Middlebox Research Articles

Security Assessment in Software Defined Networks (SDN): Vulnerabilities, Challenges and Research Prospects

Conventional internet architecture facilitating users for different services and applications but facing number of challenges like network management, QoS management for network virtualization, IP multicasting, deployment of IPV6, crucial security measures, end to end connectivity, inter and inter domain routing. To meet the demand of these services due to rapid growth of technologies and traffic, an emerging network architecture termed as Software Defined Network (SDN) with programmable technology has brought unprecedented management to control networks. Due to separation of data, control and application planes software defined network provides cost effective, openness, centralized automation, programmable features as per users own demands and high resilience to network administrators. OpenFlow evolved as a first standard protocol for software defined network control and data planes communication to meet changing business requirements. Although, Software Defined Network brings enormous advancements in networks to support business applications but it is severely affected with cyber-attacks at data, control and application planes. Middle boxes plays a significant role to manage network effectiveness and provide adequate security control from external and internal security threats but require proper management and configuration otherwise it leads to devastating effect. The main contribution of this paper are: (1) It explores various potential security attacks at SDN layers and inconsistent policies, (2) It provides various security concerns in SDN planes and preventive measures against these prevailing attacks, (3) It discusses security threats challenges and research opportunities in software defined network keeping in view critical security controls like spam detector, IDS/IPS, Firewall and policy management. This article assists researchers to comprehend security concerns and state of the art development and challenges explored by scientific community in SDN.

Numerical investigation on vertical vortex-induced vibrations of triple-box girders with curved and linear-type webs

This article presents a numerical study of the vertical vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of bare triple-box girders with both curved and linear-type webs. The simulation was carried out at Scruton number of Sc = 4πmζ/ρBD = 3.34 with the Reynold number from 1.35 × 105 to 8.09 × 105. The CFD simulation model is verified with data from wind tunnel tests. VIV occurs for both sections at low reduced wind speed (0.3<U/fB < 0.4). The dynamic responses, pressure distribution, flow field, and aerodynamic work distribution during VIV for both sections are portrayed in detail. The results indicate that during the stable VIV stage for the linear-type-web section, the vortex structures around the tail of the middle box and the downstream gap exhibit differences between the two adjacent oscillation periods, resulting in the sub-harmonic components in the aerodynamic lift force. Additionally, the fluctuating pressure on the linear-type web section is greater than on the curved web section due to more separated points on the linear-type web section. For both web types, the primary excitation source for the VIV is the vortices that periodically impinge on the leading surface region on the top of the middle box, resulting in the main energy input.

Aerodynamic force distribution and vortex drifting pattern around a double-slotted box girder under vertical vortex-induced vibration

Double-slotted box girder is a novel type of main girder for long-span bridges. To investigate the vertical vortex induced vibration (VIV) performance and aerodynamic effect of double-slotted box girder, wind tunnel tests were conducted on a spring-suspended sectional model. The results showed that the aerodynamic forces on the upper and lower surfaces of upstream box, the upper surface of middle box, and the rear regions of upper and lower surfaces of downstream box contribute positively to the VIV, becoming the main excitation source. Compared with streamlined closed-box and central-slotted box girders, the regions with obvious contribution values on double-slotted box girder surface significantly increase. This indicates that double slots allow the aerodynamic forces acting on larger areas of girder surface to participate in VEF generation and potentially affect the VIV performance. A vortex-related flow pattern around the double-slotted box girder was described by combining the vortex drifting theory and simplified vortex model, which provide insight into the mechanism of vertical VIV. Periodic vortex drifting exists on the upper surface of downstream box. The aerodynamic forces from the windward side to the front area of the lower surface of middle box appear to be significantly affected by vortices in windward slot.

On middle box products and paracompact cardinals

The paper gives several sufficient conditions on the paracompactness of box products with an arbitrary number of factors and boxes of arbitrary size. The former include results on generalised metrisability and Sikorski spaces. Of particular interest are products of the type □<κ2λ, where we prove that for a regular uncountable cardinal κ, if □<κ2λ is paracompact for every λ≥κ, then κ is at least inaccessible. The case of the products of the type □<κXλ for κ singular has not been studied much in the literature and we offer various results. The question if □<κ2λ can be paracompact for all λ when κ is singular has been partially answered but remains open in general.

