Middle Routes Research Articles

MRI-Based Optimization Design of the Pre-Spinal Route of Contralateral C7 Nerve Transfer for Spastic Arm Paralysis.

PurposeThe prespinal route of contralateral cervical 7 nerve transfer developed by Prof. Wendong Xu helps realize the direct anastomosis of the bilateral cervical 7 nerves. However, 20% of operations still require a nerve graft, which leads to an unfavorable prognosis. This study aims to explore the optimized prespinal route with MRI to further improve the prognosis.MethodsThe current study enrolled 30 patients who suffered from central spastic paralysis of an upper limb and who underwent contralateral cervical 7 nerve transfer via Prof. Xu’s prespinal route through the anterior edge of the contralateral longus colli. MRI images were used to analyze the route length, vertebral artery exposure, and contralateral cervical 7 nerve included angle. Three prespinal routes were virtually designed and analyzed. The selected optimal route was applied to another 50 patients with central spastic paralysis of an upper limb for contralateral cervical 7 nerve transfer.ResultsBy the interventions on the 30 patients, the middle and posterior routes were shorter than the anterior route in length, but with no statistical difference between the two routes. Of 30 contralateral vertebral arteries, 26 were located at the posterior medial edge of the longus colli. The average included angles of the anterior, middle, and posterior routes were 108.02 ± 7.89°, 95.51 ± 6.52°, and 72.48 ± 4.65°, respectively. According to these data, the middle route was optimally applied to 50 patients, in whom the rate of nerve transplantation was only 4%, and no serious complications such as vertebral artery or brachial plexus injury occurred.ConclusionThe low rate of nerve transplantation in 50 patients and the absence of any serious complications in these cases suggests that the middle route is the optimal one.

Хронология археологических комплексов с геометрическими микролитами в Северной Монголии

Upper Palaeolithic microlithic complexes in Northeast Asia are usually included in the spectrum of non-geometric industries. Mongolia, which is considered a possible crossroads of Middle and Upper Paleolithic migration routes due to its environmental and geographic conditions, is the only exception in this vast region. The Tolbor cluster of sites in the Middle Selenga Basin contains lithic complexes with trapezes and segments. We define the chronology of geometric microliths in northern Mongolia based on a series on new radiocarbon dates obtained for the Kharganyn Gol 5 site. The available evidrnce seems to indicate the autochthonous appearance of geometric microliths in northern Mongolia and a lack of connections with Mesolithic microlithic types found in the Gobi Altai region to the south.

Water Pricing Mechanism for China's South‐to‐North Water Diversion Project: Design, Evaluation, and Suggestions

AbstractSince the completion of first‐phase projects on the eastern and middle routes of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion (SNWD), the design and implementation of water pricing mechanism have become the key factors that affect the project operation. This paper launches the evaluation of implementation effect on the water price policy of the SNWD built projects in 2018 by coordinating the consumption of transfer water, allocation of receiving‐areas’ water resources, collection of water fee for transfer water, as well as the implementation of local water price policies, which mainly exerted a comprehensive and interactive influence on the water price policy. Based on a series of data statistics and analysis, the usage of water transferred from the Yangtze River, improvement of regional water resources allocation, collection of water fee, and the implementation results of local water price policies were systematically analyzed. The main conclusions and corresponding suggestions were put forward to provide useful references on the formulation of water price policies for the design, optimization, and adjustment of the subsequent water pricing mechanism in the SNWD project.

Muslim Trade and City Growth Before the Nineteenth Century: Comparative Urbanization in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia

AbstractScholars have long sought to understand when and why the Middle East fell behind Europe in its economic development. This article explores the importance of historical Muslim trade in explaining urban growth and decline in the run-up to the Industrial Revolution. The authors examine Eurasian urbanization patterns as a function of distance to Middle Eastern trade routes before and after 1500 CE – the turning point in European breakthroughs in seafaring, trade and exploration. The results suggest that proximity to historical Muslim trade routes was positively associated with urbanization in 1200 but not in 1800. These findings speak to why Middle Eastern and Central Asian cities – which had long benefited from their central location between Europe and Asia – declined as Europeans found alternative routes to the East and opened trade opportunities in the New World.

