Middle Phase Research Articles

Numerical investigation of double emulsion formation in non-Newtonian fluids using double co-flow geometry

This paper uses the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to simulate a double Co-Flow microfluidic device that can produce double emulsions in both Newtonian (water) and non-Newtonian fluids. The simulation is 2D axisymmetric and involves three phases. A model is evaluated in this study to examine how the size and double emulsion’s generation rate are impacted by factors such as phase velocity, viscosities, interfacial tension, and the rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids. The model predicted the process of emulsification successfully in dripping and jetting regimes and predicted the impacts of phase velocity on the dimension and frequency of compound droplets. Increasing the flow rate of the inner phase causes the inner droplets to grow, while the outer droplet dimensions remain mostly unchanged. Vice versa, an increase in outer phase flow rate reduces compound droplet size. However, when the middle phase's flow rate is enhanced, the size of detached droplets in the inner and outer phases undergoes opposite changes, i.e., decreasing and increasing, respectively. The results showed that in non-Newtonian fluids, smaller droplets are formed compared to water, and the diameter of the double emulsions formed decreases with the rise in the viscosity at zero shear rate of the non-Newtonian fluid.

Effect of Randall foils on the rowing propulsive cycle

ABSTRACT Rowing performance depends on the design and building materials used for competition. Recently, attempting to improve rowing performance, the Randall foil has been attached to the top edge of a rowing Big blade, making it spoon shaped. The current study aimed to analyse the differences between Big blades with and without Randall foils in force-related variables. Nineteen rowers performed two bouts of 90 s at maximal effort tethered rowing and differences were found in cycle average peak force (4.33 ± 1.46 vs. 5.26 ± 1.57 N/kg), propulsive cycle average time (1.79 ± 0.38 vs. 1.52 ± 0.24 N/kg.s) and rate of force development (8.79 ± 4.75 vs. 12.07 ± 4.60 N/kg/s) for Big blades with and without foils (respectively). Differences were also observed between the middle (4.79 ± 1.21 vs. 4.08 ± 1.48 N/kg) and final phases (4.86 ± 1.45 vs. 4.04 ± 1.47 N/kg) of the rowing effort for the cycle average peak force of Big blades with and without Randall foils. Data suggest a positive effect of these foils on the force–time curve profile. Future studies should focus on testing its influence on free on-water rowing.

Tectonically induced travertine deposition in the Middle Miocene Levač intramountain basin (Central Serbia)

ABSTRACTTravertines are terrestrial carbonates that are commonly associated with fault activity in extensional and transtensional basins. The faults serve as conduits for the rising and mixing of carbonate‐enriched fluids with thermal and meteoric CO2 inputs promoting travertine precipitation at the surface. Therefore, travertine successions provide key constraint on the faulting, depositional environments, fluid flow and climate. This work focuses on the travertine succession in the Miocene Levač Basin, the marginal basin of the Morava Corridor situated at the junction of the Dinarides and the southernmost Carpathians. Detailed sedimentological, geochronological (U–Pb age, laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry) and structural analyses of the travertines are used to reconstruct the evolution of the feeding geoothermal system. Furthermore, these data were used to understand the controlling factors governing alternation of fluid flows enriched in thermally generated and meteoric CO2, and precipitation of travertines in Levač Basin, and finally to elucidate the late stage of basin evolution. Four facies associations are distinguished within the succession, i.e. travertine slope, ridge, flat, and travertine flat under the fluvial influence. The results demonstrated that travertine deposition was controlled by north‐west/south‐west and north‐east/south‐east normal fault arrays. Stable isotope data show positive δ13C values (with δ18O being negative) shifting to negative in the distal and stratigraphically younger deposits implying dilution of deep hydrothermal fluids by mixing with meteoric waters. Finally, travertine deposits yielded a new U–Pb age of ca 14 Ma indicating that the Middle Miocene extensional phase known from other intermountain basins in the Dinarides reached as far east as the Levač Basin and Morava Corridor.

