Middle Of 20th Century Research Articles

Cities of Vanadium: Technological Development and Post-Industrial Transformation in Emalahleni, Nizhny Tagil, and Panzhihua

The paper investigates the trajectories of social and economic development of second-tier single-industry cities specializing in metallurgy of vanadium under the circumstances of post-industrial economy. In the middle of 20th century, a technology of processing titaniferous ore made it possible to use vast deposits of previously unexploited natural resources to produce steel and vanadium. The large integrated steel mills were erected in Witbank (Emalahleni) in South Africa, Nizhny Tagil in Russia, and Panzhihua in China. Being industrial monotowns dependent on mining and metallurgy, these cities were seeking for diversification which could provide sustainable development. Such diversification was generally following two directions: either establishment of belt of smaller technological enterprises and creating section of product with higher added value, or growing the system of industries of culture, leisure, and health. While Emalahleni failed in striving for diversification due to boom in coal industry, which ultimately led to bankruptcy of its steel industry, Nizhny Tagil and Panzhihua remained successful steel-making centers even in 21st century. However, even economic success and focused attempts to diversity city’s economy by means of creative reindustrialization were circumscribed by the cultural and environmental issues caused by the very fact of such industrial survival.

ENHANCED ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING CAYLEY’S FIRST HYPERDETERMINANT

Combinatorial hyperdeterminant DET – is the homogeneous polynomial in the entries of a hypermatrix of even number of indices, which is also a unique SL-invariant of minimal degree. It was first studied by Cayley in the middle of 19-th century. Given its fundamental nature, the computation of this polynomial is an important task. For fixed d and a cubical hypermatrix X of length n Barvinok introduced an algorithm of computing hyperdeterminant in 0(2nd nd-1) . Since the problem of deciding whether for the given hypermatrix X the hyperdeterminant DET(X) is equal to zero is NP-hard, it is essential to develop efficient algorithm for computing hyperdeterminant, as the size of problem grows exponentially. We provide enhanced algorithm of computing hyperdeterminant that requires 0(2 n(d-1) nd-1) arithmetic operations.

INDIAN ARCHITECTS & MODERNISM: THE DILEMMA OF THOUGHTS

Journey of Indian architecture in search for its identity started in the middle of 20th Century. It emerged from the conflict of two parallel thought processes namely, rationalism and revivalism with the former being propagated by the followers of modernism and later by the followers of the old school of thoughts. The hegemony of rationalists’ idea prevailed over the passage of time with the arrival in India of foreign architects like Le-Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Dame Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and the then Prime Minister Nehru had thrown his weight behind rationalism over revivalism to project independent India’s image to the world as a progressive nation. The architecture of these foreign masters had a profound influence on Indian architects’ works, some of whom being the team members of these foreign architects’ Indian commissions. This paper is an attempt to investigate whether the influence of these foreign masters’ architecture in India is limited to only a specific group of architects who worked with them during their Indian commissions or this influence was all over irrespective of the Indian architects’ association with foreign Masters.

James O 'Connor's Ecological Thought and its Practical Enlightenment

James O 'Connor's ecological thought was born in the middle and late 20th century. By using the unique theory of double contradiction and double crisis of capitalism, James O 'Connor revealed the global ecological crisis caused by the development of capitalism, outlined a new model of ecological socialism, and tried to find a feasible path to solve the global ecological crisis. To mitigate the adverse effects of the ecological crisis on the capitalist world. James O 'Connor's ecological thought has been widely discussed by the academic community since it was put forward. Subsequently, many scholars in the field of ecology have analyzed and studied James O 'Connor's thought. Through the organic combination with the current actual situation and practical experience, they began to apply James O 'Connor's ecological thought to the management of ecological problems. The construction of ecological civilization in our country is also developing continuously, and O 'Connor's ecological thought has a very positive enlightening and instructive significance to the construction of ecological civilization in our country.

UNIVERSALISM TO CONTEXTUALISM: METAMORPHOSIS OF POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

India has an exceptionally rich architectural history. It has undergone various phases of architectural development with majority of them dictated by political influences rather than societal needs. It was only in the middle of 20th century, more precisely after independence that the architecture of India started its journey in the search of its own identity. That too led to the implantation of foreign ideas of Universalism in the shape of Modern Architecture under the political patronage of the then Prime minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. It was an attempt to do away with historicism and revivalism in favour of rationalism with the idea of progress to project India as a progressive nation in front of the world. But, in search for this identity, the context and cultural continuity was lost to a greater extent. This paper delves into the architectural journey of Indian architecture in the Post-independence period