Measuring water use performance in the cities along China's South-North Water Transfer Project

Due to the construction and operation of China's South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), it is necessary to conduct broader research on the underlying trends and factors of the water-use performance in the SNWTP's cities from the perspective of “resource-economy-environment” system. This paper attempts to identify the optimal paths and measures for improving the water-use performance as measured by the Luenberger productivity indicator and its decomposition. The results show that sewage discharge, free-of-charge water use and leakage are the crucial variables that constitute major contributions to the overall inefficiency value associated with urban water use in the SNWTP. The static efficiencies of water consumption indicate better performance of the cities of the middle route if opposed to those of the eastern route. The results suggest that the cities that receive water from both of eastern and middle routes, have better performance in water use than other cities, while the static efficiency in the other water-consuming areas on the eastern and middle routes do not differ in this regard. The results also indicate that the water-use productivity for the SNWTP follows a downward trend during 2006–2014.

Ecological Strategies on the Demonstration of the Western Route Water Transfer

To comply with the national strategic layout adjustment in recent years, and to promote ecological civilization construction in China western region, it is necessary to study the opportunities and challenges in the Western Route Water Transfer demonstration brought by in ecological and environmental changes in both water-source regions and water receiving regions. By referring to the operation management experience of the Eastern and Middle routes of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, this paper analyzed the ecological and environmental changes of the Western Route Project’s water transfer rivers, and the relationship between water and sediment of the Yellow River in water-receiving regions, found out the integrating point between the Western Route Project and the new development ideas, and finally concluded that the ecology must be given to priority in the demonstration of the Western Route Project. The early stage work of the Western Route Project needed to follow the general principles as for any major water conservancy project, which includes to demonstrate the project necessity given fully employing the water-saving potential, and to give highest priority to ecological security. Several relationships need be coordinated between: water source regions and water-receiving regions in water-saving, water ecological restoration and water resources development, water pollution control and water resources management, government leading and society participation, etc. These instruments above will guarantee both the water-source and water-receiving regions could benefit from the Western Route Project, help to solve the contradiction between ecological protection and water resources allocation, and facilitate achieving the target of sustainable development.

HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT ALONG THE CORRIDORS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM - PERUNDURAI TO PALANI, TAMILNADU, INDIA

Best route location and highway alignment selection process is a complicated one due to many variables it must be considered. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can easily represent such variables, including topography, environment, built-up areas and geology variables. It is to identify the short route for the vehicles travelling from Perundurai to Palani and to diminish the time journey for the vehicles with possible routes for laying eco-friendly highway. This study took compensation of GIS capabilities that present the ability to overlay maps, merge them and execute spatial analysis on different layers of information in either two or three dimensions. GIS model for route location and highway alignment developed and worn to create alternate highway route applications. After the alternatives are preliminarily deliberated using ArcGIS9.3, the imitation is used to analyze, evaluate and to select the best alternative with least impacts on environment and economy. The selected highway is supposed to connect three districts viz. Erode, Tirupur and Dindugal. In final stages of examination and assessment, the replica envelops the high capabilities in analyzing the impacts of every alternatives, with buffering and spatial relations.  Three different routes are identified as left, middle and right routes. Right route is identified as best route which fulfils least cost with eco-friendly environment, material reduction on number of bridges and culverts.

Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir

The Danjiangkou reservoir was selected to provide the source water for the middle routes of the South to North Water Transfer Project, which has provoked many environmental concerns. To date, investigations of water contamination of the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir with organic micro-pollutants have been limited. This study was conducted to identify and rank organic contaminants that pose risks in the Danjiangkou reservoir. To this end, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Management Strategies (CHEMS-1) approach was adapted to integrate the deconvolution technology of qualitative identifying contaminants for site-specific environmental matrices. The samples were screened for the presence of 1093 contaminants using deconvolution technologies and the hazard values of the identified contaminants were calculated using the adapted CHEMS-1 approach according to their hazardous properties and occurrence in source water. The results showed that 46 contaminants from 1093 targets were present in Danjiangkou water, 23 of which appeared at frequencies higher than 50%, and 15 of which were identified as priorities. Over half (53%) of the high-ranked contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with chrysene ranked highest on the list. Health risk assessment of the top-ranked PAHs was conducted and revealed that cancer risks of PAHs detected in the source water of Danjiangkou to different populations ranged from 10−7 to 10−6, indicating a low cancer risk to consumers. The results of this study indicated that the adapted CHEMS-1 approach was feasible for site-specific screening of organic contaminants to identify and rank potential priority pollutants.

