Migratory Movements Research Articles

Migration and Environment: Multiscalar Impact in the Binational Colombian-Venezuelan Pamplonita River Basin

ABSTRACT This article addresses the implications of international migration on the social, economic, political, and environmental configuration of the binational Pamplonita River Basin along the Colombia–Venezuela border. It focuses on three scalar levels of analysis: at the global scale, it examines the geopolitical causes impacting migration worldwide, particularly through political ideologies and economic models that affect socioeconomic inequalities and environmental degradation. At the regional level, it highlights the influence of the neoliberal paradigm in Latin America, which has generated migratory movements towards developed countries. At the local scale, it explores the Colombian-Venezuelan migratory dynamics driven by economic and social crises, affecting population movement and the socio-ecosystems of the basin, particularly the tropical dry and riparian forests. The research adopts a multiscalar perspective to understand the interconnections and complexities of the factors influencing migration and its effects on the social and natural environment. A holistic approach is essential in analyzing the institutional challenges related to migratory dynamics and the sustainability of the binational basin’s forests, considering the historical trajectories of political, socioeconomic, and environmental aspects.

Seasonal coastal residency and large-scale migration of two grey mullet species in temperate European waters

Grey mullets (family Mugilidae) are widespread across coastal, brackish, and freshwater habitats, and have supported fisheries for millennia. Despite their global distribution and commercial value, little is known about their movement ecology and its role in the co-existence of sympatric mullet species. Gaps in knowledge about migratory behaviour, seasonal occurrence, and movement scales have also impeded effective management, highlighting the need for further research. This study aimed to identify key habitats and timing of grey mullet presence across the Dutch Wadden Sea, North Sea, and freshwater areas, and to explore potential behavioral differences between two grey mullet species: thicklip mullet (Chelon labrosus) and thinlip mullet (Chelon ramada). Using acoustic telemetry, we tracked 86 tagged grey mullet over three years (thicklip mullet, N = 74; thinlip mullet, N = 12), combining data from 100 local acoustic receivers and the European Tracking Network. Both species were detected in the Wadden Sea from April to November, however, thinlip mullet arrived in the Wadden Sea earlier than thicklip mullet (median date = May 16 vs. June 7). Individual residency in the Wadden Sea lasted a median 97 days for thicklip mullet and 94 days for thinlip mullet. Thinlip mullet were also detected by more receivers and over a larger area than thicklip mullet, indicating differences in movement behaviour. Both species showed an affinity for receivers near major harbours, with thinlip mullet more often detected near fresh water outflows. Seasonal migrations between coastal and offshore waters were also observed, with one thinlip mullet returning to freshwater across consecutive years. North Sea detections spanned ten months, with a gap during the presumed spawning period (Jan–Feb). Our data suggest that thinlip mullet show a preference for deeper gullies while thicklip mullet may spend more time in shallow areas and flooded tidal flats. These findings highlight the importance of the Wadden Sea as a seasonal foraging ground and provide insights into the migratory patterns of grey mullets.

Agent-based model for forecasting the impact of the population life quality on migration movement in the context of the Russian Federation federal districts.

The Russian Federation is characterized by an extremely uneven distribution of the population across the country, which contributes to the asymmetry of economic and socio-demographic development of the regions, a shortage of qualified specialists for the development of the resources of Siberia and the Far East, and an increase in global risks in general. In this regard, the use of modern management technologies, in particular, multi-agent simulation modeling, to support decision-making on managing migration processes becomes relevant. Since the main incentive for active citizens to change their place of residence is investing in the development of the region and providing the necessary conditions for a comfortable life, the purpose of the study is to develop an agent-based model for forecasting the impact of the population life quality on migration flows between the federal districts of the Russian Federation. One of the tasks solved using the model is to track the direction of migrant movement relative to the Republic of Bashkortostan when changing the controlled parameters. The simulation model was designed using modern CASE tools; UML diagrams and a mnemonic diagram of the decision-making support process for managing the demographic development of the region were built in the course of the work. Scenario experiments were conducted to predict changes in the population size in the study areas. Within the framework of the research, the authors applied the object-oriented methodology of simulation model design, agent-based approach for its implementation, as well as an agent-oriented approach for its implementation and statistical analysis methods when setting up experiments. The toolkit developed as a result of the study can be used by the representatives of executive authorities and government officials to develop a balanced resettlement policy, assess the possibility and conditions for developing regions of the Russian Federation with low population density.

