Middle Volga Region Research Articles

Productivity and grain quality of hulled and hulles oat varieties in the middle Volga Region

Along with hulled oats, hulles oats are increasingly used in the processing industries, both for feed and food purposes without preliminary hulling. In the Middle Volga region, in the conditions of a sharply continental climate, the cultivation of oats for feed and food purposes is difficult, therefore, breeding of highly productive oat varieties with grain quality for a specific area of use is promising. The purpose of the current study was to estimate productivity and grain quality of hulled and hulles oat varieties in the Middle Volga region. There has been found that during the years of study, hulled oat varieties produced the highest grain yield of 29.2 hwt/ha (a mean value among the varieties). The maximum grain yield was obtained in 2022 with 41.6–42.4 hwt/ha due to productive tillering (r = +0.72 at p < 0.05) and 1000-grain weight (r = +0.82 at p < 0.05). The variety ‘Sapsan’ was the best one in the group of hulled varieties with the best indicators of protein 14.6 %, starch 40.2 %, oil 5.3 % and grain nature weight 470 g/l with the lowest value of grain husk content; these oat varieties are preferable to grow for the production of feed and feed mixtures. In the group of hulles varieties, the mean productivity among the varieties varied at the level of the standard variety ‘Persheron’ and was 16.8 hwt/ha. The largest productivity was formed by the varieties in 2023 with 24.6-24.7 hwt/ha and it was due to productive tillering (r = +0.68 at p < 0.05) and grain weight per ear (r = +0.80 at p < 0.05). Hulles oat varieties with a high content of protein 18.7 %, starch 53.0 %, oil 6.4 %, low amylolytic activity of grain 323 s and grain nature weight 597 g/l, corresponding to the requirements of GOST 28673-2019 are suitable for food purposes (groats production, functional products, bakery).

New winter common wheat variety ‘Saban’ for the middle Volga Region

Winter wheat in the Republic of Tatarstan is sown annually on an area of more than 300 K hectares. The purpose of the current work was to develop a new variety ‘Saban’ and characterize its ability to produce high yields and grain quality in the northern regions of the Middle Volga region. The study was conducted on the fields of the Tatarsky RIA, SSU of the FRC KazRC of RAS in 2020–2022. Seeds were laid in ‘black’ fallow at the optimal time. The variety ‘Saban’ was developed by the method of individual selection from a hybrid population obtained from crossing the varieties ‘Kazanskaya 285’ and ‘Bezenchukskaya 380’. On average, over three years of testing, winter resistance was 88 %, and the plant height was 74 cm, which is 9.7 cm lower than that of the standard variety ‘Kazanskaya 560’. Lodging resistance was 8.7 points with a coefficient of variation of 6.66 %. The variety ‘Saban’ is of the intensive type, responsive to the application of complex fertilizers. The variety was better than the standard variety ‘Kazanskaya 560’ in productivity by 0.64 t/ha. Under arid conditions of 2021 the variety yielded 4.20 t/ha, which was 0.65 t/ha more than the standard variety did. This result was due to the productive stem density and a large number of grains per ear. The variety produced heavy kernels, its nature weight was 770–802 g/l. Crude protein percentage in grain ranged from 13.2 % to 15.2 %, and gluten varied from 27.0 % to 29.7 %. The variety formed high indicators of rheological qualities, such as 301 u.a. of flour strength, and 59 % of valorimetric estimation. The general baking assessment for three years of study was 4.5 points. The variety can be recommended for cultivation in the Middle Volga region of the Russian Federation from 2024.