中国东部暖温带刺槐花期空间格局的模拟与预测

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国东部暖温带刺槐花期空间格局的模拟与预测 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201209281359 作者: 作者单位: 北京大学城市与环境学院,北京大学城市与环境学院,北京大学城市与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41071027,40871029);中国博士后科学基金项目(2012M520105) Simulation and prediction of spatial patterns of Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates in eastern China’s warm temperate zone Author: Affiliation: Peking University,Peking University, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:模拟刺槐开花日期与气温之间的空间关系,对于揭示蜜源植物物候空间格局形成的生态机制和掌握养蜂生产的时宜,具有重要的科学意义。利用中国东部暖温带26个站点1986-2005年的刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期数据,建立了基于日均温的多年平均和逐年物候空间模型,模拟多年平均和逐年刺槐开花日期的空间格局,并对模型进行了空间外推检验。进而,将1986-2005年8 km×8 km分辨率的日均温格点数据代入多年平均和逐年物候空间模型,得到连续地理空间多年平均和逐年刺槐开花日期的空间格局,并尝试设计了研究区内转地放蜂的适宜路线。结果表明:中国东部暖温带1986-2005年多年平均及逐年最佳期间日均温的空间格局分别控制着多年平均和逐年刺槐开花日期的空间格局。各地多年平均刺槐开花日期的空间序列与最佳期间日均温的空间序列呈显著负相关(P<0.001),多年平均气温-物候空间模型对刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期的方差解释量分别为87%、86% 和77%,模拟的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.5、2.7 d和4.1 d。同样,各地逐年刺槐开花日期的空间序列与最佳期间日均温的空间序列均呈显著负相关(P<0.05),逐年气温-物候空间模型对刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期的方差解释量分别介于44%-94%、57%-92%和39%-84%之间,模拟的平均RMSE分别为3.9、4.0 d和5.4 d。预测得到的连续地理空间多年平均刺槐开花日期呈现出自南向北、从平原向丘陵和山地逐渐推迟的空间演进特征。据此,中国东部暖温带地区转地放蜂可以沿西线、中线和东线进行,放蜂的大致持续时间可达40-50 d。此外,预测得到的连续地理空间1986-2005年期间刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期的线性趋势以提前为主,呈显著提前的面积分别占总面积的78%、26%和32%。 Abstract:Modeling spatial relationships between Robinia pseudoacacia flowering date and air temperature is crucial for revealing the ecological mechanism of spatial patterns of honey plant phenology and knowing well the right time of bee keeping production. Using Robinia pseudoacacia phenology data of beginning of flowering (BF), full flowering (FF) and end of flowering (EF) at 26 stations of eastern China's warm temperate zone during 1986 to 2005, we established daily mean temperature-based multi-year mean and yearly spatial phenology models to simulate multi-year mean and yearly spatial patterns of Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates, and validated these models by extensive spatial extrapolation. Then, we substituted gridded daily mean temperature data with the spatial resolution of 8 km into the multi-year mean and yearly spatial phenology models, and obtained spatial patterns of multi-year and yearly Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates over continuous geographic coverage during 1986 to 2005. Moreover, we attempted to project suitable routes of migratory beekeeping within the study area. The results show that spatial patterns of multi-year mean and yearly temperatures within the optimum length period control spatial patterns of multi-year mean and yearly Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates, respectively in eastern China's warm temperate zone during 1986 to 2005. Spatial series of multi-year mean Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates correlate negatively with spatial series of multi-year mean temperature within the optimum length period (P < 0.001) at the 26 stations. The multi-year mean spatial phenology models explained 87% of variance in BF date with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.5 days, 86% of variance in FF date with a RMSE of 2.7 days, and 77% of variance in EF date with a RMSE of 4.1 days. Similarly, spatial series of Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates correlate negatively with spatial series of daily mean temperature within the optimum length period in each year (P < 0.05) at the 26 stations. The explained variances of yearly spatial phenology models to BF, FF and EF dates are between 44%-94%, 57%-92% and 39%-84%, respectively. The mean RMSEs of yearly simulation of BF, FF and EF dates are 3.9 days, 4.0 days and 5.4 days, respectively. The predicted multi-year mean Robinia pseudoacacia flowering dates over continuous geographic coverage show a delayed spatial progression from south to north, and from plains to hills and mountains. Therefore, migratory beekeeping can be implemented along with west, middle and east routes in eastern China's warm temperate zone with durations between 40 day and 50 days. In addition, the predicted linear trends in BF, FF and EF dates over continuous geographic coverage from 1986 to 2005 indicate a dominant advancement and the areas with significant advancement account for 78%, 26% and 32% of the total area, respectively. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Establishing the Ecological Circulation Circle in the Water Source Areas of the South–to–North Water Diversion Middle Routes Project

