Middle Scale Research Articles

Development and validation of a novel Middle childhood oral health impact scale (MCOHIS).

The study was planned to develop and validate a novel middle childhood oral health impact scale (MCOHIS) for 6- to 9-year-old children in India. A cross-sectional study design was employed to develop and validate MCOHIS in the sequential phases. A panel of ten pediatric dentists evaluated a pool of 36 items corresponding to the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children. MCOHIS with 20 items under five domains was formulated and content validation was done. Cohen's kappa statistics was employed to measure the concordance between the child's self-report and the caregiver's proxy report. Concurrent validation was done among 130 participants from 13 districts of Tamil Nadu state, India. Discriminant validity was checked among another sample of 60 participants. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of MCOHIS were assessed using Cronbach's alpha and Kappa statistics respectively. MCOHIS had adequate content validation with Scale Level Content Validity Index / Average score of 0.94 for relevance. There was a statistically significant inter-rater reliability observed between the child's self-report and caregivers' proxy report in all items with a moderate to substantial agreement. Concurrent validation showed a statistically significant positive correlation with a Rho value of 0.712. There was a statistically significant difference noted in overall discriminant validity (P < 0.001). Acceptable internal consistency reliability was observed with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.75. Test-retest reliability showed a high stability coefficient of 0.98. MCOHIS was found to be a valid and reliable age-specific tool for assessing the OHRQoL of Indian children aged 6-9 years.

A case study of industry 4.0 implementation in manufacturing industry

The manufacturing world had undergone four separate industrial revolts. Industry 4.0 is a most recentchapter in the Industrial revolt story that pivotedmainly on manufacturing automation, live data capturing, smart machines, and internet connectivity with key objectivesof productivity rise, optimization of available working hours, and increased organization competitiveness. This research paper studiesthe industry 4.0 through the survey of available literature in a sequential manner that started with understanding the development of the manufacturing industry from industry 1.0 to industry 4.0, the nine key foundation blocks of the industry 4.0, the cyber-physical systems, the Smart factory concept,industry 4.0 application strategy guide step by step, Industry 4.0 benefits, risk, and challenges. We applied the Industry 4.0 concept step by step as a pilot project as per the Industry 4.0 application strategy guide atthe bus bar trunking production factory with the target of delivering the demand of customerswithin committed or shorter lead time from the bus bar manufacturing shop and discussed the outcomes briefly. We concluded that Industry 4.0 helps to improve operator work-life, overall productivity, and to reduce the operating cost of production drastically in mass manufacturing processes. Industry 4.0 is also a boon in today's changing work culture after the CORONA pandemic through its core concepts of digitization, paperless work, networking, and maximum internet usage. It also guides to adopt automation and smart machines that are communicating in real-time with its customer. We also observed that its application is costly in terms of investment to deploy for small or middle scale manufacturing plants, but they shall implement partly to get the benefit from it.

Multi-skalarni pristup u proceni produkcije prostora Kitazawa zelenog pojasa u Tokiju

Contemporary Tokyo is a city that has lost its connection to its abundant moat and waterway system due to its uncontrolled urban growth and environmental negligence. Now, the myriad of culverts-turned greenways stands as reminiscent of that time. This paper examines the quality of space produced in the waterway's afterlife by adopting the Lefebvrian space production. To do so, it is first recognised that scales are an integral part of assessing space production due to the linear nature of the public element being examined. A framework is constructed to serve as a tool to 'read' the lived, conceived and perceived space in different dimensions of the greenway. Its structure comprises different attributes and sub-attributes that provide a descriptive meaning to each scale. The framework is then applied to the case study, Kitazawa Greenway, a locally beloved waterway-turned-greenway in Setagaya ward in Tokyo. It is concluded that the middle scale of the linear public element is where the predominantly lived space, thus lived quality, is generated. The perceived space is predominant on the microscale and the conceived space on the macro scale.

