instead, they identified a ‘complementary protection’. This paper examines whether this decision breaches human rights standards, particularly the obligation to adopt legislative measures to give effect to the principle of non-refoulement. It begins by analysing the principle of non-refoulement in international refugee law. Then, it turns into identifying the human rights obligations emanating from the principle of non-refoulement. Finally, the paper applies this standard to law 21.325. The paper concludes that not incorporating the principle of non-refoulement into law 21.325 constitutes a breach of Chile’s human rights obligations, facing the risk of incurring international responsibility.