Effect of steel matrix with different C content on the growth mechanism, microstructure and properties of the chromized layer

The C content of the steel matrix has significant influence on the growth mechanism, microstructure and properties of the chromized layer. However, the relevant research literature is scarce. In this paper, seven kinds of low carbon alloy steels with C content ranging from 0.08 wt% to 0.45 wt% were selected as matrix for chromizing experiments under the same parameters. The effects of matrix C content on the growth mechanism, growth rate, structure and properties of the chromized layer were discussed. The results show that the chromized layer is composed of outer porous (Cr, Fe)23C6 and (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbides layer and inner dense FeCr phase layer for matrix with C content lower than or equal to 0.2 wt%. While when the matrix C content is >0.2 wt%, the chromized layer becomes three-layer structure: the surface (Cr, Fe)23C6 phase layer, the middle (Cr, Fe)7C3 phase layer and the bottom FeCr solid solution phase layer. The structure and thickness of Cr23C6 phase layer formed in the early stage of chromizing play a decisive role in the inward diffusion of surface adsorbed Cr atoms and the growth rate of the permeated layer. With the C content of the matrix increases from low(0.08wt%C) to high(0.45wt.%C), the dense layer phases in chromized samples gradually changes from FeCr alloy phase with BCC structure to (Cr, Fe)23C6 and (Cr, Fe)7C3 carbides. And the wear resistance of the chromized layer increase. However, when the matrix C content is above 0.4 wt%, the structure and phases of the chromized layer are almost not affected by the matrix C content, so are the thickness and wear resistance. The results are helpful to the selection of steel matrix composition for chromizing and the optimization of chromizing process.

Operation STICK: A vascular access specialty program for the generalist emergency medicine clinician.

Comprehensive education and training programs are urgently needed to improve vascular access outcomes in the emergency department (ED). This study aimed to demonstrate the success of a formalized vascular access program in developing competent ED clinicians in traditional and ultrasound-guided insertion methods. This was a retrospective observational study exploring the success of trainees in obtaining competency in peripheral vascular access at an academic suburban ED with 120,000 annual visits. Eligible participants included healthcare workers that enrolled in the Operation STICK vascular access program and perform vascular access procedures as an aspect of their clinical practice. Competency in vascular access included both traditional and ultrasound-guided (US) peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertions. Competency was defined as demonstration of successful insertion of one traditional and one US PIVC in compliance with checklist. The primary objective was competency. Secondary objectives included trainee time to competency, trainee number of line encounters, and changes in program competency achievements over time. From October 15, 2021, to April 15, 2023, 141 clinicians participated in peripheral vascular access training via the Operation STICK model, which included 72 (51.1%) nurses, 52 (36.9%) ED technicians, and 17 (12.0%) healthcare personnel with other medical training. Clinicians overall reported an average of 5.6 years of experience inserting peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) and 23 (16.3%) had experience with using ultrasound. About 122 (86.5%) clinicians successfully completed the program and demonstrated competency in traditional and ultrasound-guided techniques. Time to competency varied over time, with a median of 124 days in the early phase, 32.5 days middle phase, and 10.6 h over 9.5 days in the later phase of the program (p < 0.001). Achieving competency in PIVC insertion necessitates a focused effort on refining and systematizing education and training approaches. Recognizing the inherent challenges present in ED settings, it is feasible to effectively and efficiently train emergency clinicians to be expert in both basic and advanced PIVC placement techniques through participation in a well-organized vascular access training program.

Crucial role of water-present melting in metagranite: Implications for the instigation of crustal-scale shear zones

Abstract Where, when, and why large-scale shear zones nucleate and propagate into the continental lithosphere are critical issues that challenge the research in tectonics. The East Variscan shear zone is one of the crustal-scale strike-slip faults that shaped the Variscan orogenic crust during late Carboniferous time. Field-based structural analysis and petrological observations demonstrate that suprasolidus high-strain deformation zones and metagranite occurrences are spatially correlated. Among the three dominant lithologies forming this orogenic middle crust (metapelite, metagraywacke, and metagranite), petrological observations and phase equilibrium modeling indicate that the latter is the first lithology that melts during collision-induced heating, in response to H2O-fluid-saturated melting. Our field data and modeling suggest that the water-fluxed melting of metagranite has a primary rheological control on the localization, instigation, and growth of crustal-scale shear zones in the middle crust. Thus, the distribution and geometry of metagranite at the crustal scale could be regarded as critical parameters influencing the rheological inheritance governing the tectonic evolution and localization of bulk strain in the continental lithosphere.

