Middle Of 20th Century Research Articles

Data-driven stochastic model for cross-interacting processes with different time scales.

In this work, we propose a new data-driven method for modeling cross-interacting processes with different time scales represented by time series with different sampling steps. It is a generalization of a nonlinear stochastic model of an evolution operator based on neural networks and designed for the case of time series with a constant sampling step. The proposed model has a more complex structure. First, it describes each process by its own stochastic evolution operator with its own time step. Second, it takes into account possible nonlinear connections within each pair of processes in both directions. These connections are parameterized asymmetrically, depending on which process is faster and which process is slower. They make this model essentially different from the set of independent stochastic models constructed individually for each time scale. All evolution operators and connections are trained and optimized using the Bayesian framework, forming a multi-scale stochastic model. We demonstrate the performance of the model on two examples. The first example is a pair of coupled oscillators, with the couplings in both directions which can be turned on and off. Here, we show that inclusion of the connections into the model allows us to correctly reproduce observable effects related to coupling. The second example is a spatially distributed data generated by a global climate model running in the middle 19th century external conditions. In this case, the multi-scale model allows us to reproduce the coupling between the processes which exists in the observed data but is not captured by the model constructed individually for each process.

The Mexican university anti-communist front (1955—1973). The influence of the Catholic Church and the struggle for control of the university environment

This article examines the history of the emergence and activities of the Mexican University Anti-Communist Front (Frente Universitario Anticomunista, FUA), a right-wing Catholic youth organization which was formed in Puebla. Based on sources from the personal archive of the second president of the FUA, Manuel Antonio Diaz Cid, as well as on the documents of the Catholic Church, publications in the press and memoirs of contemporaries of the events, the author of the article aims to identify the ideological base of the FUA and determine the main methods of struggle of this organization with ideological opponents. Founded under the patronage of church figures in Puebla, the FUA was a hybrid social organization, combining elements of an open and secret society. Using loud slogans about the fight against communism as a facade, FUA members set themselves quite practical goals, which consisted in establishing control over the university environment and influencing politics in the region. However, the FUA's strategies of struggle proved ineffective in the context of the gradual liberalization and secularization of university space that took place in Mexico in the middle of 20th century.

“Malachite Rooms” of Villa San Donato: The Reconstruction of the Ensembles and the Attribution of the Pieces

Demidoff ’s villa San Donato near Florence, in the middle of the 19th century, was one of the most interesting phenomena of European artistic life. The richest collection, acquired by the two generations of the family and opened for the choice public at the end of the 1850s, was attractive not only for the curious tourist by also for the specialists in the history of art. This collection gives his influence for the collecting of the second half of the 19th century The total liquidation of the 1860s–1880s destroyed this ensemble. However, thanks to the sales catalogues, some detailed descriptions of the interiors of San Donato and the archive’s documents, unique pictures, it becomes possible to restore not only the list of this collection but to try to understand the taste of these collectors. At the end of the 1850s at the rooms of Villa San Donato was amassed one of the most important collections from Russian malachite. Those pieces reflected two main styles applied by European and Russian artists. One of the rooms was decorated by the pieces created in the first third of the 19th century in empire taste. The second interior, remarkable by the concentration of the malachite pieces realized in the middle 19th century was known only by a description completed by the malachite pieces in the second rococo taste. The decoration of this room was destroyed by the sales. However, the study of the descriptions of 1858 and 1864, archive documents, sale catalogues and previous research permit to reconstruct of the main elements of one of the main interiors of the Florentine villa of the Demidoff family and to talk about the very special taste of his members.