Identity, language and communication concerns of subcultures: The case of Antalya Cretans

In today’s world, there is almost no homogeneous culture without interaction, and multiculturalism has become the most important phenomenon for all societies. Therefore, this cultural diversity, consisting of differences in culture, language, identity, religion, etc. has also brought along many problems. In the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s in “Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage”, it is stated that identifying, documenting and surveying intangible cultural heritage of communities contributes to social harmony and tolerance. This research has been conducted on the identity, language, and communication of the Cretan in Türkiye. The purpose of the study is to contribute to social peace and tolerance by examining the identity, language, and communication perceptions and concerns of the Crete-origin community living in Türkiye as a subculture group, within the context of multiculturalism and intercultural communication. In this direction, preliminary interviews, observations and semi-structured in-depth interviews were made in the fieldwork carried out between May-July 2024 in the of the Cretan immigrants who have migrated and settled in Antalya at the first settlements one of the world cities with intense multiculturalism. In the study, an answer has been sought to the question “What are the identity and linguistic anxiety, harmony and conflict situations in the communication and interaction of Cretans living in Turkey as a subculture with the dominant culture?”. The findings were subjected to thematic and descriptive analysis and interpreted. It is predicted that the findings and results of this research can be used to contribute to studies aimed at preventing identity, linguistic and cultural incompatibility and possible conflicts caused by increasing migration movements.

LONG-TERM DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION FLOWS ON THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The article examines the present issues with Ukraine's long-term economic development in light of migratory movements following the end of the war. The authors point out that factors like economic expansion, which would provide jobs for them and draw in foreign capital, digitization of the economy, increased use of ICT and digital technologies, and improvements in population welfare could be the main causes of the return of refugees following the conclusion of the war. The authors came to the conclusion that while the mass return of refugees may, in the short term, result in overcrowding and a rise in the unemployment rate, which will have a negative impact on GDP, it may also, in the long run, lead to the emergence of new industries or the revitalization of declining regions, both of which will have a positive impact on GDP growth. Programs for the repatriation of refugees should be established by the state to support such a positive trend. Reconstruction after a war can involve refugees, who will boost the economy. In light of this, public-private partnerships are crucial for Ukraine as they foster effective communication among its constituents and guarantee the promptness and dependability of efforts to rebuild the nation's economy, particularly in times of crisis and during the post-war era. A significant quantity of debt, which is created during times of war, bolsters the downward trend. It can also result in a decline in GDP because of the destruction of some industries, limited production capacity, and a reduction in economic efficiency.

Predicting fine-scale downstream migratory movement of Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar) in front of a hydropower plant

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an iconic species of significant ecological and economic importance. Their downstream migration as smolts represents a critical life-history stage that exposes them to numerous challenges, including passage through hydropower plants. Understanding and predicting fine-scale movement patterns of smolts near hydropower plants is therefore essential for adaptive and effective management and conservation of this species. We present a spatially explicit individual-based model for predicting the movement of Atlantic salmon smolts in regulated rivers in Norway, parameterised for smolt movements in the River Mandal and the River Orkla. The model is rooted in statistically derived relationships between observed smolt swimming behaviour and the hydraulic variables they encounter. The aim of the model was to provide fast yet representative swimming patterns past hydropower plants, based on the hydraulic conditions experienced by the smolts. The model outperformed a ‘drift-only’ model in portraying observed swim tracks when comparing simulated and observed tracks. It was found to represent smolt swimming behaviour well. Our results show that by constructing swim models using relatively simple and general statistical relationships between smolt swimming behaviour and the hydraulic environment, we can produce fast and relevant outputs for an adaptive management process, aimed at exploring how physical implementations or changes in flow regulations might affect smolt populations.

Origin stories: how does learned migratory behaviour arise in populations?

Although decades of research have deepened our understanding of the proximate triggers and ultimate drivers of migrations for a range of taxa, how populations establish migrations remains a mystery. However, recent studies have begun to illuminate the interplay between genetically inherited and learned migrations, opening the door to the evaluation of how migration may be learned, established, and maintained. Nevertheless, for migratory species where the role of learning is evident, we lack a comprehensive framework for understanding how populations learn specific routes and refine migratory movements over time (i.e.,their origins). This review draws on advances in behavioural and movement ecology to offer a comprehensive framework for how populations could transition from resident to migratory by connecting cognitive research on fine-scale perceptual cues and movement decisions with literature on learning and cultural transmission, to the emergent pattern of migration. We synthesize the multiple cognitive mechanisms and processes that allow a population to respond to seasonal resource limitation, then encode spatial and environmental information about resource availability in memory and engage in social learning to navigate their landscapes and track resources better. A rise in global reintroduction efforts, along with human-induced rapid shifts in environmental cues and changing landscapes make evaluating the origins of this threatened behaviour more urgent than ever.

SOCIOCULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PROGRAMS AND POLICIES FOR MIGRANT CHILDREN IN ASIA-PACIFIC COUNTRIES: A MULTIPLE CASE STUDY

This study aims to analyze the educational and sociocultural aspects of migrant education programs and policies implemented in selected Asia-Pacific countries exposed to high migration flows for many years. This research was based on a multiple case study design. The study group included four Asia-Pacific (the United States, New Zealand, Japan and the Republic of Korea) countries. The data for this study consisted of official documents and was analyzed using content analysis. From an educational standpoint, this study found that most countries provided individual learning opportunities for migrant children in their programs or policies through pedagogical ways, considering migrant children’s past academic experiences, cultural backgrounds, and social life standards. The second educational perspective observed in education programs or policies was the role and importance of language development programs. From a sociocultural standpoint, most countries aimed to provide continuous social adaptation support, especially for migrant children, from their first entry into the host country to the following years without exposure to interruption/administrative challenges. This study suggests key policy actions for countries that are increasingly exposed to migration movements and do not have extensive historical experience in accepting and integrating domestic and international migrants into their social systems.

Migratory movements of bats are shaped by barrier effects, sex-biased timing and the adaptive use of winds

BackgroundMigratory bats perform seasonal movements between their summer and winter areas. When crossing ecological barriers, like the open sea, they are exposed to an increased mortality risk due to energetically demanding long-distance flights and unexpected inclement weather events. How such barriers affect bat migratory movements is still poorly known.MethodsTo study bat migration patterns in response to an ecological barrier, we tagged 44 Nathusius’ pipistrelles Pipistrellus nathusii with radio-transmitters on the East coast of the United Kingdom (UK) in spring 2021 and 2022. Subsequently, we assessed their movements to continental Europe using the MOTUS Wildlife Tracking System. We investigated route selection, timing of migration, overall migration speed and the influence of wind on airspeed, groundspeed and flight altitude during migratory overseas flights.ResultsBarrier effects cause migratory movements along the coast, and crossings over sea are shortened by deviating from the general migration direction. Males depart from the UK later in the season compared to females. The overall migration speed of females was 61 km/day and 88 km/day after their last detection in the UK. Our estimated airspeeds during oversea flights correspond well with airspeeds measured in a wind tunnel. Bats use wind adaptively to reduce airspeed when flying under tailwind and increase airspeed when flying under crosswind conditions. Departures over sea coincidence with tailwinds, enabling bats to more than double their airspeed, reaching ground speeds of up to 16.8 m/s (60.5 km/h). Our analysis suggests that bats select altitudes with favourable wind conditions and that they seek altitudes of several hundred meters, possibly extending up to 2,500 m. Low-altitude migration occurs when wind conditions are less favourable.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that bat migratory movements are highly influenced by barrier effects, sex-biased timing of migration and the adaptive use of winds. The results of our study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the decision-making process and adaptations bats employ during their migration. Elucidating bat migration patterns will enable us to develop effective conservation measures, for example in relation to the development and operation of coastal and offshore wind farms.

Top predators, shared prey: isotopic niche dynamics and trophic interactions among dusky, tiger and white sharks

Assessing the trophic relationships among sympatric marine predators is crucial for ecosystem and fisheries management. This study used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to elucidate resource use and sharing of dusky Carcharhinus obscurus, tiger Galeocerdo cuvier and white Carcharodon carcharias sharks in eastern Australia. The individuals included in the dataset had similar size ranges (148-400 cm total length [TL]) and migratory movements, meaning they could be used to compare patterns in resource use. Using a Bayesian inference framework, we quantify the isotopic niche of each species and estimate niche overlap to compare their roles in this ecosystem. Tiger sharks had the largest isotopic niche (1.1 ‰2), followed by dusky sharks (0.9 ‰2). The isotopic niche of white sharks is substantially smaller (0.5 ‰2), suggesting these sharks are less of a generalist predator than dusky and tiger sharks. Most white shark niches overlapped with dusky and tiger sharks (84 and 72%, respectively), indicating white sharks use resources with similar isotopic values. Sex did not influence isotopic values, and weak significant relationships existed between TL and δ15N values in tiger sharks. Given the smaller isotopic niche and associated specialised role of white sharks <400 cm TL, this species may be more vulnerable to food web perturbations than generalist tiger and dusky sharks. This study gives new insight into the trophic interactions of these co-occurring shark species in eastern Australia and is crucial for understanding the ecological role of these predators required for sound ecosystem management.