Counterfeits can benefit original products when people are caught using counterfeits

AbstractExisting literature has examined the influence of a counterfeit on the original brand in the prior or middle purchase phases. Our work aims to expand the literature by analyzing the post‐purchase phase of counterfeit consumption. In four studies, we examine the effects of product message appeal (symbolic vs. utilitarian) and self‐construal (interdependent vs. independent) on preference changes and purchase intentions of consumers toward original products when they are caught using counterfeits. Individuals with interdependent (vs. independent) self‐construal are more likely to increase their preference and purchase intention for original products after being caught using symbolic rather than utilitarian counterfeits. Moreover, face restoration mediates the interaction effect between product message appeal and self‐construal on the purchase intent of consumers in procuring original products. The patterns are consistent in both hypothetical scenarios and counterfeit consumption experience. Our work suggests that companies or brand, whose products are often copied or imitated should pay more attention to establishing their unique characteristics and the primary value of their product delivered to the consumers through product design and marketing mix strategies.

The violent turn in non‐violent collective action: What happens?

AbstractCollective actions (e.g., protest marches, social movements) that begin peacefully sometimes turn into violent clashes between demonstrators and police, with alarming consequences. Research on the violent turn, informed by intergroup social psychology and micro‐sociology, has made significant but separate advances. We review them jointly to form an integrated, fuller understanding of the violent turn and promote interdisciplinary dialogue by discussing their respective strengths and identifying areas where they complement each other. For these purposes we first extract from the psychology of interpersonal aggression literature a three‐phase temporal pattern of aggression escalation to provide a common reference for reviewing representative studies and theories in intergroup social psychology (e.g., elaborated social identity model of crowd rioting, intergroup emotions theory) and micro‐sociology (e.g., micro‐sociological theory of violence, emotional dynamics and behavioural dynamics). The results of our analysis show a sequence of events beginning from instigators and their impellance in the early phase of the violent turn, psychological transformations forming a proclivity to aggress in the middle phase, and collective empowerment that disinhibits violence in the late phase. Group power and, to a less extent, group emotions permeate all phases. The sequence of events reveals transitional points where intervention may be applied to avert or abort violence.

The Compassion Project: Mentalization-Based Therapy—Child (MBT-C) Clinical Interventions, Frequency, and Patterns in the Treatment of Children and Families with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ABSTRACT Neurological challenges such as delays in processing speed and chronic childhood adversity can contribute to neurological disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder leading to difficulties in interpersonal relationships. The goal of Mentalization Based Therapy-Child (MBT-C) approach is to improve the child’s relationship with others by developing mentalization capacity in the parent and child. This study adopted MBT-C for ADHD treatment and a description of the treatment phases – beginning, middle and end – is provided. The study aims to identify 1) the MBT-C clinical interventions used in the treatment, 2) how frequently the interventions were used; and 3) where in the treatment – beginning, middle or end – the intervention occurred. Eighteen video-recorded sessions of the beginning, middle and end phase of treatment from six treatment cases was reviewed and analyzed using the Consensual Qualitative Research method for coding session transcripts. Three MBT-C clinical intervention categories were identified – Attention Control, Emotion Regulation, and Explicit Mentalization. The frequencies of the interventions were categorized into three groups – general, typical, and variant. Distinct patterns of when interventions were used emerged—1) across all three treatment phases, 2) beginning and middle phases, and 3) middle and ending phases. A case example of MBT-C treatment is presented demonstrating the beginning phase and the middle to ending phase of treatment. The study’s limitations and recommendations for further study are discussed.

Being able to see your child: the journey of a single mother in a MBT group for high-risk parents, through her representations of the child

ABSTRACT This paper explores the parental representations of the child, through the case study of one participant in a mentalization-based intervention for parents of young children aged one – two years old, involved with the child welfare system as a result of their child’s maltreatment. A single mother’s representations of the child are analysed during the programme, through a qualitative lens. Narrative Processes Coding System (NPCS) and Thematic Analysis (TA) are used in combination, to elicit the mother’s representations by identifying language modes and themes from her narratives about both her own and other children. The maternal representations of the child appeared to be less negative as the programme reached its end. The mother’s reflexive language grew significantly in the middle phase of the programme and regressed during the last phase. However, the combined use of NPCS and TA showed an overall richer and less negative portrayal of the child during the ending phase. These findings suggest that during the course of the programme, the mother’s journey through her representations of the child, was characterised by progressions and regressions. There was also an emotional richness in the last phase of the programme that indicates the mother’s engagement in the group and her overall positive journey towards the development and the strengthening of a less negative representation of the child. Despite its limitations, this study hopes to provide insights for clinicians establishing and promoting interventions that aim to empower parents to clearly see their children.