Effective stochastic streamflow simulation method based on Gaussian mixture model

Stochastic simulations of streamflow sequences are essential for water resource planning and management. In this study, a new Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based method is proposed to generate long-term synthetic streamflow sequences of any time scale. First, the GMM model, which is established based on the K-means algorithm, expectation–maximization algorithm, and Akaike’s information criteria, is employed to describe the temporal dependences of the observed streamflow data. Second, the accuracy and reliability of the constructed GMM are verified by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test of goodness of fit. Then, daily, 10-day, and monthly streamflow sequences at a single site were generated using the proposed streamflow simulation method. Finally, the performance of the proposed method was verified based on the absolute and relative performance indexes. Yichang gauging stations on the upper Yangtze River were selected as case studies, and two copula methods were selected as the contrast methods to evaluate the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively capture the statistical properties of observed streamflow data at low, middle, and high time scales and can comprehensively preserve the lower- and higher-order statistics as well as the linear and nonlinear correlations of observed streamflow data. The proposed method is an effective method for stochastic streamflow simulations..

Geometric Comments on Music

In fact degrees of the middle chromatic scales are related with the logarithm (base 2). With relying on this fact, In this study by using logarithm and string oscillation properties, we show that music notes (A − B − · · ·) are related with the interval (0, a] (a is constant) and then we define a topology on this interval. Finally Lie algebra for the mentioned interval of music will be characterized.

Scale- and location-specific multivariate controls of topsoil organic carbon density depend on landform heterogeneity

Spatial variability of surface soil organic carbon density (SOCD) and its controls may be scale-specific and localized depending on the landforms which drive distribution of environmental factors such as soil moisture and soil texture. We hypothesize that SOCD variation dominates at larger scales and is controlled by less number of environmental variables at more homogeneous landforms. The objective of this study was to test this hypothesis by revealing the scale-location specific multivariate relationships between surface SOCD and environmental factors at three transects (i.e., upstream, midstream, and downstream) with different landform heterogeneities in a typical basin using bivariate wavelet coherency and multiple wavelet coherence. Results indicated that variations in SOCD was dominated at large scales (>10.6 km) across the entire transect (i.e., global) at the more homogeneous midstream transect, while those were more localized and mainly occurred at small (<2.6 km, upstream) or middle scales (2.6–10.6 km, downstream) at the other two transects. Soil water content was the best and could significantly explain the SOCD variations in 58% of the scale-location domains with significant (68% significance level) variations of SOCD at the midstream transect. However, more (two and seven at upstream and downstream, respectively) variables were needed but did not obviously increase (64% at downstream) or even decreased (23% at upstream) the percentage of scale-location domains where SOCD variations were significantly explained. This study verified that variations in SOCD and its scale-location specific controls were associated with landform heterogeneity. This study also indicated the outperformance of wavelet methods over traditional correlation analyses in terms of untangling the controls of multivariate factors on SOCD variation at different locations and scales. Meanwhile, a new index (percentage area of both significant coherence and significant SOCD variations relative to domains with significant SOCD variation, PASCSV) was developed, and was proved to be better than a previously used index (percentage area of significant coherence relative to all scale-location domains, PASC) in identifying the best factors in controlling SOCD variations in multiple location-scale domains.

Scale-up reactivation of spent S-Zorb adsorbents for gasoline desulfurization

Reactivating and recycling spent S-Zorb adsorbents reduce fresh adsorbents consumption and hazardous wastes emissions. Though the spent adsorbents have been successfully reactivated in the laboratory, a pilot-scale practice is indispensable before the industrial production. Herein, the reactivation of spent adsorbents was performed at laboratory (1.0 L), middle (10 L) and pilot (3000 L) scale, respectively. The inert Zn2SiO4 and ZnS over the spent adsorbents are recovered to active ZnO, and the NiS is transformed into NiO. There is almost no amplification effect in pore structure and acidity of the reactivated adsorbents, while NiO particle size reduces slightly with the reactivation scales. The computational fluid dynamic simulation indicates that enhanced contact between spent adsorbents and acid/alkaline reagents at larger scale account for the smaller NiO particle. It provides more hydrogenolysis centers for CS bonds breakage after reduction, increasing initial desulfurization activity. More importantly, the adsorbent reactivated at pilot scale exhibits comparable activity to the fresh one in gasoline desulfurization. The sulfur content in the outlet decreases to less than 10 μg g−1 from 1 h of reaction. Thus, the reactivation of spent S-Zorb adsorbents is successfully scaled up to the pilot scale, accelerating industrial practice in recycling the spent adsorbents.