CHANGES IN THE ETHNO-LINGUISTIC TERRITORY OF THE WESTERN AND SOUTHERN MANSI IN THE 17th—20th CENTURIES. PART I. CIS-URALS AND THE TURA BASIN

This article examines the changes in the ethno-linguistic territory of the Mansi (Voguls) in the Cis-Urals and in the Tura basin during the 17th—20th centuries. In most of these lands, the Mansi and Mansi languages disappeared no later than the early / middle 19th century. But the assimilation and displacement of the Mansi took place a little differently and at different speeds in different parts. The purpose of this article is to bring together and systematize information about the distribution of the Mansi and Mansi languages in the western and southern parts of their range during the 17th—20th centuries. Both primary sources of the 17th—19th centuries and the works of researchers of the 19th—21st centuries were used as material for the study. Particular attention is paid to census data, as well as data on yasak payers of the 17th century. The result of the work is a detailed reconstruction of the geographical distribution and demographics of the Mansi in this region after the 17th century. All toponyms mentioned in earlier works were georeferenced, and diachronic correlation of objects from different time layers was made. For convenience of presentation, the territory under consideration is divided into several sub-areas. Special attention was paid to the time of the disappearance of the Mansi languages in each sub-area and more accurate georeferencing of the known Mansi dictionaries of the 18th—19th centuries. The collected and systematized information is illustrated by detailed ethno-linguistic maps, which make it possible to compare the situation with the Mansi and the Mansi language in different centuries. Such an analysis, based on the areal principle and accompanied by detailed maps, is being done for the first time. The results of the work, including maps, can be used by specialists of various profiles, incl. linguists studying Mansi dialectology and toponymy, ethnographers and historians

Local Authorities and Traditional Rulers in the Reserves of South West Africa in Middle 20th Century

The article is devoted to the participation of the traditional authorities of South-West Africa (Namibia) in the system of local self-government in the middle twentieth century. It is based on materials taken by the author from the Namibian archives and not widely introduced into scientific circulation before. As a result of legislative acts of the Government of South Africa from 1919, 1920 and 1923, new reserves were added to the 6 reserves previously created by the German authorities in South Africa, and as a result, by 1962 there were 24 of them and they made up more than 25 % of its territory. By the 1950s, a system of “native councils” was created in the reserves of the South West Africa. At the head of such councils were white officials. The white official appointed "chiefs" or “elders” who were members of the council. In addition, the council consisted of “no more than six” elected members. In the activities of such councils, an important role was played by persons who had the traditional status of power. In 1962—1963, it was proposed to combine all reserves into 10 homelands by analogy with the bantustans of South Africa. It was also proposed to incorporate representatives of the traditional elite into the administration of homelands when creating Legislative Councils there.

Fear of Chaos: Sociological Interpretation of Demand for Detective Genre

The essay offers a sociological analysis of the origin and popularity of the detective genre. There are many explanations for the phenomenon of the popularity of the detective genre, but they do not answer the question why the genre became relevant in the middle of the 19th century and remains so until now. Its genesis and role are interpreted in the middle and late 19th century and in the modern world. The moment when the detective genre emerged approximately coincides with the birth of classical sociological theories. Both sociology and the new literary genre are reflections on the changes that took place in the 19th century. The detective reflects current social problems and new technologies. The classic detective contains many typical features of positivist, functionalist, Weber and Marxist discourses. The essence of detective discourse is built into the ideas of faith in the scientific method and the morality of order, criticism of the capitalistic social system and the possibility of understanding social actions and motivation of different characters. The demand for a detective today is crucially connected with the rapid technological and social changes that take place today, and the Future Shock caused by them, described by Alvin Toffler. The pace of technological change is noticeably ahead of human adaptation to a new social reality. A person is forced to somehow endure or overcome this severe state for the psyche. Reading detective stories creates a short-term illusion of the possibility of mitigating and overcoming the Future Shock. However, reading or viewing a detective story does not provide a real chance to adapt to the liquid modernity.Such an important psychotherapeutic function is unique among literary and movie genres, so it can be predicted that detectives, despite the skepticism of many critics and intellectuals, will remain in demand and relevant in the future.

Can fisheries bioenergetics modelling refine spatially explicit assessments of climate change vulnerability?