The Influence of Pineapple Skin Eco-Enzyme on The Formation of Middle Phase Emulsion in Enhanced Oil Recovery Implementation

Oil requirement is constantly experiencing escalation, although at the current situation, the supply still depended on fossil and non-renewable fuel sources. The volume of crude oil production, especially in older wells, is starting to decrease. That is why, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method in form of chemical injection with surfactant is currently developed. The study aims to provide understanding on the influence of pineapple peel eco enzyme concentration in the formation of middle phase emulsion in EOR process. The method used in this research is a laboratory study of pineapple skin eco-enzyme as surfactant solution on brine with 20,000 ppm and 40,000 ppm sanities. The concentration levels of pineapple skin eco-enzyme surfactant were at 20%, 30%, and 40%. Phase behavior test was conducted on pineapple skin eco-enzyme with varied levels of salinities and concentrations. The middle phase emulsion test was conducted at 60°C. Middle phase emulsion test results for 20,000 ppm salinity produced 2.5% middle phase in all concentration variations (20%, 30%, and 40%). Meanwhile for 40,000 ppm brine salinity, 1.25% of middle phase was found at 20% and 40% concentration, however at 40% concentration, the middle phase was at 6.25%. The phase behavior test results show that the highest level of middle phase emulsion formation was at 40,000 ppm salinity and 30% concentration (6.25%). Based on the finding, we can conclude that eco-enzyme can be utilized as surfactant due to its ability to form a stable middle phase emulsion on certain levels of concentration and salinity.

Simulation of evaporation ablation dynamics of materials by nanosecond pulse laser of Gaussian beam and flat-top beam

Based on the established two-dimensional asymmetric model of the interaction between a nanosecond pulse laser and metallic aluminum, the effect of beam shaping on the evaporation ablation dynamics during the ablation of metallic aluminum by a nanosecond pulse laser is simulated. The results show that plasma shielding, which has a significant influence on the ablation properties of the target, occurs mainly in the middle phase and late phase of the pulse. Among the three laser profiles, the Gaussian beam has the strongest shielding effect. As the diameter of the reshaped flat-top beam increases, the shielding effect gradually weakens. The two-dimensional spatial distribution of target temperature is relatively different between ablation by a Gaussian beam and that by a flat-top beam. For the Gaussian beam, the center of the target is first heated, and then the temperature spreads in radial direction and axial direction. For the flat-top beam, due to the uniform energy distribution, the target is heated within a certain radial range simultaneously. Beam shaping has a great influence on the evaporation ablation dynamics of the target. For the Gaussian beam, the center of the target is first ablated, followed by the radial ablation. For the flat-top beam, the evaporation time of the target surface is delayed due to the lower energy density after the beam has been shaped. In addition, the target evaporates simultaneously in a certain radial range due to the more uniform distribution of laser energy. For each of the three laser profiles, the evaporation morphology of the target resembles the intensity distribution of the laser beam. The crater produced by the Gaussian beam is deep in the center and shallow on both sides, while it becomes relatively flat by the flat-top beam.

Kinetics, Kinematics, and Muscle Activity Patterns During Back Squat With Different Contributions of Elastic Resistance.

Performing back squats with elastic bands has been widely used in resistance training. Although research demonstrated greater training effects obtained from adding elastic bands to the back squat, little is known regarding the optimal elastic resistance and how it affects neuromuscular performance. This study aimed to compare the force, velocity, power, and muscle activity during back squats with different contributions of elastic resistance. Thirteen basketball players performed 3 repetitions of the back squat at 85% of 1-repetition maximum across 4 conditions: (1)total load from free weightand (2)20%, (3)30%, and (4)40% of the total load from elastic band and the remaining load from free weight. The eccentric and concentric phases of the back squat were divided into upper, middle, and bottom phases. In the eccentric phase, mean velocity progressively increased with increasing elastic resistance, and muscle activity of the vastus medialis and rectus femoris significantly increased with the largest elastic resistance in the upper phase (P ≤ .036). In the concentric phase, mean power (P ≤ .021) and rate of force development (P ≤ .002) significantly increased with increasing elastic resistance. Furthermore, muscle activity of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis significantly improved with the largest elastic resistance in the upper phases (P ≤ .021). Velocity, power, rate of force development, and selective muscle activity increased as the elastic resistance increased in different phases during the back-squat exercise.