Research on the green total factor productivity of laying hens in China

China is a large country of egg consumption, the study on China's laying hens breeding green total factor productivity (LHBG) is conducive to reducing pollution emissions while improving the productivity of laying hens to promote the cleaner production. Obviously, existing studies on laying hens breeding neglect regional and scale differences as well as serious pollution issues. Therefore, based on the directional distance function (DDF) - Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, this paper constructs a three-level Metafrontier-Malmquist-Luenberger (MML) index, considering negative output, to evaluate LHBG from 2004 to 2018. Firstly, in terms of scale, the results show that LHBG is the largest in middle scale, followed by small scale and large scale. Secondly, from a regional point of view, the results indicate that China's LHBG presents a reverse stair-step distribution, that is, LHBG is the lowest in the eastern region, followed by the central region and the highest in the western region. The differences between regions and provinces are affected by the traditional farming habits, non-agricultural employment opportunities, the level of urbanization and resource conditions. Thirdly, this paper obtained that the three decomposition efficiencies of LHBG are manifested as the decrease in management efficiency, and the increase in scale structure efficiency and technical efficiency. Fourthly, climate factors have an impact on the laying hens breeding. According to the empirical results, this paper finally puts forward policy suggestions for improving LHBG and environmental protection policy recommendations for layer breeding.

Industry 4.0 latest Trends and it's Application

The manufacturing world had undergone four separate industrial revolts. Industry 4.0 is a most recent chapter in the Industrial revolt story that pivoted mainly on manufacturing automation, live data capturing, smart machines, and internet connectivity with key objectives of productivity rise, optimization of available working hours, and increased organization competitiveness. This research paper studies the industry 4.0 through the survey of available literature in a sequential manner that started with understanding the development of the manufacturing industry from industry 1.0 to industry 4.0, the nine key foundation blocks of the industry 4.0, the cyber-physical systems, the Smart factory concept, industry 4.0 application strategy guide step by step, Industry 4.0 benefits, risk, and challenges. We applied the Industry 4.0 concept step by step as a pilot project as per the Industry 4.0 application strategy guide at the bus bar trunking production factory with the target of delivering the demand of customers within committed or shorter lead time from the bus bar manufacturing shop and discussed the outcomes briefly. We concluded that Industry 4.0 helps to improve operator work-life, overall productivity, and to reduce the operating cost of production drastically in mass manufacturing processes. Industry 4.0 is also a boon in today’s changing work culture after the CORONA pandemic through its core concepts of digitization, paperless work, networking, and maximum internet usage. It also guides to adopt automation and smart machines that are communicating in real-time with its customer. We also observed that its application is costly in terms of investment to deploy for small or middle scale manufacturing plants, but they shall implement partly to get the benefit from it.

Association of a Single-Item Self-Rated Diet Construct With Diet Quality Measured With the Alternate Healthy Eating Index.