조선후기 한성부의 가옥 및 空垈 매매와 그 특징

This study aims to analyze the patterns and characteristics of house transactions in the Hanseong-bu area during the late Joseon. The main data that the investigator consulted came from the documents related to house transactions housed at Kyoto University of Japan. They are part of Korea's old documents taken out of the country to Japan during the colonial years. The focus was on the transaction records for houses and vacant lots within the five sections of Hanseong-bu between the middle 17th century and the middle 19th century. As for transaction methods, they showed a tendency of Gyeonggwan transactions(經官賣買) to have them notarized by the Hanseong-bu office until the middle 18th century. This characteristic was different from other areas where Baekmun transactions(白文賣買) completed only with a contract between the parties were common for land and houses with Gyeonggwan transactions generally implemented for servant transactions. As for the content of transactions, transaction sizes were about 50~60 rooms(間) in general. It was the most prominent that the same transaction items were traded consecutively at a short time cycle. Transactions were frequent. There were three cases in which it took less than a year to resell a house after its purchase. It took less than three years to resell in 50% of the cases. Gyeonggwan transactions and short transaction cycles were attributed to various causes including the shortage of hoses and lots and diverse ways of dwelling due to frequent population movement. Considering that the same phenomenon was found in land transactions in Hanseong-bu, there is a need to broaden the scope of finding the causes to the degree of urbanization or commercialization and differences in the perceptions of houses and land as one's property.

Exploring organic and inorganic contaminant histories in sediment cores across the anthropocene: Accounting for site/area dependent factors

Sedimentary records help chronologically identify anthropogenic contamination in environmental systems. This study analysed dated sediment cores from L’Albufera Lake (Valencia, Spain), to assess the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), pesticides and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The results evidence the continuing vertical presence of all types of contaminants in this location. The sediment age was difficult to establish. However, the presence of shells together with an historical estimation and the knowledge of sedimentary rates could help. HMs contents are higher in the upper layer reflecting the most recent increase of the industrial and agricultural practices in the area since the middle 20th century. Higher availability index of these HMs in the upper sediment layers is associated with point and diffuse contamination sources in the area. PAHs and OPFRs were homogeneous distributed through the sediments with few exceptions such as phenanthrene in the North and fluoranthene in the South. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected throughout the sediment core while short-chain PFASs (except perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)) were detected only in the top layer. Pesticides and PPCPs showed appreciable down-core mobility. The vertical concentration profiles of organic contaminants did not exhibit a clear trend with depth, then, it is difficult to develop a direct relationship between sediment age and contaminant concentrations, and to elucidate the historical trend of contamination based on dated sediment core. Consequently, linking contaminant occurrence in sediments directly to their historical use is somewhat speculative at least in the conditions of L’Albufera Lake.

Applying the Consensus Criteria for Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome Retrospectively to Case Studies of Boxers from the 20th Century.

There are no validated diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES). During the early and middle 20th century, TES was described as a clinical condition that was experienced by some high-exposure boxers-and it was believed to reflect chronic traumatic brain injury. Consensus criteria for the diagnosis of TES were published in 2021. We applied the consensus criteria for TES retrospectively to cases of chronic brain damage in boxers described in articles published in the 20th century that were obtained from narrative and systematic reviews. The sample included 157 boxers identified in 21 articles published between 1929 and 1999. Two authors reviewed each case description and coded the criteria for TES. For the core clinical features, cognitive impairment was noted in 63.1%, and in 28.7% of cases the person's cognitive functioning appeared to be broadly normal. Neurobehavioral dysregulation was present in 25.5%. One third (34.4%) were identified as progressive, 30.6% were not progressive, and the course could not be clearly determined in 35.0%. In total, 29.9% met the TES consensus criteria, 28.0% did not, and 42.0% had insufficient information to make a diagnostic determination. TES, in the 20th century, was described as a neurological condition, not a psychiatric disorder-and this supports the decision of the 2021 consensus group to remove primary and secondary psychiatric diagnoses from being a core diagnostic feature. Future research is needed to determine whether, or the extent to which, cognitive impairment or neurobehavioral dysregulation described as characterizing TES are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathological change.

The Muslim Elite of the South Caucasus in the First Half — Middle 19th Century: Between the Tsar, Shah and Sultan

The Muslim Elite of the South Caucasus in the First Half — Middle 19th Century: Between the Tsar, Shah and Sultan

New observations on rare and threatened saproxylic hoverflies in North-Western Italy with ecological notes.