Stateful InREC: Stateful In-Network Real Number Computation With Recursive Functions

The current generation of Reconfigurable Match-Action Tables switches are highly programmable, able to support stateful operations and pipeline specifications using languages like P4. Nevertheless, these switches do not offer primitives to support real-valued operations on the data plane, thus requiring support from external servers or middle boxes to perform advanced operations. We introduce Stateful InREC, a system that extends the capabilities of programmable switches to support in-network real-valued operations using the IEEE half-precision floating point representation. Stateful InREC relies on decomposing real-valued functions into lookup tables taking into account the RMT model constraints to reach the right trade-off between accuracy and resource usage. It also supports state management for the computation of recursive function over time series. Stateful InREC prototype on Barefoot Tofino switches demonstrates the efficiency of Stateful InREC for in-network computation of different types of operations and its application for in-network logistic regression models used for classification problems. We also demonstrate the use of Stateful InREC to implement an ARIMA model on a Tofino switch for DDoS detection. Our evaluation of Stateful InREC shows that it is possible to implement complex in-network applications with high accuracy and low latency.

ONE PASS PACKET STEERING IN SOFTWARE DEFINED DATA CENTERS

Issue of service function chaining in a network is the focus of this paper. Currently, middle box placement in a network and packet steering through middle boxes are the two main problems associated with chaining services in a network—also known as service function chaining. We propose a One Pass Packet Steering (OPPS) method for use in multi-subscriber environments with the goal of reducing the total amount of time it takes for Users and Services to connect. We show a proof of idea execution utilizing imitations performed with Mininet. According to our findings, the end-to-end delay of subscribers utilizing different sets of policy chains with the same middle boxes and a fixed topology remains roughly the same. Software-Defined Networking, or SDN for short, is a new way of networking that gives a controller and its applications the all-powerful ability to see the whole network and program it in any way they want. This makes it possible for new innovations in network protocols and applications. SDN's logically centralized control plane, which gives visibility to the entire network and is used by many SDN applications, is one of its main benefits. We propose new SDN-specific attack vectors that seriously challenge this foundation, a first in the literature. While the spirit of our new attacks is somewhat similar to that of spoofing attacks in legacy networks, such as the ARP poisoning attack, there are significant differences in how unique vulnerabilities are exploited and how current SDN differs from legacy networks.

Double Plane Direct Shear Apparatus for Determination of Adhesion Factor in Clays

Abstract A modified direct shear assembly with two parallel shear planes was designed to enable the simultaneous and independent measurement of cohesive and adhesive resistance; it is named the “double-plane direct shear device.” The three-block specimen box of the device has top and middle blocks filled with soil specimen and the bottom block is made of solid steel. The middle box is laterally displaced while restraining the top and bottom box, leading to concurrent shearing along two parallel shear planes. Results from quick undrained testing of kaolinite at five different consistency indexes (Ic) and three different vertical stresses (σv) are presented. The stress–deformation curves show greater mobilization of adhesive stress than cohesive stress at low deformations at all Ic and σv. The deformation required for the complete mobilization of cohesive and adhesive stresses and their variation with Ic and σv is discussed. A parameter crossover deformation (dco) is defined to identify the region where adhesive stress is greater than cohesive stress, which would be useful in applications where soil stickiness is of concern. The results show that the presence of partial drainage increases the dco, which results in an increased deformation range over which adhesive stress is greater than cohesive stress, thereby increasing the stickiness susceptibility. Furthermore, results show that the adhesion factor (α, defined as the ratio of adhesion to undrained cohesion) always stayed below unity under undrained conditions, whereas under partial drainage conditions, values of α greater than unity were obtained. The study concludes that for the application where soil stickiness is of concern, the determination of α and its usage to analyze stickiness susceptibility should be performed under simulation of appropriate drainage boundary conditions.