Rising water temperature under climate change is affecting the physiology, population dynamics and geographic distribution of freshwater taxa. We propose a novel application of individual-based bioenergetics modelling (BEM) to assess the physiological impacts of warming on freshwater fishes across broad spatial extents. We test this approach using the Guadalupe bass (Micropterus treculii), a species of conservation and recreational significance that is endemic to central TX, USA. We projected historical-to-future changes (middle 20th century to end of 21st century) in daily bioenergetics of individual fish across 7872 stream reaches and compared this output to changes in reach occupancy derived from traditional species distribution modelling (SDM). SDMs project an 8.7% to 52.1% decrease in reach occupancy, depending on model parameterizations and climate change scenarios. Persistence is projected in the central Edwards Plateau region, whereas extirpations are projected for the warmer southeastern region. BEM projected a median 79.3% and 143.2% increase in somatic growth of age-1 Guadalupe bass across historically occupied reaches under moderate and severe climate change scenarios, respectively. Higher end-of-year body size under future climate was caused by a longer growing season. Future scenarios exploring suppressed or enhanced prey consumption suggest that small changes in prey availability will have relatively greater effects on growth than forecasted changes in temperature. Projected growth was geographically discordant with SDM-based habitat suitability, suggesting that SDMs do not accurately reflect fundamental thermal niche dimensions. Our assessment suggests that for locations where the species persists, Guadalupe bass may benefit from warming, although realized consumption gains will depend on seasonal, spatially varying changes in prey availability and other biotic and abiotic factors. More generally, we demonstrate that uniting species-specific BEM with spatially explicit climate change projections can elucidate the physiological impacts of climate change-including seasonal variation-on freshwater fishes across broad geographic extents to complement traditional SDM.

THE ARRIVAL OF MADURA TRADERS TO SUMBAWA BESAR (STUDY OF CULTURAL ASSIMILATION OF SUMBAWA BESAR COMMUNITY WITH MADURA TRADERS)

This study described the history of the arrival of Madurese traders to Sumbawa Besar with a cultural assimilation process of Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities. The purpose of this study was to find out the history of the arrival of Madurese traders to Sumbawa Besar, to find out the cultural assimilation process of Madurese and Sumbawa Besar communities, and to find out the impact of the assimilation between Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities. This research was qualitative research. Data collection was done through direct observation, interviews, documentation, and literature study. The study result concluded that Madurese traders came to Sumbawa in the middle of 17th century through trading relation. In the middle of 20th century around 1920, several Madurese began to explore the land of Sumbawa Besar. The cultural character of open and democratic society made Madurese traders and Sumbawa’s people to assimilate easily. The assimilation process was carried out through social interaction, marriage, trade, and religious processes. The impact of the cultural assimilation of Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities was shown by the establishment of a communication relationship between Sumbawa Besar and Madurese communities, the construction of a new community structure for the integrated of Sumbawa Besar community as Tau and Tana Samawa, and the construction of a new culture as Sumbawa’s culture requiring openness and tolerance.

Type of patients seeking Homeopathic treatment under different physico-cultural background in and around Kolkata - India.