The knowledge on the distribution of saproxylic hoverflies in the Piedmont region has always been incomplete, despite the large wooded areas present in the territory. We know of a few scattered specimens collected in the 19th century, often with a generic or incomplete locality on the label such as "surrounding Turin" or "Alps". The recent publication of the first European Red List on hoverflies highlights some threatened species including some saproxylics. To fill this knowledge gap we report here unpublished data and establish new ecological note on threatened or nationally scarce saproxylic species actually present in the region. In this study, we present new findings concerning rare saproxylic hoverflies. These include the rediscovery of Hammerschmidtiaferruginea (Fallen), 1817, marking its first recorded occurrence in the Italian fauna since the middle of 19th century. Additionally, we report novel observations of the "Chimera fly" Dorosdestillatorius Mik, 1885, along with further observations on endangered or vulnerable species such as Callicera spp. and Brachypalpuschrysites Egger 1859. Moreover, we document the rediscovery of Criorhinapachymera Egger, 1858, within the Piedmont region, and the first record of Brachyopagrunewaldensis Kassebeer, 2000, within Italy. Comprehensive data detailing these observations are provided herein.

ХОЗЯЙСТВО И ЭКОНОМИКА КАК ОБЛАСТЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В ОБСКО-УГОРСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ

The author deals with the history of the Ob Ugrian husbandry and economy and aims at showing what phenomena of the Ob Ugrians’ economic life have attracted scholarly attention and how research approaches have changed. The works of ethnologists and historians are used as sources. Historiography is considered not so much as an account of achievements and discoveries of different authors, but more as ideas, research approaches that appear in a certain historical period. In the 18th–19th centuries, authors were concerned with the uniqueness of the economic activities of the Ostyaks and Voguls. They regarded fishing, hunting and reindeer herding as modes of livelihood strikingly different from those habitual to educated observers. In the middle 19th century, ethnographers paid attention to economic relations between the indigenous and Russian population of the Northern Ob Region and complied descriptions of trade at fairs and credit-trade relations. The turn of the 19th–20th centuries was the period of boom of ethnographic local lore, when empirical materials on the economy were supplemented with data on the Ugrian local groups, which were characterized by the accuracy of information and its attachment to a specific territory. In the 1920s, ethnographers were no longer attracted by the exoticism and uniqueness of northern peoples’ ways of economic activity. They sought to obtain the most accurate data on the husbandry and economy in order, relying on them, to overcome the “backwardness” of the aboriginal economy and raise it to the socialist level. In the 1960–1990s, Ugric scholars studied the traditional branches of the husbandry from the perspective of historical retrospect. During these years a lot of new data were introduced into the scientific turnover, the problems of formation and evolution of separate branches and economic complexes in different groups of the Khanty and Mansi were studied. The contemporary stage of the Ob Ugrian husbandry and economy research is characterized by special attention to the development of traditional industries under conditions of intensive industrial development and market relations.

The Discontinuity and Reconstruction of the Concept of Cholera in Modern Times – Based on An Epitome of the Reports of the Medical Officers to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, from 1871 to 1882

Abstract In 19th century, the concept of “cholera”, which had been connected with Chinese cosmology for thousands of years, was firstly accepted by modern science through a process of conceptual discontinuity and reconstruction. As the result of adding new scientific knowledge to the old traditional connotations, the “collective” and “inevitable” nature of Cholera, once synonymous with “epidemic”, developed new characteristics and was thus accepted within the structure and parlance of modern science. This transformation is the reason why the new “Cholera” gradually separated itself from the traditional cosmology and eventually constructed a connection with modern science. The turning point which distinguished the traditional approach to the scientific one can be traced back to the imperialist modernity in 19th century. This “birth” of medical science not only changed China, but also the countries that shared the same medical philosophy, spatial orientation, national customs, and group culture through the pre-modern Chinese cultural circle. In view of the above premises, this article takes the work An Epitome of the Reports of the Medical Officers to the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service, from 1871 to 1882 as basic research material and Japan as an example, to explore the conceptual discontinuity and reconstruction of the concept of “Cholera” in the middle of 19th century.