THE FUNCTIONING OF COMONYMS IN MODERN SONG TEXTS OF THE TATAR AND MARI PEOPLES

The article is devoted to the analysis of the modern musical and song tradition of the contacting ethnic groups of the Middle Volga region. The main attention is focused on the study of song texts in the Tatar and Mari languages contained in the names of rural settlements of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Mari El. The preservation of a common trend for all ethnic groups, expressed in the unification of thematic groups, the preservation of common features of national and cultural specificity in the performance of musical works, has been established. An archaic pentatonic characteristic of the Tatar song model, borrowed into the Mari folk song, has been recorded. It is confirmed that the basis of the modern Tatar and Mari musical and song culture of the village is the genre of village chant, marking the place of existence of the song and informing about the attribution of the song to a certain locality. There is a direct connection between the village and the rustic motif (chant). The implementation of the village tune is carried out mainly in everyday languages through lyrical songs and “takmak”. “Takmak” (analogous to Russian chastushka), as a legacy of the musical influence of the Turkic-Tatar population of the Middle Volga region, retained its influence on the musical tradition of the Cheremis (Mari) people, which allowed to establish a certain kinship of modern folkish songs of these peoples in rural society. The marking of the geographical affiliation of the song works is provided by toponyms describing the location of a particular locality. Song collections of a consolidated type in the Tatar and Mari languages are presented in printed and electronic versions. A comparative analysis of modern songs, including comonyms, revealed the manifestation of similar features when they are implemented in a natural cultural environment. Most modern folkish songs, both Tatar and Mari, are based on traditional motifs of the small homeland, nostalgia for the rural nativity, love of nature, autobiographical history, memories of past youth and childhood, indicating the characteristic features of the geo-landscape for this territory, as well as linguistic and cultural images based on the motives of sociocommunication – the presentation of the settlement, its residents, outstanding natives, self-presentation, promotion of village traditions, relationships of the multiethnic composition of the village, etc.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ БИОПРЕПАРАТА БИОСТИМ НА ПОСЕВАХ КУКУРУЗЫ РОСС 140 СВ

The studies were conducted to study the effect of mineral fertilizers and the certified biopreparation Biostim Corn on the growth of the Ross 140 SV corn hybrid under irrigation. The field experiment was carried out in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2021-2023. The object of the study was the Ross 140 SV hybrid zoned in the seventh region (Middle Volga region), bred by Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture named after P.P.Lukyanenko. In the experiment, various schemes for using the Biostim Corn preparation separately and in combination with Maksim Gold fungicide were studied. The use of Biostim Corn as a seed dressing before sowing at a dose of 2 l/t helps to increase the productivity of green mass. Its combined use with Maksim Gold seed dressing is even more effective. Against the background of the application of the calculated rates of mineral fertilizers, this ensures the formation of an additional 1.8 t/ha of green mass and an excess of the planned yield of 50 t/ha. Replacing Maksim Gold seed dressing with Biostim Corn increases the efficiency of using mineral fertilizers and foliar feeding. The profitability of green mass production of corn in the variant with the integrated use of agrochemicals is 73.3%, the conditional net income is 33.9 thousand rubles/ha, the cost of 1000 feed units is 4.6 thousand rubles. The use of the biopreparation Biostim Corn in the technology of cultivating the hybrid crop Ross 140 SV on irrigation allows you to improve the quality of seeds, increase the productivity of green mass and reduce the cost.

History of the Kazan Khanate in the works of S.Kh. Alishev in the 1970s

The article, written in connection with the 95th anniversary of the Doctor of Historical Sciences, honored scientist of the Republic of Tatarstan Salyam Khatypovich Alishev (1929–2015), contains information about the scientific activities of the famous scientist, characterizes the results of his research in the 1970s, analyzes his significant contribution to the study of the history of the Kazan Khanate, the peoples of the Middle Volga and Ural regions, Moscow-Kazan relations of the 15th–16th centuries. For citation: Khamidullin B.L. History of the Kazan Khanate in the works of S.Kh. Alishev in the 1970s. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.10–19. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.10-19 (In Russian)

Participation of the Mari in the Livonian (1558–1583) and Russo-Swedish (1589–1595) Wars

This article discusses the history of the participation of the Mari warriors on the side of the Russian state in the wars in the Baltic states in the second half of the 16th century. Their number in the ranks of thousands of Moscow troops did not exceed several hundred people, however, but in all cases the Mari warriors were assigned to the Advanced regiment. The participation of the Mari in the Livonian War was mainly limited to horse raids and skirmishes with small enemy units. During the Russo-Swedish War (1589–1595) Mari for the first time took part in the storming of the fortress. Also, the Cheremis, like the rest of the warriors of the Moscow army, participated in the robbery and devastation of the Baltic lands. For citation: Svechnikov S.K. Participation of the Mari in the Livonian (1558–1583) and Russo-Swedish (1589–1595) Wars. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.34–51. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.34-51 (In Russian)