The South–to–North Water Diversion project provides water mainly for Henan and Hebei province , Beijing and Tianjin city . So the ecological environment protection in the water source areas is very important. But the ecological environment of water source areas of the middle route project is damaged becsuse a large amount of fertilizer and pesticide are used in the field, the pollution is heavy, and some lakes are turned into fields at some area. The systematic ecological circulation circles have not been established. This paper puts forward the countermeasures and methods of establishing the ecological circulation circle in the water rource areas of the middle route project after it illustrates the importance of establishing the ecological circulation circle in the water source areas , and analyzes the problems of the ecological circulation circle in the water source areas.

Double‐barrel stenting in infracochlear approach for drainage of petroux apex cholesterol granulomas

Double‐barrel stenting in infracochlear approach for drainage of petroux apex cholesterol granulomas

Turn right or turn left? Heuristic of adhering to the direction of destination

AbstractIt has been found that humans not only tend to avoid the middle routes and prefer the peripheral routes among multiple choices, but also rely on the ‘initial segment strategy’ to select the route. In this paper, we propose a new heuristic which humans apply during route selection: Participants prefer the route whose initial direction lies in the direction of their final destination, while avoiding the route whose initial direction does not. Four maps were designed. The pathways, on different maps, constituted a parallelogram, a rectangle and a square. Pedestrians were instructed to select a route from an origin to a destination on one of the maps. The results confirm the application of the newly proposed heuristic. Other possible factors, such as handedness, route angles and occurrence of turns were excluded. Moreover, the heuristics of deferring decision and relying on initial straightness are not supported. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Endoscopic tympanoplasty in patients with attic retraction pockets

Patients undergoing endoscopic middle ear surgery require reconstruction procedures that are able to give adequate functional results, with particular attention to ventilation of middle ear routes and mastoid tissue preservation. Outcome research on a prospective case series in a tertiary university referral center. A case series of 27 patients with attic retraction pockets underwent endoscopic middle ear surgical procedures. Three kinds of tympanoplasty were selected and performed. In all 27 subjects, it was possible to preserve the mastoid bone and the epitympanic-mastoid mucosa by performing a transcanal endoscopic approach. In total, 21 of 27 (77.7%) subjects presented no recurrence of the disease at 20.1 months mean follow-up. Three main types of endoscopic tympanoplasty can be performed for surgical treatment of attic retraction pockets, preserving as much as possible the ventilation routes, physiology, and anatomy of the middle ear.

Conservation buffer systems for water quality security in South to North Water Transfer Project in China: an approach review

Water shortage is a crucial problem in northern China, but in southern China, enormous floods frequently occur. The water problems seriously disturb human life and the sustainable development of the economy and society in the country. To solve the water problem, the government of China approved the South to North Water Transfer Project in 2002. The project will build the east, middle and west routes in which 44.8 billion m3 of water will be transported from the Yangtze River in the southern part to the northern region annually. The east and middle routes are 1154 and 1267 km long, and their respective constructions have been started since 2002 and 2003. The west route is reevaluated. However, the establishment of conservation buffer systems beside the routes to protect the water from severe non-point pollution from agricultural runoff was ignored. Except for pollution, change in the environment from the water exporting to importing area also alters the physical and chemical properties of the transferred water. The protection of the water quality along the routes is a critical issue that significantly influences the purpose of the project. The paper proposes the establishment of conservation buffer systems beside the routes for the protection of the water, and discusses the buffer construction based on some successful cases in western countries.