Traditional settlements historic experience of “non-detached” preservation (cases of Shirakawa village Ogimachi in Japan and Kryvorivnia village in Ukraine)

The article concerns of the comparative study of traditional settlements historic experience of “non-detached” preservation. “Non-detached” there is understood like a way to preserve the whole settlement on its original place, with its local traditions, community system, crafts and customs, and in the harmony with natural environment. The cases of the study are mountain Shirakawa village Ogimachi in Japan and Kryvorivnia village in Ukraine. The both settlements are generally showing very similar historical background of geographically isolated life in the harmony with high mountain nature that leads to the shaping of original local architecture style, cultural traditions and community features. Similarly, the initiative of revitalization in the both cases emitting from local communities. Nevertheless, the history of preservation and revitalization efforts of the two cases is quite different. While in Shirakawa village Ogimachi local community took revitalization efforts starting from the middle of 20th century, Kryvorivnia village was engaged in the process starting from the middle of 19th century just with some interruption due to the soviet times. Currently the both settlements achieved good results in their revitalization and local traditions preservation activity also keeping harmony with environment. Shirakawa village Ogimachi is mostly orientated on inner community life that is almost not intersected with flourishing local tourism. Contrary, Kryvorivnia allows tourists to participate freely in local community life, rituals and festivals. Thus each of the two cases examined finally found its original way of historical settlement culture sustainable preservation and revitalization.

On the Combination of Oil Painting Techniques and Modern Illustration Art

Oil painting represents the mainstream of modern Western painting art. The development history of Western painting art cannot be separated from the evolution of the style, subject matter and techniques of oil painting. Since its emergence, oil painting has experienced several style periods, including classicism, Romanticism, Impressionism, abstraction and so on. Among them, Impressionism, which was born in the middle of 19th century, played an important role in the history of western oil painting. It changed the style and way of oil painting popular in the past few centuries with new color theory and creative techniques. Impressionism emphasized the intuitive observation and real performance of the painting object. Since then, painting is no longer limited to the spiritual transmission of the author, and "what you paint is what you see" has gradually become one of the creation principles of Western oil painting. This paper analyzes the paintings of famous Impressionist painters with examples, sums up how Impressionist paintings skillfully use light, shadow and color to create, and discusses its referential significance for modern illustration.

Lichenometric Analysis Applied to Bedrock Fault Scarps: The Sencelles Fault and the 1851 CE Mallorca Earthquake (Balearic Islands, Spain)

The Sencelles Fault constitutes the main extensional structure of Mallorca Island (Spain), holds a NE-SE orientation, and has been identified as the possible seismic source of the 1851 CE Palma earthquake (VII EMS.) The SE termination of the fault (Sta. Eugenia Segment) features a linear bedrock fault scarp of a maximum of 3.15 m height. The last 840 m of this rocky scarp display a significant horizontal banding, with up to five differentially weathered ribbons colonized by lichens. The lichenometric analysis is based on the measurement of 155 specimens of Aspicilia calcarea (Ac) and Aspicilia radiosa (Ar) in tombstones and funerary monuments (with inscribed dates) from the nearby cemeteries of Sta. María del Camí, Sta. Eugenia and Sencelles, to obtain the local lichen growth rates (LGR), with the two last graveyards being directly located in the fault zone. Lichens were measured on variously oriented (N, S, NE, SW, etc…) horizontal and vertical surfaces, generating differentially oriented lichen populations (DOLPs) to be compared with the Ac and Ar specimens colonizing the studied fault scarp (38 measured individual specimens). After successive trial and error regression tests, vertical DOLPs resulted in the best appropriate groups for the analysis, with LGR of 0.23–0.31 mm/yr. Horizontal ones reached widths of up to 20 cm, with LGR up to 0.84 mm/yr, which were clearly oversized. The application of the selected LGR points to a human-induced origin for the thin basal lichen ribbon of the scarp (10–13 cm), which should have developed during the middle 20th century (c. 1950–1966) because of documented ground leveling works. However, the second ribbon of the scarp (23–47 cm) shows exposure dates of 1852 ± 40 (Ar) and 1841 ± 59 (Ac), overlapping the date of the 1851 CE earthquake. The study is complemented with data from a fault trench excavated in the year 2002 at the toe of the scarp. The combined data of lichenometry, fault trenching, and the length of the analyzed fault scarp (c. 840 m) indicate that the studied segment of the fault cannot be considered a co-seismic surface faulting related to the 1851 CE event as a whole, but a relevant secondary earthquake effect on a pre-existing fault scarp (e.g., sympathetic ground ruptures).

Seals, fish, humans and parasites in the Baltic: ecology, evolution and history.