Background: The concept of health and Health Care began in India in the middle of 18th Century. National Health Policy 2002 initiated the program – “health for all”. Earlier it was a concept of individual care. New philosophy of Heath Care Service is inter-sector, i.e., indigenous system can be found in public as well as private sector and so on. The sectors of heath care services in India are categorized as: 1.Public sector 2. Private sector 3. Indigenous systems of medicine which include a. Ayurveda and Siddha b. Unani and Tibbiya c. Homeopathy d. unregistered practitioners 4. Voluntary Heath Agencies 5. National Health Programmes. It needs to clarify who is a patient, according to World Health Organization (1948) defined health as a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” So a person is called healthy if he / she is physically fit, mentally sound and socially well adjusted. To explain further disease is the interruption or break in the state of equilibrium of all the components. Moreover, disease is lack of health, a disorder or illness caused by infection or deficiency with some characteristics or symptoms. The homeopathic doctors look into patient’s symptoms and take the medical history.
 Objective: The objectives of the study are to find out (i) Disease specificity in homeopathic treatment (ii) Variation of diseases with seasons (iii)Variation of diseases with economic condition (iv) Variation in different socio-economic groups seeking homeopathic treatment (v) Reasons of failure of homeopathic treatment.
 Methodology: Fifty (50) clinics of Kolkata and its suburbs and two (2) years data have been taken into consideration. Statistical methods like ANOVA are applied to find out the diseases related to homeopathy. Patients were classified according to their acute and chronic diseases. Acute diseases include seasonal ones like influenza, cough and cold, dengue, malaria, pox, common fever, diarrhea. Chronic diseases include arthritis, hepatic disorder, eczema, cardiac disorders, migraine, asthma, autism, epilepsy, tumors, skin diseases, pimples. Number of each chronic and acute cases in each clinic was recorded. All the numbers in 50 clinics were pooled together for each case. Socio – economic conditions of the patients were also recorded.
 Result: Acute diseases like influenza, diarrhea, common cold, fever dominate over other diseases. Among the chronic diseases rheumatoid arthritis, migraine and asthma are more common than other diseases. Common cold and asthma predominate during autumn while diarrhea is common in monsoon. 
 Discussion: Present paper tries to find out how unhealthy condition or disease is guided by two factors. 1. The climatic condition or the seasonal swing and 2. Economic condition of the patients surveyed. To specify, the paper seeks the variation of disease with seasonal swing and economic status of those who come to the homeopaths. The number of patients also varies with seasons. The number rises during monsoons (July to September) and falls in cold months (December and January). The upper socio-economic group seeks medical help for diseases like coronary heart disease, diabetes, obesity etc., where as lower income goes for diseases like bronchitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, etc. The paper also tries to find out the causes failure of homeopathic treatment in the study area, they are (i) limited number of skilled doctors available in suburbs of Kolkata. In urban areas skilled doctors cannot cope with the growing number of patients. (ii) The improper selection of medicines among the trained doctors, moreover, application of proper potencies often fails. (iii) The poor quality of medicines is a major factor of failure. In homeopathy quality control is difficult. In-process quality control is only possible by engaging a large number of inspectors by the Drug Regulator. At present the number is insufficient. (iv) As the patients have little knowledge or ignorant about the homeopathic medicines, they compare homeopathic medicines with other systems of medicine. Only 3% natural substance present in the medicine which cannot be possible to detect by the patient. As the patients cannot smell the medicine and all medicines appear similar for which they often doubt about it’s effects. 
 Conclusion: The causes for seeking homeopathic treatment are different in different socio-economic groups. The lower socio economic groups are attracted due to the low cost of treatment. The higher socio economic groups are interested because of long lasting effects and permanent cure, no side effect, diagnostic problems due to complexity of diseases and to avoid surgery.

Interpelações à Teologia na obra do Padre Manuel Antunes

In this paper the author aims to define the main interpellations to Theology made by the Priest Manuel Antunes, a remarkable portuguese philosopher and humanist of the 20th century. These interpellations are divided essentialy in three aspects: the relevant role attributed to the Historical Theology and a critical position face to her absence in the portuguese Catholical Church in the middle of 20th century; the attribution of a central role to the notion of Person and of Christ, giving a particular enphasys to the christological dimention in Theology; the relief given to the public dimention of Theology, exhortating to the dialogue with the contemporary culture, breaking restrict and crystalised spaces.

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING OF THE FIRST HALF OF 17th century IN LUBECH