Background: A single-item self-rated diet measure (SRD) may provide a quick, low-burden screener. However, assessment of its validity is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association of an SRD construct with measured diet quality among adults in Puerto Rico (PR).Methodology: Participants (30–75 years old; n = 247) of the PR Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle, and Diseases (PRADLAD) cross-sectional study reported SRD with a single question (“How would you describe your current dietary habits and diet quality?”) with a five-point scale: excellent to poor. More complete diet quality was calculated using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI), with 11 food and nutrient components assessed by the food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable general linear models were used to test associations between SRD with AHEI and its components. Associations were also tested between recall SRD in youth and current AHEI.Results: Most participants (35.2%) self-rated diet as “good,” 13.8% as “excellent,” and 4.1% as “poor,” with the remainder split between middle scale points. SRD was not significantly associated with AHEI, although participants with “excellent” vs. “poor” SRD had marginally higher AHEI (P = 0.07). SRD was significantly associated with higher fruit intake (P = 0.02) and marginally associated with intakes of vegetables (P = 0.07) and long-chain fatty acids (P = 0.07). Unexpectedly, AHEI was significantly higher among those reporting “poor” SRD in young adulthood (P = 0.01) or childhood (P = 0.05).Conclusions: SRD may capture current diet quality at extreme intakes. Larger studies should confirm these findings and replicate them in other underrepresented populations. Further research should clarify the inverse associations between adult AHEI and earlier reported SRD.

LOD Homogenization of Multiscale Eddy Current Problem in Time Domain

Devices fabricated from soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are gaining popularity in research and application. The multiscale characteristics require special attention. Solving the quasi-statics Maxwell's equations on such devices consumes huge time and memory if the granular scale of SMCs is resolved. We have proposed a localized orthogonal decomposition (LOD) homogenization strategy, which allows us to compute the problem on a middle scale while retrieving the material dimension. The LOD projector has a localization property so that it can be accurately approximated on a local patch. In this work, we explore the localization characteristic further to show that the projector can be reused at different time steps. The requirement for computational time and memory can be greatly reduced. A numerical example in two dimensions is provided to show the feasibility and advantage of this approach. This technique is applied to a domain of SMCs with randomly distributed polygon-shaped granules. Finally, error analysis is provided to show the validation of the LOD projector.

The Impact of Turbulence on Physics of the Geomagnetic Tail

There is a vast amount of evidence that suggests that the geomagnetic tail is like a turbulent wake behind an obstacle. Large-scale vortices in the wake are able to generate turbulent transport that takes place both along the plasma sheet, in the X and Y directions, and across the plasma sheet, in the Z direction. Thus, turbulent fluctuations in all directions should be taken into consideration when analyzing plasma transport in the plasma sheet, and stability of the plasma sheet configurations. In this review, we summarize and discuss the main results of large and middle scale magnetospheric turbulence yielded by data analysis and modeling. We also identify changes in the description of the magnetospheric dynamics connected with the existence of turbulent fluctuations in the tail.

A quantum‐inspired cuckoo co‐evolutionary algorithm for no‐wait flow shop scheduling

No-wait flow shop scheduling problems (NWFSPs) are widespread in practical applications. The authors propose a quantum-inspired cuckoo co-evolutionary algorithm for the NWFSP to minimize the makespan. There are three algorithm components: quantum solution construction, quantum population evolution, and an improved neighbourhood local search. They generate initial solutions, search solutions, and improve solution qualities, respectively. Parameters of the proposed algorithm are calibrated statistically. The proposal with calibrated parameters is compared with three existing algorithms on Reeves and Taillard benchmark instances with middle scales. Experimental results show that the proposal outperforms the compared algorithms.

Dynamic of behavior of the small and medium scale fisheries traders in Cilincing District, North Jakarta encountered the pandemic of Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic occurred in early 2020, precisely at the end of February. The Covid-19 pandemic is a global problem, prompting the government to implement a large-scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy. This policy certainly has an impact on business continuity. One of them is a small-scale fishing community group that is feeling the impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Small-scale fishing businesses are fishermen with fleet users under 10 GT. Although they have a normal marine routine or no change, some problems are found when there is a decrease in sales and build-up of catches. This issue supports the reason why research is done. The research was conducted in July 2020, with the location of Cilincing District, North Jakarta. Data retrieval techniques are conducted in-depth interviews, while data analysis is done qualitatively supported by quantitative data. The analysis shows that the dynamics of small-scale and middle scale fishery marketers’ behavior in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic are a) Lowering the price of fresh fish and b) Selling fresh fishes to fishery business of salted fish processor