Enhancing Fish Passage Efficiency: Lessons from UHE Porto Primavera’s Fish Ladder

Dams severely affect aquatic environments and block the longitudinal migration of fish. In order to mitigate the negative effects generated by these developments, fish passes, or fishways, are implemented in dams with the purpose of restoring river connectivity and allowing the movement of migrants. Nevertheless, fishways in neotropical areas often face design and construction issues that can reduce their efficiency and selectively disadvantage species with limited swimming capabilities. This study analyzes how a fish ladder on the Paraná River influences the black armored catfish (Rhinelepis aspera), a benthic, long-distance migratory species important to commercial fisheries. A total of 200 individuals were PIT-tagged and monitored for four months. The results showed that although many fish successfully located the fishway, only a small portion (3.5%) managed to complete the ascent. The interaction between the hydraulic characteristics of the fishway and the fish condition factor played a significant role in ascent performance. Our findings underscore the importance of assessing fishway suitability for benthic neotropical species to support conservation efforts in the Upper Paraná River Basin. To improve passage rates for R. aspera, we recommend optimizing flow conditions by adjusting orifice and notch configurations, incorporating roughness elements, and modifying resting pool designs. These adaptations would reduce energy expenditure for ascending fish, enhancing fishway performance and contributing to the sustainability of migratory species in this region.

Migratory Movements: Dissecting the Causes and Patterns from Bihar's Kosi Division

This research paper endeavours to provide a comprehensive analysis of the causes and patterns underlying migratory movements in the Kosi Division of Bihar, India. The Kosi Division, characterized by its unique socio-economic and environmental landscape, has witnessed significant population shifts over the years. This study employs a multi-faceted approach, integrating economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors to unravel the complexities of migration dynamics in the region. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, the study analyses migration patterns from the Kosi Division, distinguishing between rural and urban shifts. In addition, the research evaluates the role of government policies in shaping migration dynamics, considering the impact of both state and national interventions. The study aims to contribute insights that could inform policy recommendations for addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities associated with migration in the Kosi Division. Ultimately, this analytical study seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the intricate web of causes and patterns of migratory movements in Bihar's Kosi Division, offering valuable insights for academia, policymakers, and development practitioners alike.

Analysis of the mitochondrial genome to determine the origins and pathways of entry of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in continental Europe (Valencia, Spain)

Abstract Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the rat lungworm, is a zoonotic parasite mainly of rats which act as definitive hosts. If humans become accidentally infected, the nematode is capable of migrating to the brain causing meningoencephalitis. Intermediate hosts are snails and slugs. Although originating from mainland China, A. cantonensis has now spread to various countries and continents. The precise timing of its departure from mainland China remains uncertain although it is often associated with significant historical events or migratory movements. The exit of A. cantonensis from mainland China is believed to have occurred in a singular event, followed by its divergence into 2 distinct clades: clade I, originating from mainland China, and clade II, representing global spread. Angiostrongylus cantonensis was first identified in continental Europe in 2021, specifically in Valencia, Spain. Illumina genome sequencing of 7 individuals isolated from rats captured in 2 different districts in the city of Valencia was carried out. The complete mitochondrial genome was assembled and compared with published A. cantonensis mitochondrial genomes through Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, both for complete mitochondrial genomes and for the cytochrome c oxidase I gene, given its widespread use for identification of the species. The findings revealed the presence of 2 different A. cantonensis haplotypes in the rats studied in Valencia, both belonging to clade II. In 2 rats both clades were present.

Mitochondrial remodelling supports migration in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys).