Landowner economy in the Kazan province in the first half of the 19th century

The article is devoted to the economic development of landowners in the Kazan province during the era of serfdom. The source base of the study contains published memoirs of representatives of the nobility, statistical publications, pre-revolutionary studies of the state of agriculture in private farms, as well as archival material containing economic descriptions of 12 districts of the province, compiled by local leaders of the nobility and individual landowners based on the questions of the questionnaire of the Free Economic Society in 1802. The author analyzed the natural and geographical factors that influenced economic life on the estates; characterized the working inventory and showed attempts to modernize it; studied the specialization of estates and identified the economy-forming industries; considered the features of the corvee and quitrent systems of peasant exploitation. In addition, the article shows examples of organizing market-oriented agricultural production. A conclusion is made about the subsistence nature of the landowner economy in the Kazan province in the pre-reform period, in which the sale of surplus did not mean the commercial nature of production. The availability of free labor deprived the incentive to introduce improved methods of land cultivation – use modern equipment, improved varieties of crops, as well as develop industries such as livestock and crop production. For citation: Mironova E.V. Landowner economy in the Kazan province in the first half of the 19th century. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.118–136. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.118-136 (In Russian)

Book review: Education and Christian enlightenment of the Chuvashs of Volga-Urals in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: documents and materials from the funds of N.I. Ilminsky and Kazan Teachers’ Seminary (compiled by G.A. Nikolaev, R.R. Iskhakov; Cheboksary, 2023)

The review presents a description of the content of the collection of documents dedicated to the education and Christian enlightenment of the Chuvashs, who lived in the Volga-Ural region in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The author highlights aspects of the topic that are most fully reflected in the published documents: state of school affairs in rural areas, interfaith situation in the region, living conditions of parish priests and school teachers, activities of teachers and educators N.I. Ilminsky, I.Ya. Yakovlev, N.I. Zolotnitsky. The review positively assesses the detailed scientific reference apparatus of the book. It is concluded that the collection of documents expands our knowledge of the daily life of the peoples of the Volga region in the post-reform period of Russian history. For citation: Kasimov E.V. Book review: Education and Christian enlightenment of the Chuvashs of Volga-Urals in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: documents and materials from the funds of N.I. Ilminsky and Kazan Teachers’ Seminary (compiled by G.A. Nikolaev, R.R. Iskhakov; Cheboksary, 2023). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp. 161–165. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.161-165 (In Russian)

Common roots of Riza Fakhretdin and the Service Tatars Baishevs in the context of Genetic Genealogy

The publication presents a comparative analysis of the results of genetic studies and information from the funds of the “Local Order” (f. 1209) and “Landrat Books and Census Records” (f. 350) of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts concerning the genealogy of the famous scientist-educator, historian, theologian and public figure Rizaetdin Fakhretdin. As a result of the study, the plausibility of the family legends of R. Fakhretdin about the origin of his ancestors from the Shirdan village of Sviyazhsk district, was proven, their common origin with the famous service Service Tatar family of the Baishevs was shown. For citation: Vladimirov O.O. Common roots of Riza Fakhretdin and the Service Tatars Baishevs in the context of Genetic Genealogy. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.146–153. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.146-153 (In Russian)

Service Tatars during the E. Pugachev uprising of 1773–1775

The article is devoted to the study of the issues of participation of service Tatars on the side of government troops during the E.I. Pugachev uprising of 1773–1775. The reasons for the loyal attitude towards the autocratic power or neutrality of the main part of the service Tatars towards Pugachev’s "rebellion" are determined. The role of the Kazan Admiralty in maintaining order in the villages of service Tatars under its control, in places where timber for ships was being prepared, and in defending Kazan from rebels in the summer of 1774 has been clarified. The merits of a small part of service Tatars who actively participated in the suppression of the uprising are shown. The events on the territory of the Kazan district are considered primarily. For citation: Faizrakhmanov I.Z. Service Tatars during the E. Pugachev uprising of 1773–1775. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.76–85. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-1.76-85 (In Russian)