PCSS: Privacy Preserving Communication Scheme for SDN Enabled Smart Homes

Smart home technology, also known as home automation system, allows the homeowner and residents to control and monitor the smart devices like heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), refrigerators, doors, cameras etc. These features facilitate the users by providing a safe and well-suited environment. However, at the same time these connected devices could be exploited by cybercriminals due to overlooked inbuilt security and privacy concerns of these devices. Because of no authentication and plain text data transmission, intruders can get user profiles, learn user behavior, and can even inject malwares in an unauthenticated devices. Therefore, authentication and privacy preserving user queries remain the key issues in wide adaptation of such technologies. Because of the above mentioned problems, the traditional security solutions cannot be deployed in the low processing devices. Therefore, to overcome the security issues of these low processing gadgets, a network level, lightweight cryptographic security mechanisms are necessitated where the processing is done at the network level middle box rather than low resources end devices. In this aspect, the evolving networking paradigm Software Defined Networking (SDN) offers such properties like programmability, agility, centralized management, and vendor neutrality that overcome the conventional networking control, management, and security problems. The controller of SDN at the control layer manages all the computation and complexities at the network level, rather than at the smart devices. Therefore, in this research, we present a privacy preserving communication scheme for SDN-enabled smart homes (PCSS), which aims at provisioning user and smart device authentication, privacy for data (rest and transit), and user queries. It hinders the learning and modification of data by an intruder during the transmission and features mutual authentication of user, controller, and smart device. PCSS, also offers privacy preserving user queries for the smart homes. This is achieved by proposing a symmetric key based lightweight authentication and searchable encrypted queries protocol. We further highlighted that the experimental results show the efficacy and usefulness of PCSS scheme as compared with the existing secure smart home/system protocols.

Aerodynamic mechanism of triggering and suppression of vortex-induced vibrations for a triple-box girder

With the objective of exploring the aerodynamic mechanism of triggering and suppression of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) for a triple-box girder, wind tunnel tests involving both static and dynamic pressure measurements, as well as CFD simulation for flow visualization were carried out on a bare girder. Both vortex-induced vibrations and surface pressures were obtained from static and dynamic sectional model tests for three typical wind incidence angles, namely α = 0°, +3°, and −3°. Results indicated that vortices shed regularly from the downwind sides of both windward box and middle box, then impinged on the upwind sides of middle box and leeward box respectively, resulting in prominent fluctuating pressures here, which was likely to render the triple-box girder more susceptible to VIV. Specifically, fluctuating lift of middle box was the main trigger of VIV at wind incidence angle α = +3°, while that of leeward box was the main trigger at α = 0° and −3°. The regular vortex shedding and impinging process could be effectively suppressed by the grid plates over girder slots, which was favorable to VIV mitigation. When VIV occurred, self-excited force became the main component of the fluctuating force, and it could be the major driver of the large-amplitude oscillation.

Optimization of Backpressure in Exhaust Muffler for Automobile

The goal of this study is to optimise the exhaust middle box muffler of an automobile by focusing on the design of the perforated pipes. Back pressure and pressure drop in the exhaust are two characteristics that contribute to the various effects of an internal combustion engine. In this study, the pressure distribution of an existing exhaust middle box muffler on the perforated pipe is evaluated using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software, and the suitable perforated pipe is identified to improve the middle box muffler performance. The simulation of fluid flow inside a passage of perforated pipe with the same diameter and length but different perforation diameters and distance between perforations was carried out in this study. The CFD analysis simulation results showed the flow pattern with pressure contours for each sample. The results also revealed that each sample had a different pressure drop. An optimised design of perforations inside the middle box muffler pipe results in less pressure drop, which improves exhaust system performance. The simulation results are plotted and a comparison of various perforation diameter and distance can be seen. Larger distance between perforations at 20 mm gives large discrepancies in the results which is 15% difference of pressure drop as compared to smaller distance between perforations that gives less than 1% difference of pressure drop for 6mm and 7mm diameter of perforated pipes. The results also shows that 5mm of perforation diameter gives even larger pressure drop as high as 44.66%.

The Molecular Dynamics study of atomic structure behavior of LL-37 peptide as the antimicrobial agent, derived from the human cathelicidin, inside a nano domain filled by the aqueous environment

The LL-37 peptide is an antimicrobial agent derived from human cathelicidin. In addition to their antimicrobial properties, these peptides can activate the immune system through various mechanisms and contribute to autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we describe the atomic behavior of this protein in an aqueous environment inside of metallic nanochannel (Fe nanochannel). For this purpose, Molecular Dynamics (MD) approach was implemented in equilibrium conditions. A Large Scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) is used in this computational study. Computationally, the various atoms interaction described by Universal Force Field (UFF), TIP4P, and Embedded Atom Model (EAM). Furthermore, physical factors like potential energy, temperature, Radial Distribution Function (RDF), density/velocity/temperature profiles, and protein volume were calculated for atomic behavior description of the LL-37 protein-water system. MD outputs indicated the atomic stability of protein structure in an aqueous environment inside metallic nanochannels. Numerically, the LL-37 protein volume changes from 3906.81 Å3 to 3900.11 Å3 value after t = 10 ns. Also, the maximum density and velocity/temperature profiles reach 0.0225 atoms/Å3 and 0.0124 Å/fs/435.22 K (respectively), values detected in the initial/final and middle bins MD box.