Experimental study of lean hydrogen-air mixture combustion in a 12m3 tank

Hydrogen can be released to the nuclear power plant containment atmosphere during a reactor core melt accident, and the potential hydrogen explosion need to be mitigated by all efforts. One of the current hydrogen management methods in pressurized water reactors (PWR) is to prevent detonation with slow combustion using ignitor as designed in AP1000. A HYdrogen MIddle scale Test facility (HYMIT) was setup to study the hydrogen behavior and mitigation efficiency of ignitor. The main component of HYMIT is a steel cylinder tank whose height is 4 m and diameter is 2 m, and the tank volume is about 12 m3. The mixed gas content, gas temperature and pressure, and arrival of flame can be measured with gas analyzer, thermocouple array, piezoelectric pressure sensors, and photodiode array. The current paper studied combustion behavior of hydrogen-air homogeneous mixture in various hydrogen volume ratio up to 10% at different ignition positions, the results showed that for tests with less than 10% hydrogen concentration the hydrogen consumption ratio increased when ignition location descending from top to bottom, and the maximum pressure and temperature increased accordingly, and for 10% hydrogen concentration tests the consumption ratio, the maximum pressure and temperature were not affected by the ignition location,. The apparent flame velocities were estimated with both photodiode sensors and thermal couples and they were in good agreement, the maximum upward apparent flame velocity measured was 2.27 m/s. A minimum actual radius was recommended to estimate the initial quasi-laminar flame velocity using pressure measurement.

High-performance altimeter Doppler processing for measuring sea level height under varying sea state conditions

This paper describes an innovative method for processing nadir altimeter data acquired in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode, enhancing the system performances over open ocean. Similarly to the current SAR data processing scheme, the so-called LR-RMC (Low Resolution with Range Migration Correction) method, originally designed by Phalippou and Demeester (2011), includes Doppler beam forming, Doppler shift correction and range correction. In LR-RMC, however, an alternative and less complex averaging (stacking) operation is used so that all the Doppler beams produced in a radar cycle (4 bursts of 64 beams for the open-burst Sentinel-3-mode altimeter) are incoherently combined to form a multi-beam echo. In that manner, contrarily to the narrow-band SAR technique, the LR-RMC processing enlarges the effective footprint to average out the effects of surface waves and particularly those from small sub-mesoscale structures (<1 km) that are known to impact SAR-mode performances. On the other hand, the number of averaged beams is as high as in current SAR-mode processing, thus providing a noise reduction at least equally good. The LR-RMC method has the added benefit of reducing the incoherent integration time with respect to the SAR-mode processing (50 ms compared to 2.5 s) limiting possible surface movement effects. By processing one year of Sentinel-3A SRAL SAR-mode data using the LR-RMC method, it is shown that the swell impact on the SAR altimeter performances is totally removed and that an improvement of 10–50% is obtained in the measurement noise of the sea surface height and significant wave height with respect to SAR mode. Additionally, observational capabilities over the middle scales are enhanced potentially allowing the ocean mesoscale features to be retrieved and observations assimilated more usefully in ocean models.

The spatial distribution of soil nutrients matter and variation characteristics of Datong Abandoned Coal Mine area in Huainan City

This paper describes the analysis of nutrients matter in soil sampled from Datong abandoned mining area in Huainan City. Spatial interpolation in GIS is applied to the revelation of spatial distribution of nutrients matter. Results show that: In abandoned land in Datong coal mining, the level of available phosphorus in soil was very short and the following grades, and the level of nitrogen was short grades, and the level of organic matter was medium and the following grades. Distribution of these heavy metals present a stronger spatial relevance because their spatial pattern are mainly influenced by natural factors such as complex micro-geomorphology, vegetation, topography, strongly human disturbance and other structural factors. All of spatial variability was middle and small scale. Characteristic of spatial variation was relation with the complex distribution object. Random factors, such as sampling interval, soil type and so on, play a relatively greater role in spatial variability of nutrients matter.