The reasons for the failure of the V.A. Kar’s campaign against the rebels led by E.I. Pugachev in the autumn of 1773

More than 250 years ago, an uprising led by E.I. Pugachev broke out on the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire, which in a short period of time covered a large territory of the Urals and the Volga region. The first attempts of government troops to suppress these unrest were unsuccessful, and among them the campaign (expedition) of Major General V.A. Kar, during which systemic shortcomings were revealed both in the command and control of troops and in the measures taken by local authorities. Prejudiced attitude towards the rebels as “cowardly men and rabble”, ignorance of the natural conditions of the Ural steppes and a number of other factors led to the failure of government troops in the fight against the Pugachevites in the initial stage of the uprising. For citation: Tukhvatulin A.Kh. The reasons for the failure of the V.A. Kar’s campaign against the rebels led by E.I. Pugachev in the autumn of 1773. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.69–75. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.69-75 (In Russian)

New document on voivodes of cities assigned by the Kazan Palace Office, September 1656

The article introduces into scientific circulation, investigates, and publishes a document on the history of local government of the Moscow State in the mid-17th century and the administrative activities of the Military Records Office and the Kazan Palace Office – list of voevodes and officemen of cities assigned by the Kazan Palace Office, September 1656. The document studied in the article was deposited in the fund of the Military Records Office of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). The article gives an archaeographic description of the published document, and substantiates the proposed dating of the document. The article describes the information potential of the document. The article is addressed to specialists in the history of public administration, and the source studies of office documents. For citation: Belousov M.R. New document on voivodes of cities assigned by the Kazan Palace Office, September 1656. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.154–160. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.154-160 (In Russian)

Teptyars in the legislation of the Russian Empire in the 1790s

This article is devoted to the study of one of the key moments in the social history of the Teptyars in the 18th–19th centuries – the process of their transition from the peasant class to the military class. The article, based on published legislative acts of the Russian Empire of the 1790s, reconstructs the sequential chain of events that marked the formation of the Teptyars in a new social status. The details and features of the socio-economic nature of their class transformation are revealed. For citation: Sharafiev E.I. Teptyars in the legislation of the Russian Empire in the 1790s. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.86–95. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.86-95 (In Russian)

Researcher of national history

The article highlights the problems of scientific research, the creative biography of the great Tatar historian Salyam Khatipovich Alishev, who, having entered graduate school at the age of 34, achieved outstanding success thanks to his determination and enormous diligence, love for the craft of a historian and the desire to learn and write the true history of his native people. In the 1970–1980s, when the planned scientific topics of the majority of the employees of the sector of history were limited to the Soviet period, the achievements and successes of the Institute of Language, Literature and History in the study of the past of the Tatar people of the 15th – 19th centuries were largely determined by the works of S.Kh. Alishev. For citation: Zagidullin I.K. Researcher of national history. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.172–185. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.172-185 (In Russian)

Book review: Karimov T.T. Tatar land volosts. Volume 1. Bulyarsky volost (Kazan, 2023)

This review is devoted to the analysis of the new work of the historian Tagir Karimov “Tatar land volosts. Volume 1. Bulyarsky volost”. T.T. Karimov is engaged in research into the history of Tatar land volosts, the first monographic experience on this topic was the publication of a book devoted to a detailed analysis of the settlements that were part of the Bulyarsky volost. The author introduced into scientific circulation a huge number of archival sources from the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Information on the population of the settlements in question is especially valuable. At the same time, the researcher quite thoroughly studied the estate structure of the villages of Bulyarsky volost and other settlements, one way or another, associated with this land volost. The work of T.T. Karimov may be of interest to historians, demographers, genealogists, local historians and ethnographers. For citation: Aminov R.R. Book review: Karimov T.T. Tatar land volosts. Volume 1. Bulyarsky volost (Kazan, 2023). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.166–171. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.166-171 (In Russian)

Collection of oriental manuscripts of Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences as a source on Tatar Sufi culture of the 16th – 19th centuries