Correction: Clinical practice guideline: evidence, recommendations and algorithm for the preoperative optimization of anemia, hyperglycemic and smoking.

In an article published on October 1, 2021,[1][1] Figure 1 contained an error. The middle box under “Evidence of anemia” should have read “M: Hb 100–130 g/L” and “F: Hb 100–120 g/L.” This has been corrected at canjsurg.ca. 1. [↵][2]1. Greenberg JA, 2. Zwiep TM, 3.

Hair diameter measurements for planning follicular unit extraction surgery (FUE): Is there a correlation between the micrometer caliper and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings?

Hair shaft diameter is one of the most important factors for the outcome of follicular unit extraction (FUE) surgery. In fact, the hair shaft is elliptical. Therefore, it has a long and short axis. Many hair transplantation surgeons use manual micrometer caliper for gauging hair diameter and use the results in the management of recipient and donor area. In this study, we aimed to identify the dependability of micrometer caliper and also the hair diameter diversity pattern in the donor area. Two hundred and seventy hairs were collected from three males with androgenetic alopecia. Hair samples were obtained from the 1cm2 boxes from superior to inferior at the mid-point of temporal, parietal, and occipital donor areas. The diameter of each hair was measured both with a micrometer caliper and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Average diameter measured by scanning electron microscopy was 83.01µm for the long axis and 51.51µm for the short axis. The average value for the micrometer caliper measurement was 53.32µm. Comparison of micrometer caliper results with the short-axis measurements of SEM revealed a strong significant correlation. The hair diameters from superior, middle, and inferior boxes revealed a tendency to decrease toward the inferior regions. A manual micrometer caliper is a dependable tool for planning FUE surgery, and it measures the short axis of the elliptical hair shaft. Hair diameter tends to decrease toward the inferior regions of the donor area.

A Network Measurement System for NFV Networks based on SDN

As a promising innovation to totally change how we design, install and oversee different organizations, Software-based Network Function Virtualization (NFV) empowers hardware-free, adaptable, quickand proficient network service process. With the expanding prevalence of NFV, the Internet has likewise changed to be a hybrid environment where NFV-based network exists together with traditional gadgets. To ease our understanding, plan, assess and handling of such novel organization environment, there is an incredible requirement for new NFV-compatible measurement framework which is still missing till now. To overcome this issue, a framework, named Software Defined Network Measurement System (SDNMS) is introduced. First the architecture of SDNMS is proposed. In this design, a conventional strategy to portray the working method of the network measurement is defined. This technique can likewise be used to produce network measurement middle box (NMMB) in a particular location of the NFV network as per the customized description file, and to flexibly install the network measurement function. Besides, the innovation of virtual network measurement function (VNMF) joined with LXC is said to be shape NMMB function.Thirdly, a control strategy is introduced to control the beginning, stop, and update NMMB to produce a particular network measurement system. At last, a model of SDNMS with network observing function to screen network performance anomalies and locate fault is presented. Test results have shown that SDNMS design and related advancements are practical and successful to launch and control network measurement functions in NFV network. We trust SDNMS could give another strategy to experts to do network management and examine at the age of NFV

Middlebox selection optimization via an intelligent framework in software‐defined networking