Validation of a New Method for the Sputum Cytology Test During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Objective: To explore a new way to test sputum and alveolar lavage fluid samples that may contain pathogenic bacteria or viruses in the departments of pathology of middle and small scale hospitals, which are short of professional protection capability during COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: All pathological specimens were divided into two groups, samples of control group were conducted in the biological safety cabinet, and others were tested after put into pathological specimen storage bags and sealed with the seal strip. The sputum and alveolar lavage fluid were directly immersed and pretreated with 75% medical alcohol. After that, samples were performed by cell smears, liquid based cell slides and immunohistochemical staining. Then the cell morphology and tumor cell discrimination were analyzed and the expression of tumor markers was observed in samples of two groups. Result: We found that samples pre-treated with 75% medical alcohol showed clear cell structure and morphology. There was no significant difference on the morphological observation of tumor cells between these two groups. In addition, immunohistochemical results showed that the antigens are specifically expressed in tumor cells and the distribution and localization of tumor cells was diffuse and accurate after pretreatment with 75% medical alcohol, which were consistent with that of the control group. Conclusion: There was no significant effect on cell morphology, antigens and antibodies expression by using disinfectant. Our study provided a new method for technicians to test samples that may contain pathogenic bacteria or viruses without direct contact so that to protect themselves against virus during COVID-19 outbreak. Funding Information: This study was supported by the Sponsored by Shanghai Sailing Program (No.19YF1427600) and National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81900438). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: MISSING

Design and simulation of frequency divider circuit based on multisim

Frequency divider circuit is the basic circuit in digital logic circuit. The circuit function is to divide or drop the frequency of the high frequency signal to get the lower frequency signal for a given frequency signal by division. On the Multisim software platform, using different design methods, as the foundation of middle scale integration chip 74LS161, design even frequency divider, odd frequency divider circuit and (N- 0.5) frequency divider circuit respectively. Each circuit design principle and method is illustrated and simulated. The results showed that the design is correct and conform to the proposed requirement. Experimental teaching applications based on Multisim software can improve design efficiency and reduce development time of design systems.

New Finds Regarding the Architecture and Sculptures of Ancient Tenea

Excavations in 2019 and 2020 in ancient Tenea revealed a main part of the city’s central web with public buildings totaling approximately 1.100 square meters. In particular, part of a public bath complex of Roman times was excavated, as well as part of an area of the Archaic times of religious significance. Several fragmentary statues have been found in the excavation of ancient Tenea and illustrate the visual culture of this centre from the severe style period to the late Hellenistic times. Moreover a relief of Dionysus held by a Satyr is walled in the main Church of Chiliomodi and should be dated in the Antonine times. During the recent period of the Tenea excavation, some important architectural blocks have been found, including Ionic and Doric capitals and column drums from different buildings. Among these limestone blocks there were fragments of triglyphs, a part of a Doric epistyle and part of a Doric column capital derived probably from the same building. Measuring the glyphs of the triglyph fragments in which a part of the metopes is saved, incorporated to the blocks, in relation with the taenia and the guttae of the epistyle, we found out that they belong to the same entablature of a middle scale Doric façade. To this façade probably belongs also the fragment of a Doric capital, without column’s rings. The beginning of the flutes is elaborated with a tooth chisel and only a part of the echinus and the hypotrachelion is saved. The width of the triglyphs is measured to 56–57 cm, identical dimension to the hypotrachelion of the capital at the level of the apophyge. Also at these blocks some lifting grooves have been found (named “lykos” in Greek), dated from the late archaic period until the middle of classic. During the research for comparanda to these blocks we initially thought that they could belong to a Doric propylon. After a preliminary analysis we can say that they look similar to those at the prostylon of the Thesaurus of Megara, at Delphi. The blocks of Tenea have the same dimensions and they form a similar building to this Thesaurus. Based on the exact type of this monument, following the same dimensions and geometry for the formation of the front view we tried to create an hypothetical representation of the blocks as part of the proposed entablature and finally, present as an hypothesis the entire front view of the monument, which was probably an archaic naiskos, situated very near to the present excavation site.