The article presents an analysis of thirteen volumes of the “Collection of Oriental Manuscripts of Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences” for the presence of manuscripts related to the activities of the sheikhs – the founders of the Yasawiya and Naqshbandiya tariqats, their students and followers, as well as the treatises of al-Ghazali and al-Arabi, as especially revered among the Tatar scientists of the Middle Ages. The relevance of the search for Sufi sources of the period of the 16th – 19th centuries is due to the need to deepen knowledge about the Tatar Sufi culture of this period of history. The description of the manuscripts in the “Collections” is carried out according to the dates of the copying of the treatises, which is an indirect fact of interest in them in the described period. For citation: Borodovskaya L.Z. Collection of oriental manuscripts of Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences as a source on Tatar Sufi culture of the 16th – 19th centuries. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.108–117. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.108-117 (In Russian)

On some controversial issues of the early history of Kazan

The article examines the history of the state of Kazan Tatars at the end of the 14th century based on a comparison of information from the “Daftar-i Chingis-name” and Russian chronicles. The author suggests that the first ruler of the Kazan yurt was Altyn-bek, the son of the Bulgar Khan Abdullah, and offers his own version of the etymology of the name “Kazan”. He also puts forward the thesis that before Iske Kazan, the predecessor of modern Kazan was another city – Kashan (Koshan), located on the Kama River. For citation: Sanachin S.P. On some controversial issues of the early history of Kazan. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.20–33. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.20-33 (In Russian)

Results of the study of Tatar epigraphic monuments of the Vysokogorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan

The article is devoted to the study of Tatar epigraphic monuments preserved in the Vysokogorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. As a valuable source, they play an important role in the study of the history, culture and language of the Tatar people, since they contain information that cannot be obtained from other historical sources. During an epigraphic expedition in this area, the author for the first time identified over 1200 monuments dating from the 13th century to 1939. The article presents the results of this work, describes the most significant and interesting examples of epigraphic monuments of scientific interest. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that some examples of this epigraphic heritage are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, and also presents the results of the study of Arabic and Tatar texts on stones. For citation: Gaynutdinov A.M. Results of the study of Tatar epigraphic monuments of the Vysokogorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.137–145. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.137-145 (In Russian)

Tatars in the regular army during the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of 1813–1814

One of the topical issues of historical science in the Russian Federation is the analysis and popularization of historical information about the participation of the peoples of the country in military campaigns to protect the Fatherland from foreign intervention. The purpose of the study is to tell about the service of Tatars, both officers and lower ranks, in the regular army during the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of 1813–1814. Actualization of interest to the military history of the Tatar people during the period of the Russian Empire as a whole, with the search and bringing into the public space the names of heroes and participants of military campaigns, is also one of the tasks of this study. The leading method in studying this problem was an integrated approach based on the study of different types of sources. Research materials: the work involves special historical research (monographs and scientific articles), published and unpublished historical sources of the first quarter of the 19th century, reference publications. Results and scientific novelty of the work: the facts of the service of the Tatar people in the regular army during the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of 1813–1814 have been established, the personalities of Tatar officers, both from among the nobility and from the lower ranks, as well as soldiers and sailors from the Tatars who served in the regular army have been identified. Biographies of veterans of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of 1813–1814 from the Tatars are given. For citation: Abdullin Kh.M. Tatars in the regular army during the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign campaigns of 1813–1814. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.96–107. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.96-107

Archival documents on the events in the Yaik Cossack army that preceded the “pugachevshina”

This article shows in detail the process of development in the Yaik Cossack army of the conflict situation between ordinary Cossacks and their senior leadership during the several decades preceding the “pugachevshina”. Currently, this topic continues to be poorly studied and practically unrelated to the topic of “pugachevshina”. Documents deposited in the capital’s archives (RGADA and RGVIA), as well as in the Orenburg regional archive (OGAOO), made it possible to reconstruct in detail the events of the Yaik Cossack uprising of 1772 and show their direct connection with the “pugachevshina”. For citation: Dubovikov A.M. Archival documents on the events in the Yaik Cossack army that preceded the “pugachevshina”. From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2024, vol.14, no.3, pp.52–68. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2024-14-3.52-68 (In Russian)