AbstractSoftware‐defined networking (SDN) has a vital role in network resource utilization. However, it does not provide a comprehensive view of middleboxes (MBs). In this article, we proposed an intelligent dynamic routing framework for performance optimization based on a SDN architecture with a comprehensive view of all network properties. This routing framework also uses the genetic algorithm (GA) for performance improvement. It extracts the CPU, memory, and bandwidth utilization of MBs as dynamic routing parameters. The implemented GA calculates the impact factor (IF) of these parameters to declare the impact of each parameter in network performance. The obtained results show that considering MBs status in flow forwarding improves the tested network's resource utilization by 13, 10, and 7 times compared with hop‐based shortest path first, random path selection, and Round Robin methods, respectively. The results also showed that considering IFs (IFCPU, IFRAM, and IFBW) in routing procedure would improve the network's performance. Therefore, we used the GA to calculate optimal IFs for fairness load balancing and performance optimization. The GA calculates 0.4 and 0.6, for IFCPU and IFBW, respectively. It calculates these IFs only after five iterations. It also showed that we could ignore the RAM utilization parameter in our dynamic routing as our MBs are not memory‐bounded. The simulation results declared that routing with optimal IFs not only improves the network' throughput but also improves load distribution fairness by about 25% compared with routing without the IFs.

Subjective Assessment Research of Middle Pressure Regulator Boxes in Urban Gas Industry

In urban gas industry there are many middle pressure regulator boxes which locate in noise sensitive areas like Class 1 and Class 2 acoustic environment functional areas in where exist strict noise emission limit requirement. Compared with high pressure regulation stations these middle pressure ones generate lower level noise but they are still complained because of the boundary noise excessive emission caused by direct exposure outdoors and lack of noise control treatment like acoustic enclosures, sound barriers and walls’ baffle. Most of the existing research focused on the parameters like noise sound pressure level, sound power level and so on of these regulator boxes, and there is little achievement about the subjective assessment of the noise generated by them. But the values of noise subjective assessment are the major reasons and influential index of the surrounding environmental complaints. In this paper, some objective values of subjective assessment base on several typical middle pressure regulator boxes noise emission during gas supply peak are measured, calculated and analyzed, the results offer the scientific evidence for the noise control and subjective feeling improvement of these boxes.

The nocturnal activity of a commonly housed rodent: How African pygmy dormice (Graphiurus murinus) respond to an enriched environment?

Exotic rodents are becoming increasingly popular in industry; however, there is limited empirical evidence to guide husbandry practices. African pygmy dormice (Graphiurus murinus) are typical in this respect. This research aimed to determine the effect of environmental enrichment on the behavior (including stereotypical scratching at the glass walls of the enclosure) and space use of a group of eight African pygmy dormice at Sparsholt College Hampshire, UK. An apple-wood climbing grid and three raised (at various heights above the substrate) woven-wicker nest boxes were provided. Instantaneous scan sampling was used to record 150 hours of nocturnal behavior (19:00–07:00 daily) over five experimental phases (phase 1 baseline; phase 2 climbing grid provided; phase 3 lower nest box provided; phase 4 middle nest box provided; phase 5 higher nest box provided). Space use was determined using the modified Spread of Participation Index. Nest box use was recorded continually. The provision of the climbing grid significantly increased the groups' time spent eating, digging, gnawing, and climbing and significantly decreased stereotypic scratching at glass. It also significantly changed the use of all enclosure zones, with mice utilizing the highest zones as soon as they were accessible. The addition of raised nesting opportunity saw the highest zones of the enclosure become those preferentially used. It also totally diminished stereotypic scratching at glass. The highest nest box was preferentially used and use of terrestrial nest boxes (those placed directly on top of the substrate) reduced significantly when raised alternatives were provided. This study suggests those working with African pygmy dormice should provide an enriched enclosure via “arboreal” opportunity to increase active behaviors and reduce stereotypy.

Optimization strategies for the selection of mobile edges in hybrid crowdsensing architectures

Communication infrastructures are rapidly evolving to support 5G enabling lower latency, high reliability, and scalability of the network and of the service provisioning. An important element of the 5G vision is Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), that leverages the availability of powerful and low-cost middle boxes, i.e., MEC nodes, statically deployed at suitable edges of the network to extend the centralized cloud backbone. At the same time, after almost a decade of research, Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) has established the technology able to collect sensing data on the environment by using personal devices, usually smartphones, as powerful sensing-and-communication platforms. Even though, mutual benefits due to the integration of MEC and Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) are still largely unexplored. In this paper, we address and analyze the potential of the synergic use of MCS and MEC by thoroughly assessing various strategies for the selection of both traditional Fixed MEC (FMEC) edges as well as human-enabled Mobile MEC (M2EC) edges to support the collection of mobile CrowdSensing data. Collected results quantitatively show the effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategies in elastically scaling the load at edge nodes according to runtime provisioning needs.