Heart Rate Variability during Online Video Game Playing in Habitual Gamers: Effects of Internet Addiction Scale, Ranking Score and Gaming Performance.

Previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) display abnormal autonomic activities at rest and during gameplay. Here, we examined whether and how in-game autonomic activity is modulated by human characteristics and behavioral performance of the player. We measured heart rate variability (HRV) in 42 male university student habitual gamers (HGs) when they played a round of League of Legends game online. Short-term HRV indices measured in early, middle and late phases of the game were compared between the players at high risk of developing IGD and those at low risk, as assessed by the revised Chen Internet addiction scale (CIAS-R). Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to identify significant predictors of HRV measured over the whole gameplay period (WG), among CIAS-R, ranking score, hours of weekly playing and selected in-game performance parameters. The high-risk players showed a significantly higher low-frequency power/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF) relative to the low-risk players, regardless of game phase. MLR analysis revealed that LF/HF measured in WG was predicted by, and only by, CIAS-R. The HRV indicators of sympathetic activity were found to be predicted only by the number of slain in WG (NSlain), and the indicators of parasympathetic activity were predicted by both CIAS-R and NSlain. Collectively, the results demonstrated that risk of developing IGD is associated with dysregulated autonomic balance during gameplay, and in-game autonomic activities are modulated by complex interactions among personal attributes and in-game behavioral performance of the player, as well as situational factors embedded in game mechanics.

Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Containing Mo-Rich Areas

Stainless steels are widely used because of their high corrosion resistance. It is well known that Mo improves the pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels1, 2), and the transpassive dissolution of pure Mo occurs in the passive region of stainless steels. In this study, a stainless steel that releases Mo-species in chloride solutions and exhibits self-healing properties was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of type 304L gas atomized powder and 2.5 mass% of Mo powder. Sintering temperature was 1100℃ and it kept for 20 min. The specimen surface was polished down to 1 μm using a diamond paste.The as-polished and etched surfaces of the samples were observed by an optical microscope. A field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy system was also used to observe the surface of the specimens. From the observations, the formation of Mo-rich areas was confirmed, and the Mo-rich area was found to be consisted of three phases: inner, middle, and outer phases. Inner phase was rich in Mo, and middle and outer phases contains other elements such as Cr, Ni, and Fe.To assess the corrosion resistance, potentiodynamic polarization curves were measured in 0.1 M NaCl (pH 6.0). The size of electrode area was 300 µm × 300 µm or 5 mm × 5 mm. The stainless steel with Mo-rich areas showed higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with sintered type 316L stainless steel fabricated by SPS. After polarization, inner phase of Mo-rich area dissolved, while middle and outer phase did not dissolve. Pitting corrosion resistance was concluded to be improved by dissolved Mo-species from Mo-rich areas.References; Saito, I. Muto, and Y. Sugawara, Mater. Trans., 61 (2020), 2248-2251. Saito, I. Muto, M. Nishimoto, and Y. Sugawara, Mater. Today Commun., 33 (2022) 104211.

EASTER SPRING SONGS IN THE INTERFLUVE OF THE LOWER PRIPYAT, UZH AND TETERIV RIVERS

The northern lands of the modern Kyiv region, located between the Pripyat, Uzh, and Teteriv rivers in their downstream, historically and geographically belong to Polissia. Ethnographers rightly consider this territory a reserve of ancient Slavic traditions. In the life of local residents, various calendar rites of pre-Christian origin continued to function until the beginning of the 21st century. Among all the calendar seasons, spring was particularly diverse. Rituals and spring songs changed at different stages of the spring season and reflected the state of nature and the aspirations of people, first of all young people: first to summon spring, and later to activate its signs.&#x0D; The article is devoted to consideration of the songs of the middle phase of spring in this territory – from the Easter holiday to the Trinity. They are noticeably different from the songs сalling for spring at the beginning of the season. The girls did not just sing Easter songs, but accompanied them with a ritual dance, roundelays. They held each other`s hands and moved in a circle or along a sinuous line, and sometimes imitated work in the field using special gestures. The content of these songs is wide – from children's game plots to small performances on the topic of relations between a boy and a girl. Songs also differ in musical features. The song material in the article is presented according to the rhythmic-structural typology principles. Songs were recorded by the author in the years 1979–2007. At the end of the article, music samples are provided (transcribed by the author). Abbreviations mean the names of the districts of the Kyiv region for the time of recording (Pls = Polisky district, Chnb = Chornobylskyi district, Ivn = Ivankivskyi district). Song forms are encoded using system of special characters developed by I. Klymenko (2008; 2020).