The migratory movements undertaken by birds are among the most energetically demanding behaviours observed in nature. Mitochondria are the source of aerobic energy production on which migration depends, but a key component of mitochondrial function, mitochondrial remodelling, has not been investigated in the context of bird migration. We measured markers of mitochondrial remodelling in the skeletal muscles of the Gambel's (migratory) and Nuttall's (non-migratory) white-crowned sparrows within and outside migratory periods. Gambel's were collected in (i) a non-migration period (baseline), (ii) preparation to depart for spring migration (pre-migration) and (iii) active autumn migration (mid-migration). Nuttall's were collected at timepoints corresponding to baseline and mid-migration in Gambel's. Across all sampling periods, we found that migratory birds had greater mitochondrial remodelling compared with non-migratory birds. Furthermore, birds from the migratory population also displayed flexibility, increasing several markers of mitochondrial remodelling (e.g. NRF1, OPA1 and Drp1) pre- and during migration. Further, the greater levels of mitochondrial remodelling and its upregulation during migration were specific to the pectoralis muscle used in flapping flight. Our study is the first to show that mitochondrial remodelling supports migration in Gambel's white-crowned sparrows, indicating a highly specific and efficient phenotype supporting the increased energetic demands of migration.

Agent‐based modelling of southward coastal migration by humpback whale mother–calf pods off eastern Australia

AbstractHumpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae encounter a variety of environmental conditions during seasonal migration between feeding grounds and breeding grounds. Relationships between environmental conditions and migratory movements are largely unknown due to a lack of oceanographic data coincident with their presence/absence. We begin to address this knowledge gap by developing a new agent‐based modelling (ABM) approach designed to predict southward migration of mother–calf (MC) pairs along a stretch of the east Australian coast between the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Gold Coast (GC) bay, which includes a known resting area, Hervey Bay (HB). To assess our ability to reproduce observed migration patterns, numerical experiments were undertaken in which static (bathymetry) and dynamic (currents, sea surface temperature) variables between August and October 2017 governed movements. These experiments revealed how bathymetry influences HB usage, and a necessity to apply different directionality preferences to whales before and after negotiating HB, which appear to closely align with coastline orientation. The ABM provides a novel, suitable framework for simulating MC humpback whale migration, and an important first step in the development of predictive models of humpback whale behavior. Developing such tools is increasingly necessary to predict how changing ocean conditions are likely to affect their distribution.

Patología importada en urgencias

Introduction: the increase in migratory movements and travel to low-resource countries in recent years has led to an increase in the incidence of infectious diseases that are uncommon in Spain. The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics of patients with imported disease in the emergency room. Methods: a retrospective study was conducted between 2012-2019. The study included children under 16 years of age with a history of international travel in the past 3 months managed in the emergency department of the Hospital de Torrejón. We collected demographic and clinical data. Diagnoses were grouped into three categories: tropical infection (typically imported from tropical areas), communicable infections (including infections with global distribution and a greater prevalence in tropical areas, such as tuberculosis) and common infections. Results: the sample included 100 children were included. The median age was 3 years, and 53% were female. Eighty-seven percent had visited sub-Saharan Africa. The reason for the trip was to visit friends and relatives in 43% of cases, immigration in 45% and tourism in 9%. Four percent received prophylaxis against malaria. Twenty-four received a diagnosis of malaria, without a history of fever in 6. Other tropical infections included dengue, chikungunya and liver abscess. Five children received diagnoses of communicable infections (HIV, tuberculosis, meningitis, hepatitis A, giardiasis), and 67 children of common infections. Conclusions: malaria was the second most frequent diagnosis in children with fever following travel to an endemic area, after common infections. In our study, the initial presentation of life-threatening imported diseases were indistinguishable from those banal infections.

Optically dating of a Paleolithic site in coastal regions of South China and its correlation with the late Pleistocene environment evolution