The antiquities of Lyubech of 17th—18th centuries have been known to the scientific community since the B. O. Rybakov’s excavation of the hillfort Zamkova Hora during 1957—1960. Here the powerful cultural layer and remains of buildings, including defensive ones has been recorded. Next time the dwellings and household buildings of this period were recorded by the works of A. L. Kazakov in Lyubech suburb (posad) in 1989—1990. At the beginning of the current century the archaeological expedition of the Taras Shevchenko National University “Chernihiv Collegium”, headed by the author, explored significant areas of the ancient Lyubech in three places — hillforts Zamkova Hora and Monastirishche, as well as the suburb (posad) of Lyubech near stone building (Kamianitsa) of hetman Poubotok. Just at its territory where 372 m2 have been excavated the residential and commercial buildings of the 17th—18th centuries were disco-vered.
 In 2013 and 2016 the remains of rich residential building destroyed in a fire in the middle of the 17th century have been discovered. It is located 13 m north of the north-west corner of the Kamianitsa.
 The structure was built on the basement. The interior details of the ground floor have preserved in the upper burnt layers of the consruction pit. To the left of the entrance, in the eastern corner, the remains of destroyed furnace were discovered, and to the right of the entrance, near the wall, a large stone (0.55 Ч 0.25 Ч 0.36 m) was found.
 Fragments of kitchen and tableware dating to the first half — mid-seventeenth century were found in the filling of the building. Part of the tableware is decorated with green, yellow, light brown and brown glaze. In addition to the pottery there were also found parts of knives with bone grips, steel, spring and hinged scissors, a fragment of a pipe, fishing sinkers and horseshoes. Among the unique finds the seal cast made from copper alloy should be noted. In the burnt layer of the building and below it the items dated back to the 10th—12th centuries such as the bridle pendant (reshma), fragment of encolpion, bracelet, pin, fragment of a lunula which are made of copper alloy have been occurred, as well as the gold-glass bead, fragment of a glass bracelet, fragments of pyrophillit spindle wheel and plate. Probably during household works the residents of Lyubech of the 17th century accidentally found the old items, collected and stored them.
 Thus, the discovered residential building belonged to the wealthy resident of Lyubech and was destroyed in fire in the middle of 17th century.

Benefits of green chemistry

Our living standard rose after the industrial revolution. Chemistry has brought about medical revolution in the middle of 20th century in which drugs and antibiotics might have discovered. The world’s food supply also increased enormously due to the discovery of new hybrid varieties, improved methods of farming, better and quality seeds, use of insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers. The quality of life on earth became much better due to the discovery of dyes, plastics, cosmetics and medicines. Soon, the ill effects of chemistry also became pronounced, main among them being the pollution of land, water and atmosphere. This is caused mainly due to the effects of byproducts of chemical industries, which are being discharged into the air, water and land. The use of toxic reactants and reagents also make the situation worse. Chemical industry developed many products that facilitate life, to extend human life. Industrial revolution has brought increased production but also waste material made to be consumed rapidly. As on today, maximum pollution to the environment is caused by numerous chemical industries. Therefore, attempts have been made to design synthesis for manufacturing processes in such a way that the waste products are minimum, Sustainability has spread in waves with the slogan in the end of 20th century. Chemical industry using the principles of green chemistry began to take measures relating to sustainability and the environment. For a continually growing population and restricted resources in a sustainable future in a world where the idea of development in the 21st century is one of the biggest challenges of green chemistry. Our scientific research must work for the welfare of our people. One of the best ways is to increase the direct interface of science with society. We need to strengthen our policies, regulations, investments and management to achieve our sustainable goals. In order to attain Sustainable Development, we have to bridge our traditional knowledge and Modern Science. It is significant to understand the principles of green chemistry to leave a livable world for future generations. Green chemistry represents the pillars that hold up our sustainable future. It is clear that many industries and research of many academics recognize the significance of green chemistry. The Green Chemistry is making us all to build a more sustainable, safer, progressive and prosperous mother planet for all humanity.

A geotermikus energia kutatása és hasznosítása Magyarországon az elmúlt 150 év tükrében