Biochar induces different responses of intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes and suppresses horizontal transfer during lincomycin fermentation dregs composting

This study aims to indicate the influence of biochar on extracellular and intracellular ARGs (e/iARGs) variation and proliferation during lincomycin fermentation dregs (LFDs) compost. Biochar addition made iARGs keep reducing but eARGs increase to the maximum at the middle thermophilic phase and reduce at the end of the compost. Compared to control 3.15-log and 5.42-log reduction of iARGs and eARGs were observed, respectively. Biochar addition, bacterial community, and MGEs were the major contributors to iARGs and eARGs removal, with the contribution percentages of 38.4%, 31.0%, 23.7%, and 27.2%, 29.1%, and 34.9%, respectively. Moreover, biochar significantly inhibited eARGs transformation and RP4 plasmid conjugative transfer among E. coli DH5α and Pseudomonas aeruginosa HLS-6. The underlying mechanism involved in broken cell membranes of bacteria, and altered expression of oxidative stress genes and save our souls (SOS) response-related genes. The results indicated that biochar addition in composting could limit the dissemination of ARGs.

INVESTIGATING DREAMING IN COGNITIVELY DIVERSE OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Dreaming changes across the lifespan. While our understanding of how dreaming relates to aging and well-being has developed with respect to early and middle phases of the lifespan, the dreams of older adults remain under-studied. Reviews of the literature suggest decreases in dream recall and the emotionality of dream content that often precede age-related changes in sleep architecture, with few changes in dreaming occurring between ages 45-75, after which dream recall declines steeply. However, these findings are based on relatively few studies. This point is underscored when considering the effects of secondary aging on dreaming, where virtually no literature exists on the dreams of older adults experiencing mild cognitive impairment. Studying the dreams of older adults experiencing cognitive impairment may seem trivial when compared to other processes implicated in secondary aging, but recent studies examining the relationship between frequency of negative dream content and the increased risk of onset and acceleration of cognitive decline beg a closer examination of how dreaming contributes to a broader understanding of health and functioning across the lifespan. The scoping review of sleep, dreams, well-being and cognition across the lifespan, and the subsequent proposed study design seeks to employ the Hall and Van de Castle Coding System of content analysis to contribute to the literature on the dream frequency and content of cognitively typical older adults while also exploring the feasibility and methodological considerations of studying the dream content of older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Dramatic storytelling and naming subjective experiences in psychodynamic treatments of depressed women: An exploratory study of assimilative functions of narrating

Objective: The present study aims to demonstrate how assimilation processes indicated by formal aspects of in-session narratives change in the course of psychodynamic therapy and how this differs by therapy outcome. Method: Two sessions each from the initial, the middle, and the termination phase of six successful and six unsuccessful psychodynamic treatments were compared. All narratives were identified and coded for dramatic narrating and naming of emotions and mental verbs. Results: Good outcome cases peaked in the use of direct speech and naming negative emotions in the middle phase of treatment. Poorer treatment outcome was associated with a high amount of narrating and a tendency to more dramatic narrating in the termination phase and with a use of more narrative clauses throughout treatment. Conclusions: Emotional remembering and naming of emotional states in the middle phase could provide partial support for the role of assimilation processes in good outcome cases. Narrative characteristics of less successful treatments are discussed.

Microemulsions Based on Diverse Surfactant Molecular Structure: Comparative Analysis and Mechanistic Study

Microemulsion flooding technology, known for significantly reducing interfacial tension, improving rock wettability, and providing strong driving forces at the microscopic level, has been widely applied in enhancing oil recovery in oil fields. This article summarizes the relevant literature and introduces the classification, formation mechanisms, research models, and factors affecting the performance of microemulsions. Particularly, it conducts a comparative analysis of microemulsion systems formed by surfactant molecules of different structures, aiming to provide new perspectives for the study of surfactant molecular structures and to further optimize the performance of microemulsion systems. The study finds that modifying surfactant molecules by adding benzene rings, increasing the length of hydrophobic tails, and enlarging hydrophilic heads can significantly increase the volume of the middle phase, exceeding 30%. These findings provide important guidance for optimizing microemulsion systems.