The coastal regions of South China are crucial for the emergence and migration of early Austronesian hominids to Taiwan Island and the Pacific islands, but most Paleolithic sites in this area remain unexplored wilderness areas without clear archaeological stratigraphy or formal excavation. The research on archaeological chronology faces challenges due to the absence of direct evidence for determining site ages; instead, it relies on indirect methods such as comparing lithology, knapping techniques, and other usage characteristics with regional stratigraphic ages based on recovered stone tools. This presents a challenge when studying prehistoric human-land relationships in the region. However, the Kuahaicun site located on coastal islands along the southeastern coast offers valuable materials for investigating activities of Paleolithic populations along both South China’s coast and its islands since the late Pleistocene period. This study employs a comprehensive investigation and sampling approach, utilizing optically stimulated luminescence dating to determine burial age. Furthermore, by integrating regional aeolian landform characteristics and trends in sea level changes, we examine the influence of geomorphic environmental evolution during the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic periods on ancient human migration and diffusion patterns. 1) The findings suggest that the stratigraphy primarily consists of sedimentary layers dating back to 25–10 ka, representing the transition from Late Paleolithic to Early Neolithic. The luminescence sensitivity of quartz grains indicates diverse sediment sources in this area, including aeolian deposits with efficient long-distance transportation due to thorough and repeated bleaching, as well as alluvium and colluvium deposits with limited bleaching. 2) By comparing the developmental process of coastal aeolian sand with regional sea level changes, it becomes evident that the main period of Austronesian ancestor activity in South China, as evidenced by this site, significantly aligns with a crucial phase of aeolian deposition. Moreover, this correlation coincides with three low sea level phases during the late Pleistocene Fujian marine transgression. 3) Commencing from the Middle Paleolithic period onwards, Austronesian ancestors gradually migrated downstream along the Minjiang River and Jiulong River towards their respective estuaries. The presence of a transient land bridge during the Late Pleistocene Fujian marine transgression (18–15 ka) potentially facilitated the migratory movements and territorial expansions of ancient populations along China’s southern coastline, enabling their transition from mainland coastal regions to nearby islands.

Stigmatization and perceptions of Venezuelan migrants in Peru in the context of Venezuela’s political and economic crisis

This study analyzes the social and individual stigmatization toward Venezuelan immigrants in Peru within the context of the largest migratory movement in Latin America, driven by the political, economic, and humanitarian crisis in Venezuela. The study employs a qualitative approach, using semi-structured in-depth interviews with a diverse sample of 24 participants from major Peruvian cities, including Lima, Arequipa, Cusco, and Trujillo. These in-depth interviews provide insights into the complexity of perceptions toward Venezuelan migrants, ranging from stigmatizing views driven by associations with economic threats and criminality to more positive perceptions that acknowledge the migrants’ adaptability and economic contributions. The findings reveal that while negative stereotypes perpetuate social exclusion and pressures for cultural assimilation threaten the preservation of migrant identities, there are also narratives highlighting resilience and successful integration. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing intercultural education programs, promoting labor integration policies, and collaborating with the media to combat stigma. It concludes that addressing these challenges through a multidimensional, human-rights-based approach can foster greater social cohesion and better integration of migrants, benefiting both the migrant population and Peruvian society.

A new approach to historical migratory movements based on surnames: the case of Spain

A data mining technique called Self-Organized Maps (SOM) was used to select the surnames with populational information (monophyletic) to be used in the reconstruction of past demographic processes, in order to show the historical population migrations that have generated the current structure of the Spanish population. The technique made possible to identify groups of surnames with the same origin. Once the origin of each surname has been established, we can assume that each surname found outside its origin would have moved, at some point in the past, out of that original area, which allows to study historical movements. The observed movements reveal the existence of two main migratory arcs. Both migrations have moved along the coast; the first following the Mediterranean and the second following the Cantabrian Sea. It appears that these two arcs are those that have provided the backbone of the Spanish population, dividing it into two halves that would reach the limits of areas of influence of these arcs. Several types of movement have taken place (Isolation due to distance, Short-distance movements, Medium-distance movements, Long-distance movements). Those of short-medium distance have been the most frequent and most determinant in the current structure.

Legal status and refugees' perceptions of institutional justice: The role of communication quality

AbstractWhat factors influence refugees' perceptions of justice in bureaucratic institutions? As global migration movements draw increasing attention, migrants' experiences as constituents in destination countries merit further research. Drawing evidence from the 2018 survey of refugees participating in the German Socio‐Economic Panel, this article examines the role of legal status in shaping perceptions of justice at government offices. Our findings highlight a stark contrast: refugees with unstable legal statuses often perceive bureaucratic proceedings as less just compared to those with firmer legal standings. However, refugees' perceptions of a more positive encounter their encounters with street‐level bureaucrats can act as a buffer against the negative effects of legal status on perceptions of justice at government offices. These insights underscore a pressing policy implication: asylum procedures, currently marked by ambiguity and delays, could benefit significantly from enhanced communication quality on the part of street‐level bureaucrats.