The geriatric trauma patient: A neglected individual in a mature trauma system.

Those older than 65 years represent the fastest growing demographic in the United States. As such, their care has been emphasized by trauma entities such as the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Unfortunately, much of that focus has been of their care once they reach the hospital with little attention on the access of geriatric trauma patients to trauma centers (TCs). We sought to determine the rate of geriatric undertriage (UT) to TCs within a mature trauma system and hypothesized that there would be variation and clustering of the geriatric undertriage rate (UTR) within a mature trauma system because of the admission of geriatric trauma patient to nontrauma centers (NTCs). From 2003 to 2015, all geriatric (age >65 years) admissions with an Injury Severity Score of greater than 9 from the Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation (PTSF) registry and those meeting trauma criteria (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision: 800-959) from the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) database were included. Undertriage rate was defined as patients not admitted to TCs (n = 27) divided by the total number of patients as from the PHC4 database. The PHC4 contains all inpatient admissions within Pennsylvania (PA), while PTSF reports admissions to PA TCs. The zip code of residence was used to aggregate calculations of UTR as well as other aggregate patient and census demographics, and UTR was categorized into lower, middle box, and upper quartiles. ArcGIS Desktop: Version 10.7, ESRI, Redlands, CA and GeoDa: Version 1.14.0, Open source license were used for geospatial mapping of UT with a spatial empirical Bayesian smoothed UTR, and Stata: Version 16.1, Stata Corp., College Station TX was used for statistical analyses. Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation had 58,336 cases, while PHC4 had 111,626 that met the inclusion criteria, resulting in a median (Q1-Q3) smoothed UTR of 50.5% (38.2-60.1%) across PA zip code tabulation areas. Geospatial mapping reveals significant clusters of UT regions with high UTR in some of the rural regions with limited access to a TC. The lowest quartile UTR regions tended to have higher population density relative to the middle or upper quartile UTR regions. At the patient level, the lowest UTR regions had more racial and ethnic diversity, a higher injury severity, and higher rates of treatment at a TC. Undertriage rate regions that were closer to NTCs had a higher odds of being in the upper UTR quartile; 4.48 (2.52-7.99) for NTC with less than 200 beds and 8.53 (4.70-15.47) for NTC with 200 beds or greater compared with zip code tabulation areas with a TC as the closest hospital. There are significant clusters of geriatric UT within a mature trauma system. Increased emphasis needs to focus prehospital on identifying the severely injured geriatric patient including specific geriatric triage protocols. Epidemiological, Level III.

Design and Commissioning of Continuous Soil Box Supported on Shake Tables Array for Testing Long Geostructures

The seismic soil response and soil-buried infrastructure interaction are of immense importance for the resilience of urban centres. Shake table testing offers an efficient tool for modeling the seismic soil-structure interaction. This paper presents the design and commissioning of a suspended continuum soil box supported on an array of shake tables to enable simulating homogeneity and inhomogeneity of soil and non-uniform seismic excitation of extended buried structures such as pipelines and tunnels. The large-scale shaking table model involves a steel box 7.3 m × 1.4 m × 1.2 m supported by 3 shake tables. It comprises 3 active rigid boxes (2 end boxes and one middle box) supported on 3 shaking tables and 2 passive (suspended) soft joint boxes to provide continuous soil medium. The continuous box design is modular and allows its expansion to be supported by the available 9 shaking tables for even much longer soil continuum model. The developed test setup was used to investigate the seismic response of free-field soil to verify the performance of the soil continuum box. The sand test model was instrumented with arrays of accelerometers embedded along its height within both rigid and suspended boxes to evaluate the effect of the test setup on the ground motion characteristics in both segments. Dynamic performance of the continuum box is examined by comparing the results of shaking table tests on the box empty and box containing a sand model. The results demonstrat that the soil box did not experience resonance with the sand model, hence it did not affect its response to the shaking. A quantitative analysis is conducted to evaluate the box boundary effects on the soil seismic response in terms of the L2-norm, μ, the acceleration time history waveform and Fourier spectrum characteristics at soil surface and 0.7m below surface. The consistency of surface peak acceleration under different seismic excitations and intensity levels are compared in terms of standard deviation, β. The results demonstrat that the developed suspended continuum model box performed well and can simulate the continuity and boundary conditions of free-field.