Jelen tanulmányban a 150 évvel ezelőtt Zsigmondy Vilmossal induló magyarországi geotermikus kutatások legfőbb eredményeit, illetve a hazai geotermikus szektor fejlődésének főbb lépéseit vázoljuk fel, megemlékezve a jeles elődökről. A tartalmi részt 4 időszakra osztottuk:
 1.) A hőskor. A XIX.sz közepétől tart a rendszerváltásig. A leghosszabb időszakot fogja át, az első fúrásos hévízfeltárásoktól, a gyógy- és fürdő turizmus kiteljesedésén át a geotermikus energia mezőgazdasági hasznosításának elterjedésig. Az az időszak, amikor a földtudomány kiváló hazai szakemberi, a nemzetközi trendek előtt járva, lehetővé tették a geotermikus energia széleskörű hasznosítását, megalapozták a magyar geotermika nemzetközi elismerését. Ezt a felívelés korszakának tekintjük, ezért egyben tárgyaljuk.
 2.) A közel múlt. A rendszerváltást követő kezdeti lépések, melyek főleg fürdő fejlesztéseket és a geotermikus energia távhő célú fejlesztését jelentették. Ezek közül is kiemelkedik hódmezővásárhelyi, miskolci és győri geotermikus távhőrendszer. A hódmezővásárhelyi rendszer a komplex kaszkád hasznosítással és a homokkőbe történő sikeres és fenntartható visszasajtolási technológia alkalmazásával volt úttörő, míg a két utóbbi, 50 MWth-ot meghaladó a beépített kapacitásával mutatott európai szinten is elismert példát. Ezen időszakban, a termálfürdő fejlesztéseknek és új fürdők nyitásának köszönhetően, a termálturizmus megduplázódott. Ez már a zenit korszaka, 2003-ban még Európai Geotermikus Kongresszust rendeztek Szegeden, de már nem Magyarország volt Európában a fejlődés motorja.
 3.) A jelen projektek. Az éppen befejezett vagy még futó jelentősebb geotermikus projekteken keresztül bemutatjuk a geotermikus energia hasznosítás jelenlegi magyarországi állapotát. Európai Uniós csatlakozásunknak köszönhetően megnyílt a nemzetközi kutatási projekteben való részvétel lehetősége. Különösen a hazai egyetemek és kutatóhelyek – de civil szervezetek is – becsatlakozhattak az európai geotermikus kutatások főáramába. Az Európai Uniós források lehetővé tették a határon átnyúló kutatási projektek indítását, ennek köszönhetően a Kárpát-medence geotermikus viszonyait egységes szerkezetben, politikai határok nélkül lehet kutatni.
 4.) A futó kutatások, jövőkép. Ismertetjük a hazai és a nemzetközi kutatásokhoz kapcsoló legújabb eredményeket és felvázoljuk a jövőbeni kutatási irányokat, lehetséges helyünket a nemzetközi geotermikus piacon. Bemutatjuk, hogy – alkalmas szakpolitikával, a geotermikus adottságaink ismeretében – milyen mértéket érhet el a geotermikus energia hasznosítása Magyarországon a közeli jövőben.
 Az egyes időszakok határai nem élesek, inkább tematikusak, így egy adott időszakban olykor későbbi tanulmányt is megemlítünk. Tárgyalásuk során röviden utalunk a földtani, hidrogeológiai, geokémiai és geofizikai kapcsolódási pontokra, de ezeket részletesen nem tárgyaljuk, a Földtani Közlöny aktuális ünnepi és rákövetkező évjáratában erről önálló tanulmányokat olvashatnak.

Contextual pastoral counselling: Paradigm shifts in practical theological development since the middle 20th century

There have been many changes in pastoral care and counselling and pastoral theology since the middle 20th century. At first, the changes were viewed as an evolutionary process as the discipline evolved into an authoritative science. Although it seems as if pastoral care and counselling followed the footsteps of psychology, there were important paradigm shifts towards contextual pastoral counselling based on the Word of God. The major question of this article is, what important paradigm shifts in the development of practical theology since the middle 20th century can be distinguished that are in line with the requirements for contextual pastoral counselling? In an attempt to answer this question, a thorough subject-specific literature study was conducted by looking at prominent scholars’ view on the development of pastoral theology. The article is divided into five main parts. The first part focused on the development of practical (and the subdivision, pastoral) theology, with emphases on important paradigm shifts and the work of prominent scholars. The second part focused on the current challenges facing pastoral theology. The third part focused on paradigmatic positions, scientific research markers and approaches, and different layers of meaning unique to pastoral theology. The fourth part focused on diakonia with a religious consciousness of transformative moral or ethical orientation. The article concluded with a reflection on how the paradigm shifts are in line with the requirements of contextual pastoral counselling. The conclusion of the article is that together with the normative deductive aspects of pastoral theology, the inclusion of context-specific empirical experiences is an aspect that must be taken into consideration. Contribution: The primary contribution of this article is that a systematic description of the important paradigm shifts in the development of practical theology since the middle 20th century was given and brought in evaluation against the requirements for contextual pastoral counselling. The objective was to enhance appropriate theory formation with the aim to focus on the distinctive character of pastoral counselling, and its connectedness to the broader field of practical theological science. These insights link to the focus and scope of the journal, because it contributes to the epistemological dialogue of practical theology.