Evolutionary and ecological processes affecting the interactions between hosts and parasites in the aquatic environment are at display in the Baltic Sea, a young and ecologically unstable marine ecosystem, where fluctuating abiotic and biotic factors affect the parasitofauna in fish. The dynamic infections of Baltic cod, a subpopulation of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus), with third stage anisakid nematode larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) and Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) have increased following a significant increase of the Baltic grey seal Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius) population in the region. Cod serves as a paratenic host and marine mammals, pinnipeds, are definitive hosts releasing parasite eggs, with faeces, to the marine environment, where embryonation and hatching of the third stage larva take place. The parasite has no obligate intermediate hosts, but various invertebrates, smaller fish and cod act as paratenic hosts transmitting the infection to the seal. Contracaecum osculatum has an impact on the physiological performance of the cod, which optimises transmission of the larva from fish to seal. Thus, a muscle mass decrease of nearly 50% may result from heavy C. osculatum infections, probably amplified by a restricted food availability. The muscle atrophy is likely to reduce the escape reactions of the fish when meeting a foraging seal. In certain regions, where fish and seals are restricted in their migration patterns, such as the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea, the predation may contribute to a severe cod stock depletion. The parasites are zoonotic and represent a human health risk, when consumers ingest insufficiently heat- or freeze-treated infected products. Marked infections of the cod were previously reported during periods with elevated seal populations (late 19th and middle 20th century) and various scenarios for management of risk factors are evaluated in an evolutionary context.

The practice of shading in tropical architecture:Le Corbusier’s Legacy and Hsia Changshi’s Exploration

ABSTRACT The development process of global tropical architecture in the middle and late 20th century is investigated in this study. The architectural shading practices of Le Corbusier and Hsia Changshi in the same period are compared. The similarities and differences between the tropical architectural practices in the Lingnan area of China and the global tropical architectural movement are discussed. Since the 1930s, Le Corbusier explored the method of “brise soleil” in the hot climates of Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, exerting an essential influence on the tropical architectural forms in these areas. Similar forms of shading were widely used in architectural practice by Hsia Changshi in the Lingnan region of China. A hybrid feature in his architectural exploration was related to his early experience of studying abroad and working with Le Corbusier. The study presents the shading design practices of two architects, Le Corbusier and Hsia Changshi, in the tropical climate environment, and extends the architectural development in the regions where their respective works are located. The presentation and comparison of architectural history in this period deepen the understanding of the internal relationship between tropical architectural forms in different regions from a global perspective.

On the Diversification Trend of English Poetry in the Middle and Late 19th Century

From the Renaissance to the early 19th century, the development of English poetry showed a longitudinal trend. Each era had relatively fixed poetry schools and some outstanding poets, which were sufficient to represent the social spirit of that era. However, in the middle and late 19th century, that is, the Victorian era, English poetry presented a diversified trend of multifarious and double-track development. Romanticism, aestheticism, realism, feminism, symbolism and other schools competed with each other, coexisting and prospering. However, looking at the overall situation, it is not difficult to find that the poetry of this period seems to have certain integrity and common characteristics. That is, it replaces the loud cry of romanticism with deep thinking and introspection, which makes the expression of poetry burst from pure emotion to deep heart. It emphasizes the objectivity of things, pay attention to revealing the true face of things and reject the subjective fantasy of romanticism. The religious philosophy of Tennyson's poetry, the dramatic monologue of Browning's poetry, Matthew Arnold's critical theory and the feminist thoughts of Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Browning and other female writers are all typical representatives of the trend of poetry in this period. In addition, the embodiment of aestheticism in poetry and the voice rhetoric in Hopkin's poetry also make the poetry of this period unique.

Research on Habermas and Foucault's Social Diagnosis

Habermas and Foucault were both important thinkers in the middle and late 20th century. In the society at that time, they had a heated debate about rationality and irrationality. Habermas, based on the reconstruction of rationality, believed that rationality could be returned to a reasonable state through the communication of rational social paradigm, and the equal and harmonious communication between people could be realized in an environment without oppression, Not only in language, but also in action. Foucault, on the other hand, stood at the edge of rationality and believed that rational cognition in the traditional sense was limited and incomplete, and the real rational spirit had not been developed. Therefore, he focused his research on those groups that were not rational in our view, such as mental patients, prisons and prisoners, and pointed out that we should recognize the minimum of human truth, so that we can better understand human beings, truth and rationality. Therefore, this article will deepen the understanding of the ideological connotation of Habermas and Foucault through their attitude and analysis of rationality.

Research progress of domestication and origin in chicken by whole genome sequencing

Whole genome sequencing technology started in the middle and late 20th century. In recent years, with the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, the further reduction of sequencing costs and the continuous improvement of assembly methods, it has penetrated into various fields of modern biological research and played a revolutionary role in promoting. Chickens and chicken products have become the necessary means of production and life for people, and chickens are the first species of birds to have the whole genome sequence. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of whole genome sequencing technology in chicken origin and domestication, especially discussed the significance and problems in the research of candidate genetic signals of chicken breeds.