Water basin management for Nansi Lakes, Shandong

The water diversion project from south to north, which is under construction in the East Diversion Route, and that of the Middle and West Diversion Routes, which are to be started in the near future, will substantially alleviate the acute shortage of water resources in the northern area and will realize the optimal allocation of water resources in China. The Nansi (South Four) Lakes Basin in Shandong Province as the hydraulic hinge of the Eastern Route Project under construction during the period 2001–2010 will receive water downstream of the Yangtze River and divert it to the Tianjin area, Shandong and Hebei provinces. However, the water is heavily polluted at present, rendering it unsuitable as a drinking water source. An integrated water management strategy of around 4 billion Yuan RMB or about US$49 million for the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants and sewerage systems to combat point source pollution has been drawn up for the Nansi Lakes Basin in China. The scheme pays attention to non-point source pollution control and water reclamation and reuse, to ensure that the project of diverting water from south to north performs adequately, as well as to pave a way for sustainable development.

Possibility of shifting ferry routes to the Japan Sea side for trucks between Hokkaido and the mainland

There exist 16 short, middle and long distant ferry routes for transporting trucks between the mainland and Hokkaido. This paper applies the discrete logit model to choice decisions of trucks among ferry routes, and identifies policy factors to shift a ferry rout from the Pacific Ocean side to the Japan Sea side. It used the data of “Ferry Trucks Survey” conducted in 1993 by the Ministry of Transport. The goodness of fit is high enough, but some models do not include full dependent variables such as travel time, cost and frequecy. Sea and land coordinated transport systems and wider use of toll expressways are suggested to shift ferry routes of trucks to the Japan Sea side.

An anatomic study of the peripancreatic lymphatics.

A detailed study of the lymphatics around the pancreas was carried out in order to provide a theoretic basis for ideal lymph-node resection in radical cancer operations. The following results were obtained as a result of minute macroscopic dissection of the lymphatics. Three major pathways are identified on the anterior surface of the head of the pancreas. The upper pathway belongs to the common hepatic group. The middle and lower routes are associated with the superior mesenteric nodal group. All these pathways terminate in the node situated to the right of the origins of the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. The lymphatics arising from the neck of the pancreas also converge at the same node. Behind this node, there is a terminal node for the lymphatics which arise from the posterior surface of the head. Both nodes are firmly adherent, with only the nerve plexus of the head of the pancreas intervening. In this study, we have named these lymph-nodes Lnn celiacomesenterici dextri superficialis et profundi. Two distinct pathways are identified in the left half of the pancreas. One follows the splenic blood vessels and the other accompanies the inferior pancreatic artery. By way of these routes, lymphatics from the left half of the pancreas terminate in the node situated to the left of the origins of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. We have applied the term Ln celiacomesentericus sinister to this node. From these lymphatic terminalis on both sides of the origins of the two arteries, efferent vessels are sent to the abdomino-aortic nodes: on the right side, efferents reach the inter-aorticovenous nodes lying in the upper and lower angles formed by the inferior vena cava and the left renal vein; and on the left side, they arrive at the left latero-aortic nodes lying above and below the left renal vein. The efferents of these nodes then extend to the retro-aortic space, where they compose an ascending lymphatic system. Our study revealed no lymphatic vessels communicating with the retro-aortic system at levels above the renal arteries.

British Aircraft Corporation Three‐Eleven

BRITISH Aircraft Corporation, Weybridge Division, is this month launching a major world‐wide sales campaign for its new Three‐Eleven 220‐seat airliner. This new British jet aircraft, with the latest wide ‘living room’ cabin look, is now under design development for service by late 1973 on the short and middle distance air routes of the world.