The «Khazar myth» as perceived by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov

A problem of continuity has always been a topical subject in Eurasian historiography and the name of L.N. Gumilyov appeard in this context most often. Some researchers recognized the ideological connection between the concept and Gumilyov, while the others rejected continuity and divided them: Russian philosophy of the early 20th century and Soviet scientism of the middle of 20th century. One of the plots is usually used to compare the ideas of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov it is an assessment of the role of the Khazar Kaganate in the history of the Eastern Slavs. Moreover, it was reviewed by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov. G.V. Vernadsky presented the history of Eurasia as a consistent set of attempts to create a unified state. Khazaria existed in the era of disintegration in the context of the state-forming process in Eurasia, based on the principle of rhythm. According to L.N. Gumilyov, the Khazars were colonized by representatives of the Persian and Byzantine branches of the Jewish people. The mix of the Khazar and Jewish ethnic groups was weighed down by the national traditions, which became the determining aspect of their different destinies. The Khazar Kaganate established political power in the Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus, had benefited from the intermediary trade between Europe and China, and only Svyatoslavs campaign became a closure of existence of this ethnic chimera. It can be said that the methodological approach of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov to the problem of Khazaria was fundamentally different and the only unifying factor was that these events were unfolding in the space of Russia-Eurasia.

COVID-19 and Political Polarization: Notes on Australia’s Chinese Communities

Chinese Australians are from a variety of backgrounds, Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan for instance. Most Chinese Australians of Southeast Asian migrant backgrounds are politically inactive regarding the PRC, but do take the opportunity of China’s economic take off to expand their business. Migrants from Guangdong and Hong Kong used to be the most numerous in Australia since the middle 19th century and they were also the ones that kept the Chinese cultural tradition going in Australia (Petty 2009), symbolized by the iconic China towns built by them in most capital cities. More of contemporary migrants of Chinese ethnicity are from mainland China, such as a large number of students of English from the PRC who were able to stay and then to obtain residents status subsequent to the 1989Tiananmen events during which the then Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke appeared tearfully on TV announcing the extension of visas (Fang and Weedon 2020). This source of migration continued, including immediate families of the students of English before the Tiananmen events (Liu Xi’an and Gao 1998), business and investment migrants and skilled migrants from the PRC.

A review of research literature on the topic of the priesthood in the works of st. Gregory the Theologian

The article examines the tradition of research on the topic of the priesthood in the legacy of St. Gregory the Theologian from the 19th century to 2020. The review includes general monographs on both the formation of the episcopate in Late Antiquity and specifically the legacy of Nazianzen, dissertations, publications in periodicals, dictionaries and encyclopedias on this topic, as well as on a wide range of related topics, key publications and translations of the Apology on his Flight — St. Gregory’s central text on the priesthood — in English, Russian, German, French and Italian. The following periodization of historiography is proposed: the early period (19th — middle of 20th centuries), theological studies of the Apology in the 50s–70s, studies and publications by J.Bernardi, the “new wave” of the 1990s and its development in the 21st century. In the last period, three main trends are identified: the Theologian’s texts on the priesthood are considered in the context of: the development of the image of a monk-bishop in Late Antiquity; platonic political philosophy; Gregory’s main theological concepts. The importance of research on other aspects of Gregory’s work is shown especially the categories θεωρία/πρᾶξις and his autobiographical texts. Two lines of further research are proposed as the most promising: intertextual analysis of the Apology and integral analysis of the entire legacy of St. Gregory through the prism of the priesthood theme.

Late blight of potato and its management through the application of different fungicides and organic amendments: a review

Late the blight of potato is a devastating and one of the economic diseases of potato and other plants belonging to family Solanaceae. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most threatening pathogenic diseases which not only results in direct crop losses but also cause farmers to embrace huge monetary expenses for disease control and preventive measure. It was first reported during the Irish Potato Famine, leading to massive starvation in Ireland and other parts of Europe during the middle of 19th century. Phytopthora harms the foliar portion in the field and also the tuber in the storage that can result in complete crop failure in potato. The pathogen has distinct survival mechanisms and two life cycles infection processes. The development of a sexual spore known as oospore includes two types of pairs, A1 and A2. The spores are introduced to good plants by wind and rain. Different methods for prevention of crops from late blight has been developed and used worldwide. An integrated disease management strategy includes successful control of this disease. Cultural control, chemical management, and advanced disease management are the most effective interventions. Integration of late blight control in tropical regions with abundant fungal inoculants in most months of the year was also seen as one of the best choices in disease management. This paper reviews the significance of late blight of potato and controlling strategies adopted for minimizing yield losses incurred by this disease by the application of synthetic fungicides and different organic amendments.

Pure Wage Rent: The Theory

Pure wage rent, defined as labor pricing that chronically exceeds market-opportunity cost, is an outcome of rational employer-employee interaction in information-challenged workplaces. It is an essential concept, integral to the analysis of important economic phenomena, consistent with available evidence, and rooted in neoclassical tenets of optimization and equilibrium. That PWR is absent from textbooks is indicative of a damaging gap in economic theory, which this paper remedies. The task was daunting, requiring the generalization of rational price-mediated exchange from the marketplace to workplaces restricted by costly, asymmetric information. Rigorous modeling of the second venue was expedited by earlier economic accounts of intra-firm behavior. Most notably, a detailed description of what goes on inside complex, bureaucratic workplaces was provided in the middle 20th century by a school of labor economists that Clark Kerr named “Neoclassical Revisionists”. (For background, see Kerr (1988), Lloyd Reynolds (1949), and Richard Lester (1951).) What follows translates the revisionists’ narrative into a rigorous theory rooted in optimizing behavior organized by general decision-rule equilibrium. The exercise microfounds pure wage rent, opening an exceptionally productive research frontier.

러시아의 길: 19세기 러시아 문학과 철도 – 가르신의 단편 「신호」를 따라

The railway, which was born in the 19th century, when the old and the new, tradition and reformation coexisted, was used as a variety of materials and themes in the lyrical and narrative literary genres, attracting the attention of contemporary people. These trends have been observed specially in Russia, a country of railroads, and russian literary scholars sensed that the railroad would lead to a new idea of life and a new perception of the infinite space and time of Russia.<BR> In this study, the relationship between Russian society and railroads in the 19th century was examined by studying how railroad-related materials appeared in literary works after railroads appeared in Russia in 1837. Among the various works, special attention was paid to the short story of Vsevolod Garshin(В.М. Гаршин, 1855~1888) 「Signal(Сигнал)」(1887), to verify how the railway was recognized and expressed in reality and literature respectively. The reason why this work was selected as the subject of analysis is that, it was published half a century after the appearance of the railway in Russia and Garshin actually worked as secretary of the Railway Bureau Association from early 1883 to 1887. This is because he has experience in railroad work, and the biographical facts of experts in this field are reflected in the work. In addition, it is also because, in the middle and late 19th century, a sense of mission as an intellectual at that time about the current situation in Russia and the path that Russia should take in the future is unfolding in this work with the railway as the main subject.<BR> In this work, Garshin shows the true value for life through the subject of railroads in a time when coexist various values and gives signals that Russia’s right direction for the present and the future is not antagonism and conflict, separation and deviation, but harmonization of different values, coexistence through integration and reconciliation, and going to a historical forward direction.